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Effective mass in the Dirac equation model is generally applied to condensed-matter systems for describing the state of electrons and determining the topological character. In these systems, the si...

Dark resonant surface states on photonic crystals are of great technological interest for providing easily accessible, very high Q-factor concentration of light into subwavelength volumes and for t...

Chiral, topologically protected, photonic surface states can be found at the boundary between gyrotropic photonic crystals where a changing magnetic field induces different topology across the interface. Typically, photonic crystals with either a suitable band structure on both sides of the interface to provide a band gap and evanescent decay of the surface states away from the interface, or an outer layer with engineered material properties is required. In this paper, we show the emergence of topological, unidirectional surface states at the termination of finite gyrotropic photonic crystals with a simple square lattice and ${\mathcal{C}}_{4}$ rotational symmetry bounded by a vacuum, eliminating the need for an outside layer to enable chiral surface modes. We start from an infinite, time-reversal-symmetry-breaking photonic crystal with a band gap associated with bands with nonzero Chern numbers, different from all-zero Chern numbers in air. We then modify the photonic crystal to move this band gap below the light line, while maintaining the Chern-number discontinuities. Band-structure calculations for a supercell approximating a photonic crystal finite in the direction normal to the surface demonstrate the existence, dispersion, and chirality of the surface mode. Extensive direct scattering calculations for a point source and spatial Fourier analysis further reveal a unidirectional free-space topological surface state, which propagates counterclockwise around the surface of a finite photonic crystal, providing a nearly foolproof way to cross-check the surface-mode band structure unaffected by backscattering from local defects. Additionally, scattering simulations allow an independent characterization of the state dispersion and unveil the robustness of the topological plasmonic mode propagation around the ${90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ bends of the structure, being due to only radiation leakage. In contrast to buried topological surface states, the observed surface modes at the photonic crystal--air interface have the advantage of being accessible to the outside world, allowing one to take advantage of the defect-tolerant backscattering-free surface modes to engineer emission from photonic crystal surfaces into arbitrary free-space beam shapes and directions.

The realization of metamaterials or metasurfaces with simultaneous electric and magnetic response and low loss is generally very challenging at optical frequencies. Traditional approaches using nanoresonators made of noble metals, while suitable for the microwave and terahertz regimes, fail at frequencies above the near-infrared, due to prohibitive high dissipative losses and the breakdown of scaling resulting from the electron mass contribution (kinetic inductance) to the effective reactance of these plasmonic meta-atoms. The alternative route based on Mie resonances of high-index dielectric particles normally leads to structure sizes that tend to break the effective-medium approximation. Here, we propose a subwavelength dark-state-based metasurface, which enables configurable simultaneous electric and magnetic responses with low loss. Proof-of-concept metasurface samples, specifically designed around telecommunication wavelengths (i.e., λ ≈ 1.5 μm), were fabricated and investigated experimentally to val...

We investigate the properties of bound surface modes sustained in media made of dielectric meta-atoms and in particular metasurfaces and photonic crystals. We discuss the origins of bound modes and demonstrate components that access wavefront control, in particular directional emission, frequency splitting and beam collimation achieved by coupling of the bound states to radiation modes through leaky wave radiation mechanism using properly designed scattering gratings.

The quest for subwavelength coherent light sources has recently led to the exploration of dark-mode based surface lasers, which allow for independent adjustment of the lasing state and its coherent radiation output. To understand how this unique design performs in real experiments, we need to consider systems of finite size and quantify finite-size effects not present in the infinite dark-mode surface laser model. Here we find that, depending on the size of the system, distinct and even counterintuitive behavior of the lasing state is possible, determined by a balanced competition between multiple loss channels, including dissipation, intentional out-coupling of coherent radiation, and leakage from the edges of the finite system. The conclusions are crucial for the design of future experiments that will enable the realization of ultrathin coherent light sources.

