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Abstract: Memantine hydrochloride (MH) is a first-line therapeutic drug approved by the US FDA for the management of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. This study involves the synthesis of memantine hydrochloride from 1-bromo-3,5-dimethyladamantane through a reaction with thiourea. The research results showed that the solvent reaction was propylene glycol (PG); the total time reaction was 5.5 hours, the temperature reaction in the first stage was 160oC and in the second stage was 80oC; the overall yield was 82.44%. The reaction intermediates were confirmed by the IR, MS,1HNMR, and 13C-NMR spectra.

Domestic violence has affected many children, including those who are direct victims and who live in abusive households. Through the survey of 150 secondary school children aged 10-15 in An Vu, Quynh Phu, Thai Binh, there are 56\150 children, accounting for 37.3%, have been affected, especially problems about physical health, psycho-emotional health, learning and social behavior. Results have also shown that domestic violence has the greatest impact on learning with X= 3.89 (girls) and X= 4.43 (boys). The results of this research have contributed to supporting social workers, teachers, families and schools in coming up with solutions which reduce the impact of domestic violence on children, providing them a better future.

In biostratigraphical studies, the planktonic foraminifera, nannofossils, and palynomorphs are recorded rarely in shallow water limestones. Meanwhile, larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) have an important role in defining the stratigraphic range and the depositional environment of carbonate formations is recorded abundantly. The precise identification of LBF’s taxonomy depends on the recognition of its internal structures using polarised microscopes. Results from the study in the Central and South-eastern Nam Con Son basin show that LBF occurred frequently in the Miocene and, especially, became extremely dominant in the Middle Miocene. In the Early Miocene (Te5 - lower Tf1), they appeared sparsely in the Te5 but became abundant in the lower Tf1. In the Middle Miocene (middle Tf1 - Tf3), they were predominant and diverse in many genera and species, marked by the disappearance of Miogypsina, Miogypsinoides, Katacycloclypeus, and most of the species of Lepidocyclina and Cycloclypeus at the top of the sub-epoch. In the Late Miocene (Tg), LBF was not varied, mainly Amphistegina and Operculina. However, some significant species of the genus Lepidocyclina were extant and dwelled on the isolated carbonate platforms in the Southeast area of the basin. The association of larger benthic foraminifera with small millioids and rotalids, planktonic foraminifera, coral, and/or algae, crinoids, bivalves, etc., may implicate the palaeoenvironmental zone of the carbonate deposits in the wells of the studied region, ranging from the lagoon, shelves surrounding reef to relatively deep, open marine conditions. The occurrence of LBF in carbonate deposits is the key to defining the age, identifying the stratigraphy and depositional environment, and correlating the carbonates.

Developing communication skills for children with visual impairment and autism spectrum disorder is very necessary and important to help them integrate better. In this article, the author will focus on researching the affecting factors on the development of communication skills for children with visual impairments and autism spectrum disorder 5-6 years old through surveying 60 teachers who have been and are currently teaching blind children with multiple disabilities in Hanoi, Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh, and some other provinces. The results show that the group of factors that have the most influence on the effectiveness of communication skills development for visually impaired children with autism spectrum disorder is “Coordination between family and school” and “Level, experience, and methods of developing communication skills for children with visual impairments and autism spectrum disorder of teachers” with = 4.0. The factors “Friendship” with = 3.35 and “Environment and tools, toys in the classroom” with = 3.45 are assessed to have a lower influence. From the study of these influencing factors, it will be a scientific basis for centers and schools to adjust their goals, contents, methods, and forms of developing communication skills to suit the abilities and needs of visually impaired children with autism spectrum disorder 5-6 years old.