We propose a microwave realization of a metasurface that can delay broadband pulses without distortion in reflection. In order to obtain large and broadband pulse delay, we harness the synergetic phase delay of five sharply-resonant meta-atoms. More specifically, three electric-LC and two split ring resonators, supporting electric and magnetic dipole resonances, respectively, are combined in a subwavelength unit cell. The resonances are spectrally interleaved and specifically designed to provide a spectrally-constant reflection amplitude and group delay according to the prescription in [ACS Photonics 5, 1101, 2018]. The designed metasurface is electrically ultrathin (λ0/19), since it relies on resonant phase delay exclusively, instead of phase accumulation via propagation. We show delay of 700-MHz Gaussian pulses centred at 11 GHz by 1.9 ns, corresponding to approximately 21 carrier cycles. Our results highlight the practical potential of metasurfaces for broadband dispersion control applications.

This feature issue presents original work on light-matter interaction in complex photonics systems, which has been a continuously growing area of optics and photonics, in terms of both importance and breadth. From disordered systems to highly controlled micro- and nanostructures, recent decades have witnessed the onset of random media, photonic crystals, metamaterials, plasmonics, and, more recently, metasurfaces.

Dynamic control of the electromagnetic properties of metamaterials requires wide modulation bandwidth. Tunable metamaterials with large tunability and fast speed are thus highly desirable. Due to the small dimensions, subwavelength meta-atoms or resonant elements that constitute a metamaterial in the mid-to-near-infrared (IR) wavelength range are often not easy to be tuned at a high rate of several tens of megahertz (MHz). Here, we report on a nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)-based tunable IR metamaterial realized by unique embedding of nanocantilevers into complementary split ring resonators (c-SRRs) suspended over individual wells. The optical field confined in the air gap of the c-SRR is strongly influenced by electrostatically induced mechanical deflection of the nanocantilever, thus modulating the reflection spectrum of the metamaterial. With the easy-to-implement tunable meta-atom design, the IR metamaterial with 800-nm-long cantilevers provides an ultrahigh mechanical modulation frequency of 32.26 MHz for optical signal modulation at a wavelength of 2.1 $\mu \text{m}$ , and is rather easy to manufacture and operate. We envision a compact, efficient, and high-speed electrooptic modulation platform in the IR region using this NEMS tunable metamaterial technology. [2017–0012]

Artificially structured metamaterials with metallic or dielectric inclusions are extensively studied for exotic light manipulations via controlling the local-resonant modes in the microstructures. The coupling between these resonant modes has drawn growing interest in recent years due to the advanced functional metamaterial making the microstructures more and more complex. Here, the suppression of magnetic resonance of a dielectric cuboid, an analogue to the scattering cancellation effect or radiation control system, realized with an exterior cloaking in a hybrid metamaterial system, is demonstrated. Furthermore, the significant modulation of the absorption of the dielectric resonator in the hybrid metamaterial is also demonstrated. The physical insight of the experimental results is well illuminated with a classical double-harmonic-oscillator model, from which it is revealed that the complex coupling, i.e., the phase of coupling coefficient, plays a crucial role in the overall response of the metal-dielectric hybrid system. The proposed design strategy is anticipated to form a more straightforward and efficient paradigm for practical applications based on radiation control via versatile mode couplings.

Graphene, a two-dimensional material possessing extraordinary properties in electronics as well as mechanics, provides a great platform for various optoelectronic and optomechanical devices. Here, we theoretically study the optical gradient force arising from the coupling of surface plasmon modes on parallel graphene sheets, which can be several orders stronger than that between regular dielectric waveguides. Furthermore, with an energy functional optimization model, possible force-induced deformation of graphene sheets is calculated. We show that the significantly enhanced optical gradient force may lead to mechanical state transitions of graphene sheets, which are accompanied by abrupt changes in reflection and transmission spectra of the system. Our demonstrations illustrate the potential for broader graphene-related applications such as force sensors and actuators.

Goos–Hanchen (G–H) effect is of great interest in the manipulation of optical beams. However, it is still fairly challenging to attain efficient controls of the G–H shift for diverse applications. Here, a mechanism to realize tunable G–H shift in the terahertz regime with electrically controllable graphene is proposed. Taking monolayer graphene covered epsilon-near-zero metamaterial as a planar model system, it is found that the G–H shifts for the orthogonal s-polarized and p-polarized terahertz beams at oblique incidence are positive and negative, respectively. The G–H shift can be modified substantially by electrically controlling the Fermi energy of the monolayer graphene. Reversely, the Fermi energy dependent G–H effect can also be used as a strategy for measuring the doping level of graphene. In addition, the G–H shifts of the system are of strong frequency-dependence at oblique angles of incidence, therefore the proposed graphene hybrid system can potentially be used for the generation of terahertz “rainbow,” a flat analog of the dispersive prism in optics. The proposed scheme of hybrid system involving graphene for dynamic control of G–H shift will have potential applications in the manipulation of terahertz waves.

We present a self-consistent approach for simulations of metallic metamaterials coupled to the gain materials. An artificial source is introduced to simulate the spontaneous emission process in the quantum dots. Using a four-level gain system, we show numerically the losses of metamaterial can be compensated by the gain, and the hybridizing quantum dots with plasmonic metamaterial can lead to a multi-fold intensity and narrowing of their photoluminescence. The valid method is an essential step for developing and understanding metamaterial system with gain medium inclusion.

Plasmonic metamaterials and metasurfaces offer new opportunities in developing high performance terahertz emitters and detectors beyond the limitations of conventional nonlinear materials. However, simple meta-atoms for second-order nonlinear applications encounter fundamental trade-offs in the necessary symmetry breaking and local-field enhancement due to radiation damping that is inherent to the operating resonant mode and cannot be controlled separately. Here we present a novel concept that eliminates this restriction obstructing the improvement of terahertz generation efficiency in nonlinear metasurfaces based on metallic nanoresonators. This is achieved by combining a resonant dark-state metasurface, which locally drives nonlinear nanoresonators in the near field, with a specific spatial symmetry that enables destructive interference of the radiating linear moments of the nanoresonators, and perfect absorption via simultaneous electric and magnetic critical coupling of the pump radiation to the dark mode. Our proposal allows eliminating linear radiation damping, while maintaining constructive interference and effective radiation of the nonlinear components. We numerically demonstrate a giant second-order nonlinear susceptibility around Hundred-Billionth m/V, a one order improvement compared with the previously reported split-ring-resonator metasurface, and correspondingly, a 2 orders of magnitude enhanced terahertz energy extraction should be expected with our configuration under the same conditions. Our study offers a paradigm of high efficiency tunable nonlinear metadevices and paves the way to revolutionary terahertz technologies and optoelectronic nanocircuitry., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Metasurfaces impart phase discontinuities on impinging electromagnetic waves that are typically limited to 0-2$\pi$. Here, we show that they can break free from this limitation and supply arbitrarily-large phase modulation over ultra-wide bandwidths. This is achieved by implementing multiple, properly-arranged resonances in the electric and magnetic sheet admittivities. We demonstrate metasurfaces that can perfectly reflect a broadband pulse imparting a prescribed group delay without distorting the pulse shape, opening new possibilities for temporal control and dispersion engineering across deeply subwavelength physical scales., Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures, 2018 12th International Congress on Artificial Materials for Novel Wave Phenomena (Metamaterials)

Dielectric, ohmic-loss-free, finite photonic crystals (PCs) may sustain the propagation of highly confined surface waves that propagate bound to the interface of the bulk structure and the free space. For many years the dielectric photonic crystals surface states have been treated as a subsidiary effect related to the inevitable finite size of the PCs in realistic implementations. However, in the recent years it has been realized that the features of the dielectric surface states and their impact to the wave exit from the photonic crystal structure render the relevant structures suitable components for a variety of applications, including optical spectroscopy, sensing, intercomponent coupling, etc. In this work we present the design of a silicon-based PC component that couples the modes that propagate through the bulk structure into outgoing, free space propagating beams with high directionality. In addition to previous works involving silicon-based PCs for beam collimation in the near infrared and optical regime, we demonstrate here, that the (frequency depended) emission angle of the generated beams can be controlled by properly engineering the PC termination. Thus the component may serve as a beam steering structure or a de-multiplexer in the optical telecommunications wavelength band (~1.5 μm). Our design takes into account the state-of-the-art nano-fabrication technology and all the constraints arising from the treatment of silicon-based periodic media in this frequency regime. It consists of air holes drilled through an infinite silicon slab, arranged in a standard hexagonal lattice with periodicity α = 320 nm. Within the bulk photonic crystal we assume a line-defect waveguide that leads to the PC-air interface, where a properly designed termination layer of air holes is imprinted. The termination is designed to induce surface states at the PC-air interface with desirable dispersion and spatial characteristics. The line-defect waveguide is an area of unperforated silicon slab and it is chosen since it is a widely used scheme for guiding energy through the reflective photonic crystals; therefore, our design is compatible with the majority of the silicon-based PCs circuit components. By properly designing the interfacial termination layer we can tailor the properties of the non-radiating, dark, surface states in order to adapt and match the waveguide propagating modes and the free-space modes. As a result, we demonstrate a silicon-based photonic crystal structure that provides (a) the generation of well-defined and highly directional beams at the exit of the photonic crystal structure; (b) efficient beam multiplexing, i.e., the formation of two well defined beams that exhibit sufficiently high spectral isolation, as well as sufficiently high spatial separation. In particular we present two design approaches; the first is able to generate two beams at the operation wavelengths λ1 = 1.37 μm and λ2 = 1.5 μm, with high spatial separation defined by the emission angles φ1 = +20 deg and φ2 = -23 deg and the second generates two beams at λa = 1.42 μm and λb = 1.52 μm with emission angle φa = +1 deg and φb = 23 deg. The wavelengths of operation, as well as the emission angle, can be engineered at will.