This study aims to assess the characteristics of the internal iliac artery and to examine correlations between the internal iliac artery and other anatomic structures in the pelvis. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the period between October 2019 and May 2020. Eighteen samples of the left and right internal iliac arteries were taken from formaldehyde-embalmed female cadavers at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy Department of Anatomy. The study showed that the origins of most internal iliac arteries were located by the lumbar vertebrae 4-5. The mean distance from the origin of the internal iliac artery origin to the sacral promontory was 33.95 ± 3.35 mm (on the left), and 31.70 ± 4.64 mm (on the right). The internal iliac artery always had two big branches – anterior and posterior. A third branch was an ilio-lumbar artery, often seen by 43.33%. The diameters of those internal iliac artery branches were comparable on both sides, and the branches of similar name had a little larger diameter on the left than on the right. The internal iliac artery always has two large anterior and posterior branches; in some cases, it has a third branch called ilio-lumbar artery. The internal iliac artery’s length from its origin to the initial branch division is comparable for both right and left sides. The distance from the internal iliac artery’s origin to the sacral promontory is suggestive for surgeons to find the internal iliac artery after determining the sacral promontory.

PurposeThis study aims to achieve two objectives: First, to investigate the moderating influences of Coronavirus-19 (Covid-19)-related psychological distress on the process of entrepreneurial cognition; and second, to close the gap between entrepreneurial intention and behavior of higher education institutions students.Design/methodology/approachScales from previous studies have been adopted to develop a questionnaire survey. An online survey questionnaire then is carried out to collect the data; the final sample includes 405 university students. The validity and reliability of scales are tested throughout Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. Hypothesized correlations were then tested via structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results confirm the important roles of perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial intention in encouraging entrepreneurial behavior, whereas attitude toward entrepreneurship is strongly and positively related to intention to engage in a business venture. Yet, subjective norms are not found to have an impact on entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial attitude-intention link has been negatively moderated by Covid-19-related psychological distress. Also, Covid-19-related psychological distress can lessen the entrepreneurial intention–behavior linkage of higher education institutions students.Practical implicationsThe study provides useful recommendations for practitioners such as educators and policymakers to promote higher education institutions students' entrepreneurship, especially in the global crisis context of the spread of Covid-19.Social implicationsBeing aware of the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the entrepreneurship process and translations from intention into behavior to become entrepreneurs provide useful insights to nascent entrepreneurs, community and our society to limit the negative influence of the Covid-19 pandemic and help us overcome this crisis.Originality/valueAddressing the entrepreneurial intention–behavior gap is considered as the biggest contribution of this study. Moreover, the association between perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial behavior, overlooked by previous studies, is also tested in this study. Furthermore, the findings confirm that psychological distress caused by Covid-19 can inhibit the cognitive process of entrepreneurship.

Background. Nurses are one of the population groups with the highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Preventive measures in Vietnamese hospitals on the job have not been proposed to study their effectiveness due to barriers related to the lack of knowledge about MSDs by health care administrators and the lack of human resources with expertise in MSD management in hospitals. Objectives. This study is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of basic interventions (education, physical exercise) to prevent MSDs among district hospital nurses in Vietnam. Material and Methods. A quasi-experimental study was carried out before/after over a period of one year among two groups of nurses, one receiving the intervention ( n = 162 ) and the other the control group ( n = 128 ). The intervention includes 3 components: training on MSDs, ergonomics training, and instructions for physical exercise. The pre- and postintervention assessment tools included the Modified Nordic, Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Short-Form (Q-LES-Q-SF), and the Kessler Psychological Distress Questionnaire (K6). A generalized estimating equation analysis was performed to assess the difference between the two groups at two points in time (before and after the intervention) on some indicators (prevalence of MSDs in the last 12 months and 7 days, score for quality of life and psychological distress). Results. There was a significant difference of the test on the prevalence of MSDs in the last 7 days between the 2 groups before and after the intervention with the p value = 0.016 . This difference occurred in 4 anatomical sites: neck, shoulder/upper arm, wrists/hand, and lower back, with p values being 0.013, 0.011, 0.038, and 0.009, respectively. Conclusions. The intervention measures are probably effective in reducing the prevalence of MSDs at 4 anatomical sites in the last 7 days. More in-depth studies are needed with a combination of measures over a longer period of time to obtain stronger evidence of interventions.