Surface-plasmon polaritons are electromagnetic waves propagating on the surface of a metal. Thanks to subwavelength confinement, they can concentrate optical energy on the micrometer or even nanometer scale, enabling new applications in bio-sensing, optical interconnects, and nonlinear optics, where small footprint and strong field concentration are essential. The major obstacle in developing plasmonic applications is dissipative loss, which limits the propagation length of surface plasmons and broadens the bandwidth of surface-plasmon resonances. Here, a new analysis of plasmonic materials and geometries is presented which fully considers the tradeoff between propagation length and degree of confinement. It is based on a two-dimensional analysis of two independent figures of merit and the analysis is applied to relevant plasmonic materials, e.g., noble metals, aluminum, silicon carbide, doped semiconductors, graphene, etc. The analysis provides guidance on how to improve the performance of any particular plasmonic application and substantially eases the selection of the plasmonic material.

We review conducting materials like metals, conducting oxides and graphene for nanophotonic applications. We emphasize that metamaterials and plasmonic systems benefit from different conducting materials. Resonant metamaterials need conductors with small resistivity, since dissipative loss in resonant metamaterials is proportional to the real part of the resistivity of the conducting medium it contains. For plasmonic systems, one must determine the propagation length at a desired level of confinement to estimate the dissipative loss.

The nonlinear metamaterials have been shown to provide nonlinear properties with high nonlinear conversion efficiency and in a myriad of light manipulation. Here we study terahertz generation from nonlinear metasurface consisting of single layer nanoscale split-ring resonator array. The terahertz generation due to optical rectification by the second-order nonlinearity of the split-ring resonator is investigated by a time-domain implementation of the hydrodynamic model for electron dynamics in metal. The results show that the nonlinear metasurface enables us to generate broadband terahertz radiation and free from quasi-phase-matching conditions. The proposed scheme provides a new concept of broadband THz source and designing nonlinear plasmonic metamaterials., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures

We propose a tunable meta-surface in the terahertz regime by patterning a graphene sheet in cut-wire array. The enhancement of terahertz absorption of such a graphene meta-surface was studied detailedly via the optimization to the geometry of the structure. Considering the data of graphene in both the experimental and theoretical perspectives, we investigated the performance of the absorbing graphene meta-surface by extracting its effective surface conductivities through a sheet retrieval method. We also specifically considered two sets of well-known experimental graphene data and comparatively studied the properties of graphene meta-surface by changing the graphene parameters in-between. It shows that there has been significant improvement in preparing high-quality graphene samples, which makes it possible to strengthen optical properties of graphene microstructures, and therefore benefits various practical applications.