This work presents a predominant cost-saving process for the industrial scale synthesis of memantine hydrochloride (1) from 1,3-dimethyladamantane (2) by a two-step method in which both steps were carried out in one-pot. The conversion of 2 to N-(3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-yl)acetylamide (3) was synthesized first in mixture of sulfuric acid 96-98% and nitric acid 64-65% at 25 ºC for 2.5 h and then in acetonitrile at 40 ºC for 3.5 h as a key step. The yield of this process reached to 98%. Next, the deacetylation of 3 with potasium hydroxide in mixture of water-ethylene glycol at 140 ºC for 15 h to get memantine base which was then converted into memantine hydrochloride (1) by aq. HCl 14% (yield of 93%). Overall yield of this synthetic route was 91.65%. The advantages of this process is saving time, solvents, reagents and giving a higher yield as compared to reported procedures.

DNA methylome analysis of glioblastoma (GBM) identified the HIV-1 Tat interactive protein 2 (HTATIP2) gene as aberrantly methylated and silenced. HTATIP2 is a negative regulator of importin β-mediated (KPNB1) cytoplasmic-nuclear translocation of proteins and its deregulation may alter the functionality of cancer relevant nuclear proteins. We propose N-Methylpurine-DNA Glycosylase (MPG), responsible for removing alkylated bases and initiating base excision repair (BER), as a potential GBM relevant candidate. Here we investigated the role of epigenetic silencing of HTATIP2 on the subcellular localization of MPG, and MPG-mediated DNA repair. Induction of HTATIP2 expression in GBM cells lead to a significant shift of predominantly nuclear to cytoplasmic MPG, while depletion of endogenous levels of HTATIP2 resulted in enhanced nuclear MPG localization. We observed exclusion of MPG from the area exhibiting co-localization of HTATIP2 and KPNB1 in proximity to the nuclear membrane, suggesting competition of HTATIP2 with MPG to bind to KPNB1. In accordance, pharmacologic inhibition of KPNB1 similarly induced cytoplasmic retention of MPG as HTATIP2 expression. Reduced nuclear MPG localization, induced by HTATIP2 expression or depletion of MPG, yielded less P-H2AX-positive cells upon treatment with an alkylating agent. This suggested reduced MPG-mediated formation of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites, leaving behind unrepaired DNA lesions, hence, reflecting a reduced capacity of BER in response to the alkylating agent. Taken together, these results suggest that epigenetic silencing of HTATIP2 may increase nuclear localization of MPG, thereby increasing the capacity of the tumor cells to repair treatment related lesions and eventually contributing to treatment resistance.

In this article, the authors present the results of a survey on perceptions of inclusive, integrated and specialized teachers (N = 3221) about climate change and how to respond to climate change, at educational institutions of 6 provinces\cities of Vietnam. The survey results showed that the majority of teachers surveyed had the correct awareness of climate change and how to respond to climate change. However, there is still a significant portion of misconceptions. This study generalizes the current status picture of teachers' perceptions of climate change, and at the same time points out a number of factors that affect teachers' perceptions. The results of this survey provide reliable information, which is very useful for policy development, supporting the development of educational programs and training on climate change for teachers in the future. The study also mentions some limitations and directions for further research.

he combination of two types of disability, which is visual impairment and autism spectrum disorder, affects many areas of development of 5 - 6 years old children. Through a survey of 60 teachers who have been teaching visually impaired children with autism spectrum disorder at specialized and integrated centers of 8 provinces in Vietnam, it has been shown that the visual impairment and autism spectrum disorder have a great influence on areas of cognition, language, motor, mobility, self-service, and social skills. Research results show that the greatest influence of visual impairment with autism spectrum disorder on children is on social communication problems with = 4.0 and on language development with = 3.9 (very influential level). From determining this level, it will help teachers, families, and special education professionals have assessments and plans to support each specific area for children.