Metasurfaces impart phase discontinuities on impinging electromagnetic waves that are typically limited to 0-2π. Here, we demonstrate that multiresonant metasurfaces can break free from this limitation and supply arbitrarily large, tunable time delays over ultrawide bandwidths. As such, ultrathin metasurfaces can act as the equivalent of thick bulk structures by emulating the multiple geometric resonances of three-dimensional systems that originate from phase accumulation with effective material resonances implemented on the surface itself via suitable subwavelength meta-atoms. We describe a constructive procedure for defining the required sheet admittivities of such metasurfaces. Importantly, the proposed approach provides an exactly linear phase response so that broadband pulses can experience the desired group delay without any distortion of the pulse shape. We focus on operation in reflection by exploiting an antimatching condition, satisfied by interleaved electric and magnetic Lorentzian resonances in the surface admittivities, which completely zeroes out transmission through the metasurface. As a result, the proposed metasurfaces can perfectly reflect a broadband pulse imparting a prescribed group delay. The group delay can be tuned by modifying the implemented resonances, thus opening up diverse possibilities in the temporal applications of metasurfaces.

Recently, our group proposed a metamaterial laser design based on explicitly coupled dark resonant states in low-loss dielectrics, which conceptually separates the gain-coupled resonant photonic state responsible for macroscopic stimulated emission from the coupling to specific free-space propagating modes, allowing independent adjustment of the lasing state and its coherent radiation output. Due to this functionality, it is now possible to make lasers that can overcome the trade-off between system dimensions and $Q$ factor, especially for surface emitting lasers with deeply subwavelength thickness. Here, we give a detailed discussion of the key functionality and benefits of this design, such as radiation damping tunability, directionality, subwavelength integration, and simple layer-by-layer fabrication. We examine in detail the fundamental design tradeoffs that establish the principle of operation and must be taken into account and give guidance for realistic implementations.

Degradation is among the most pressing problems facing organic materials, occurring through ingress of moisture and oxygen, and light exposure. We determine the nanoscale pathways underlying degradation by light-soaking organic films in an environmental chamber, and performing infrared spectroscopy, to identify atomic bonding changes. We utilize as a prototype the low band gap PTB7-PCBM blend. Films light-soaked in the presence of oxygen show unusual increased absorption at 1727 cm−1 attributable to increased CO modes, and a broad increase at 3240 cm−1 attributable to hydroxyl (O–H) groups bonded within the organic matrix. Films exposed to oxygen in the dark, or light-soaked in an inert atmosphere, do not exhibit significant absorption changes, suggesting simultaneous exposure of oxygen and light that creates singlet excited oxygen is the detrimental factor. Our ab initio electronic structure simulations interpret these by oxidation at the α-C site of the alkyl chains in PTB7, with an irreversible rupture of the alkyl chain and formation of new CO and C–O–H conformations at the α-C. Infrared spectroscopy coupled with ab initio simulation can provide a powerful tool for quantifying photo-structural atomic bonding changes. Understanding nanoscale light-induced structural changes will open avenues to designing more stable organic materials for organic electronics.

The degradation of organic solar cells is one of the most urgent problems facing further scientific and commercial development of organic electronics. Degradation can occur in the presence of light exposure together with external oxygen and moisture. We utilize infrared (IR) spectroscopy to identify IR active vibrational modes and the atomistic changes occurring during degradation of organic solar cell films, before and after degradation. We find measurable changes when light exposure is performed in the presence of oxygen or an ambient environment. The low band gap PTB7-PCBM blend and PTB7 films display significant increases of increased absorption at 1727 cm−1attributable to increased C=O modes in conjunction with a broad increase at 3240 cnr attributed to hydroxyl (OH) groups within polymer. Ab-initio modeling indicates that this can be explained by an oxidation of the PTB7 polymer at the a-C site and a irreversible cleaving of the polymer. Light induced degradation performed in the absence of oxygen/moisture do not lead to large changes in the IR active modes. P3HT-PCBM blends do demonstrate small changes around 2500 cm−1 after light soaking, that may be connected to local H-motion induced rearrangements. Films exposed to the ambient atmosphere in the dark do not show IR active changes, identifying photo-excited singlet oxygen to be detrimental. The identification of light induced changes in atomic bonding configurations can open up pathways to stabilizing organic solar cells.

Invisibility cloaking based on transformation optics has brought about unlimited space for reverie. However, the design and fabrication of transformation-optics-based cloaks still remain fairly challenging because of the complicated, even extreme, material prescriptions, including its meticulously engineered anisotropy, inhomogeneity and singularity. And almost all the state-of-the-art cloaking devices work within a narrow and invariable frequency band. Here, we propose a novel mechanism for all-dielectric temperature-controllable cloaks. A prototype device was designed and fabricated with SrTiO_{3} ferroelectric cuboids as building blocks, and its cloaking effects were successfully demonstrated, including its frequency-agile invisibility by varying temperature. It revealed that the predesignated cloaking device based on our proposed strategy could be directly scaled in dimensions to operate at different frequency regions, without the necessity for further efforts of redesign. Our work opens the door towards the realization of tunable cloaking devices for various practical applications and provides a simple strategy to readily extend the cloaking band from microwave to terahertz regimes without the need for reconfiguration.

A meningioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor in adults. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in 37 meningiomas. Freshly isolated primary meningioma cells were treated with TRAIL with or without different sensitizing protocols, and apoptotic cell death was then quantified. Mechanisms of TRAIL sensitization were determined by a combination of Western blotting, flow cytometry, receptor complex immunoprecipitation, and siRNA-mediated knockdown experiments. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and quantified by an automated software-based algorithm. Primary tumor cells from 11 (29.7%) tumor samples were sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, 12 (32.4%) were intermediate TRAIL resistant, and 14 (37.8%) were completely TRAIL resistant. We tested synergistic apoptosis-inducing cotreatment strategies and determined that only the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib potently enhanced expression of the TRAIL receptors TRAIL-R1 and/or TRAIL-R2, the formation of the TRAIL death-inducing signaling complex, and activation of caspases; this treatment resulted in sensitization of all TRAIL-resistant meningioma samples to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Bortezomib pretreatment induced NOXA expression and downregulated c-FLIP, neither of which caused the TRAIL-sensitizing effect. Native TRAIL receptor expression could not predict primary TRAIL sensitivity. This first report on TRAIL sensitivity of primary meningioma cells demonstrates that TRAIL/bortezomib cotreatment may represent a novel therapeutic option for meningiomas.

In this chapter we theoretically examine Photonic Crystals and Metamaterials coupled with gain and explain how incorporation of a gain material in such systems can be treated numerically with the Finite Difference Time Domain technique. We show how loss compensation is achieved in Metamaterials and we highlight several aspects of the transition to lasing in certain Photonic Crystals.

The route to miniaturization of laser systems has so far led to the utilization of diverse materials and techniques for reaching the desired laser oscillation at small scales. Unfortunately, at some point all approaches encounter a trade-off between the system dimensions and the $Q$ factor, especially when going subwavelength, mostly because the radiation damping is inherent to the oscillating mode and can thus not be controlled separately. Here, we propose a metamaterial laser system that overcomes this trade-off and offers radiation damping tunability, along with many other features, such as directionality, subwavelength integration, and simple layer-by-layer fabrication.

We propose an optical dimer formed from two spherical lenses bound by the pressure that light exerts on matter. With the help of the method of force tracing, we find the required graded-index profiles of the lenses for the existence of the dimer. We study the dynamics of the opto-mechanical interaction of lenses under the illumination of collimated light beams and quantitatively validate the performance of proposed dimer. We also examine the stability of dimer due to the lateral misalignments and we show how restoring forces bring the dimer into lateral equilibrium. The dimer can be employed in various practical applications such as optical manipulation, sensing and imaging.

A lossy anisotropic epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) medium may lead to a counterintuitive phenomenon of omnidirectional bending-to-normal refraction [S. Feng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 193904 (2012)], which offers a fabulous strategy for energy collimation and energy harvesting. Here, in the scope of effective medium theory, we systematically investigate two simple metamaterial configurations, i.e., metal-dielectric-layered structures and the wire medium, to explore the possibility of fulfilling the conditions of such an anisotropic lossy ENZ medium by playing with materials' parameters. Both realistic metamaterial structures and their effective medium equivalences have been numerically simulated, and the results are in excellent agreement with each other. Our study provides clear guidance and therefore paves the way towards the search for proper designs of anisotropic metamaterials for a decent effect of energy collimation and wave-front manipulation.