There are 19 currently recognized species of treeshrews in the genus Tupaia (Tupaiidae, Scandentia) with a majority of the taxa found in Southeast Asia. During our surveys in northeastern Vietnam, nine new specimens of Tupaia were collected from five different localities, including Lang Son and Ha Giang provinces and Cat Ba Island, Hai Phong City. Our molecular analysis reveals that the new population diverges from its closest congeners by at least 11.2% based on a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene and 10.1% based on a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. The distinction of the newly discovered population is also supported by significant differences compared to other species based on morphological analysis. As a result, a new species, Tupaia danghuyhuynhi sp. nov., was described based on morphological and molecular evidence.

Student satisfaction with education service has been considered one of the most critical strategic factors to attract students of higher education institutions around the world. Various models of satisfaction with education service quality have been developed to motivate actions towards improving the education quality. This study aimed to confirm a Vietnamese theoretical five-dimension model of student satisfaction with higher education service and investigate the relationship between student satisfaction with education service quality and student satisfaction with educational outcomes in this model. A cross-sectional survey on 2933 students from four-member universities of Hue University in Central Vietnam was conducted. The research results showed that the model of student satisfaction with education service in Hue University was consistent with the proposed theoretical model, which comprises five dimensions including access to education service, facilities and teaching equipment, educational environment, educational activities, and educational outcomes. In addition, the satisfaction of all dimensions of education service quality from dimension 1 to 4 affects the satisfaction of educational outcomes, of which educational activities have the most significant impact. This research result can provide a number of implications and recommendations for Hue University to implement appropriate measures to improve student satisfaction with education services received, thereby enhancing educational outcomes, attracting and retaining students.

The objective of the study was to determine the factors affecting post-fermentative nutritional content resulting from soybean fermentation by Bacillus subtilis. Conditions for the nutritionally optimal fermentation of soybeans by B. Subtilis were varied to analyze the overall nutrient content change. The conditions included: (1) pH, (2) fermentation temperature, (3) fermentation time, and (4) bacterial density. Experimental results show the highest concentration of lipids at a pH 6.0, temperature of 33 °C, and 60 h fermentation time. Carbohydrates were highest at pH 7, 28 °C and 48 h, and protein content yielded highest at pH 8, 28 °C, and 60 h of fermentation. Bacterial density had no statistically significant affect on nutritional content (p > 0.05). Optimization of fermentation conditions contributes to increased biomass during fermentation to increase reaction yield of the desired product. Therefore, this research is important at the industrial level to increase production efficiency and reduce energy consumption.

In Vietnam today, the general education program has shifted from teaching focusing on content and knowledge to teaching towards the development of students' competencies and qualities. Therefore, the ability to predict and solve problems is of special concern. However, the high school graduation exam format is multiple-choice. This results in the students' relatively weak ability to reason and solve problems. Besides, students are quite surprised when getting used to real problems. Our research is done to analyze the factors that affect students' erroneous reasoning as well as identify common errors in real problems. We surveyed 47 teachers and 163 students in Ho Chi Minh City by questionnaire. Research has shown that 65.96% of teachers and 50.92% of students think that it is very necessary to practice and develop the ability to predict and solve problems through teaching to predict and correct mistakes in real-world problems, but most teachers do not fully understand the ability to predict and solve problems in teaching practical problems. Students' manifestations of each type of mistake in teaching the ability to predict and solve problems are not high and uneven. The research results also show that there are two main groups of factors affecting the ability to predict and correct mistakes through practical problems: first, the problem is not true to reality; Second, mistakes in reasoning to solve real problems. Findings from the research have important implications for renewing teaching methods in Vietnam.