We present a computational approach, allowing for a self-consistent treatment of three-dimensional (3D) fishnet metamaterial operating at 710 nm wavelength coupled to a gain material incorporated into the nanostructure. We show numerically that loss-free negative index material is achievable by incorporating gain material inside the fishnet structure. The effective gain coefficient of the combined fishnet-gain system is much larger than its bulk counterpart and the figure-of-merit (FOM = | Re( n )/Im( n ) |) increases dramatically with gain. Transmission, reflection, and absorption data, as well as the retrieved effective parameters, are presented for the fishnet structure with and without gain.

The design of metamaterials, which are artificial materials that can offer unique electromagnetic properties, is based on the excitation of strong resonant modes. Unfortunately, material absorption—mainly due to their metallic parts—can damp their resonances and hinder their operation. Incorporating a gain material can balance these losses, but this must be performed properly, as a reduced or even eliminated absorption does not guarantee loss compensation. Here we examine the possible regimes of interaction of a gain material with a passive metamaterial and show that background amplification and loss compensation are two extreme opposites, both of which can lead to lasing.

We use a scattering matrix approach to simulate the transmission through a hexagonal photonic crystal in the vicinity of the Dirac point. If the crystal is oriented so that the propagation direction perpendicular to the surface corresponds to the GK direction, no oblique transmission is possible for a very long (infinite) structure. For a finite structure with width, W, and length, L, the length dependence of the transmission is given by Ttotal ¼G0W=L. For Ttotal all waves with a wavevector parallel to the surface, kJ ¼ n2p=W, described by a channel number, n, must be considered. We show the transmission at the Dirac point follows the given scaling law and this scaling law is related to the behavior of the individual channels. This leads to the establishment of a criterion for the maximum length for this scaling behavior when the total transmission reaches a constant value. We also compare this scaling behavior to the results in other frequency regions.

We investigate numerically the electric and the magnetic response of the split-ring resonators (SRRs) for different electromagnetic (EM) field polarization and propagation directions. We have studied the current density J of circular and rectangular SRRs at THz frequencies. At low frequencies, J is confined to the edges of the SRRs, while at high frequencies J is all over the width of the wire. The diamagnetic response of the SRRs is also examined. Finally, the role of losses and the magnetic resonance frequency are studied as the size of the SRRs becomes less than 100 nm.

We demonstrate the numerical design and the experimental validation of frequency dependent directional emission from a dielectric photonic crystal structure. The wave propagates through a photonic crystal line-defect waveguide, while a surface layer at the termination of the photonic crystal enables the excitation of surface modes and a subsequent grating layer transforms the surface energy into outgoing propagating waves of the form of a directional beam. The angle of the beam is controlled by the frequency and the structure operates as a frequency splitter in the intermediate and far field region.

A numerical method combining complex-k band calculations and absorbing boundary conditions for Bloch waves is presented. We use this method to study photonic crystals with Dirac cones. We demonstrate that the photonic crystal behaves as a zero-index medium when excited at normal incidence, but that the zero-index behavior is lost at oblique incidence due to excitation of modes on the flat band. We also investigate the formation of monomodal and multimodal cavity resonances inside the photonic crystals, and the physical origins of their different line-shape features.

Adjustable zero-phase delay and equiphase control are demonstrated in single and multilayer dielectric particle arrays with high index and low loss. The polarization-independent near-zero permeability is the origin of the wave control near the first Mie magnetic resonance. The proposed design paves the way for subwavelength devices and opens up new avenues for the miniaturization and integration of THz and optical components.

Photonic metamaterials are man-made materials with "lattice constants" smaller than the wavelength of light. Tailoring the properties of their functional building blocks (atoms) allows one to go beyond the possibilities of usual materials. For example, magnetic dipole moments at optical frequencies (mune1) become possible. This aspect substantially enriches the possibilities of optics and photonics and forms the basis for the so-called negative-index metamaterials. Here, we describe the underlying physics and review the recent progress in this rapidly emerging field

We present an experimental and numerical study of the transmission of a photonic crystal perforated by two subwavelength slits, separated by two wavelengths. The experimental near-field image of the double-slit design of the photonic crystal shows an interference pattern, which is analogous to Young's experiment. This interference arises as a consequence of the excitation of surface states of the photonic crystals and agrees very well with the simulations.

Much data about genetic imbalances in tumors have been accumulated by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). In order to distinguish between significantly and coincidentally involved regions in glioma by means of a meta-analysis, we summarized and analyzed the CGH results of 509 cases published in 26 reports between 1992 and 2001. The expansion of all aberrations to the 850-band level impressively visualized distinct patterns in astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma as well as loci of frequent aberrations. For example, in astrocytoma the frequency of gains culminated at 7p12, 8q24.1, and 12q13∼q15 (the loci of EGF-R, C-MYC and CDK4, respectively) and losses at 9p21 (the locus of p15 and p16) and 10q23.3 where PTEN resides. Most chromosomes were variably prone to copy number changes at different scales of aberrations. At the whole chromosome level the analysis showed +7, −10 in astrocytoma and +9, +18 in ependymoma, but +20q, −9p in astrocytoma and +1q, −22q in ependymoma at the p-q arm level. Furthermore, we could confirm the correlation between the average number of copy alterations per patient (average number of copy alterations [ANCA] index) and malignancy for astrocytoma in a refined graduation as well as for oligodendroglioma. As a new parameter, the average number of affected GTG-bands per patient (average number of affected GTG bands [ANAG] index) showed an even more striking correlation with the World Health Organization grade for gains and losses.

Hyperbolic metasurfaces have recently emerged as a new research frontier because of the unprecedented capabilities to manipulate surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and many potential applications. However, thus far, the existence of hyperbolic metasurfaces has neither been observed nor predicted at low frequencies because noble metals cannot support SPPs at longer wavelengths. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate spoof plasmonic metasurfaces with a hyperbolic dispersion, where the spoof SPPs propagate on complementary H-shaped, perfectly conducting surfaces at low frequencies. Thus, non-divergent diffractions, negative refraction and dispersion-dependent spin-momentum locking are observed as the spoof SPPs travel over the hyperbolic spoof plasmonic metasurfaces (HSPMs). The HSPMs provide fundamental new platforms to explore the propagation and spin of spoof SPPs. They show great capabilities for designing advanced surface wave devices such as spatial multiplexers, focusing and imaging devices, planar hyperlenses, and dispersion-dependent directional couplers, at both microwave and terahertz frequencies. An artificial optical material known as a hyperbolic metasurface that operates at low frequencies has been made. Metamaterials can be designed to have optical properties not found in nature. One example is the hyperbolic metasurface, so called because the strongly anisotropic electric or magnetic response of the material creates a hyperbolic dispersion in the photon's momemtum space. So far, only hyperbolic metasurfaces that operate at relatively high frequencies have been created. Now, Hongsheng Chen from Zhejiang University in China and co-workers has created a spoof plasmonic metasurface with exotic optical properties and that have low-frequency operation. They achieved this by using so-called spoof surface-plasmon polaritons that arise as light interacts with capacitances and inductances created by an array of H-shaped perfectly conducting surfaces. We propose and experimentally demonstrate spoof plasmonic metasurfaces with a hyperbolic dispersion, where the spoof SPPs propagate on complementary H-shaped perfectly conducting surfaces at low frequencies. In this way, non-divergent diffractions, negative refraction, and dispersion-dependent spin-momentum locking are observed as the spoof SPPs travel over the hyperbolic spoof plasmonic metasurfaces. They show great capabilities to design advanced surface wave devices such as spatial multiplexers, focusing and imaging devices, planar hyperlenses, and dispersion-dependent directional couplers, at both microwave and terahertz frequencies.

A key challenge in the design of tunable and nonlinear metamaterials is creating large local electromagnetic fields to enhance the nonlinear interaction. An attractive way to achieve local field enhancement is the use of metamaterials with dark resonators, i.e., with meta-atoms that do not directly couple to the external field. Such metamaterials exhibit a scattering response that is similar to what is observed for electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT): they combine large group delay with low absorption at the same frequency. Classical EIT metamaterials are interesting for nonlinear metamaterials because of the large field enhancement due to the lack of radiation loss in the dark element and for tunable metamaterials because of the high sensitivity of the resonance to the environment or a control signal. We discuss the design and modeling of EIT metamaterials and some early work on their applications to media with nonlinear/tunable response.