Problem-based learning competence is one of the most important competencies of mathematical competence. Many researchers believe that this capacity is a factor that directly affects the development of students' competencies and qualities. Among the components of problem-based learning competencies, the generalization of the problem is one of the key factors. Especially generalization of problems about exponential functions and logarithmic functions is still an open issue, which is rarely interested in research. Our research is carried out to identify and analyze factors of problem-based learning competence through generalizing the actual problems on the topic of exponential and logarithmic functions in Vietnam. The questionnaire survey method with 47 high school teachers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, shows that 10.64% of teachers think that the teaching method of problem-based learning competence is of little importance; 25.53% think it is important and 63.83% think it is very important. We conducted experiments with 89 students and processed analytical data using SPSS software. From the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis, students showed interest and fascination with the generalized teaching method of the actual problem. The test results showed that the experimental class had a much higher score than the control class. The research also provides a table comparing the differences between problem-solving and discovery teaching with teaching to develop problem-based learning competence; the process of teaching generalizations as well as examples illustrating practical problems on the topic of exponents and logarithmic functions. Research results also show that students are excited, proactively discover and learn from real-life problems more than before and do more practical issues. The findings from the research have important implications in fostering problem-based learning competence through generalizing practical problems on the topic of exponents and logarithms for students.

Morphological variation of the skull was examined in the northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri) from various localities across Southeast Asia. Through a multivariate analysis, the treeshrews from South Vietnam exhibited distinct morphological characteristics compared to other populations from Thailand and Laos, and Malaysia. The plots of the specimens of North Vietnam are not randomly mixed with Thailand plots segregation in the scatteregrams of canonical discriminant analysis. Since the skulls of the population from North Vietnam were morphologically similar to those form central Laos and northern and northeastern Thailand, the zoogeographical barrier effect of Mekong River was not clearly confirmed. The population of the Kanchanaburi in western Thailand is clearly smaller in size compared to the other populations. The southern border of the distribution of this species is determined by the Isthmus of Kra or Kangar-Pattani Line. In the northern treeshrew, which is distributed from southern China to Bangladesh and southern Thailand, we have detected osteometrical geographical variation driven by geography. These results indicate that the skull morphology in the Tupaia glis-belangeri complex distinctively differs in South Vietnam, western Thailand, and southern Thailand. The zoogeographical barrier and factor separating these districts are expected to clarify in the future.

The objective of the study to determine the factors affecting the protease content generated during soybean fermentation by Bacillus subtilis. In this study, four factors were investigated during soybean fermentation: (1) pH, (2) fermentation temperature, (3) fermentation time and bacterial density, and (4) added glucose content on steamed soybean. The experimental results showed that at 33 °C temperature, 48 h fermentation time, bacterial density 104 CFU, pH 7, and supplementation of 1 g glucose into 50 g steamed soybean, Bacillus subtilis fermented soybean (another name is natto) had the highest protease activity. This suggests that the fermentation conditions in the study are consistent with the growth of Bacillus subtilis to produce proteases. Moreover, the optimization of fermentation conditions contributes to reducing the energy consumption to obtain the desired product, by increasing the yield in reaction. Therefore, this study is important at an industrial level, while contributing to the rational use of energy. Keywords: Soy, Soybean, Natto, Protease, Nattokinase, Bacillus subtilis

In 2021, the complicated situation of the Covid-19 epidemic had seriously affected all aspects of life. In particular, the pandemic has harmed the education industry. Besides, the role of the academic staff is critical, which determines the quality of higher education. However, each university has different educational goals and requirements, training professions, and occupations with unique characteristicsalike.Moreover, motivating the teaching staff is an essential task of university leaders. This article presents the survey results on creating motivation for academic staff at public universities in Vietnam. The survey used a combination of questionnaires for800 lecturers at public universities in Vietnam. The results showed that five factors affect the work motivation of lecturers: income, job characteristics, training and promotion opportunities,relationship with colleagues, and work environment. Based on the results, the authorshadthe policy recommendations improved lecturers' working motivation at public universities in Vietnam in the following years.

The Covid-19 epidemic is complicated and unpredictable. Based on information from the Ministry of Health. In Vietnam,there were more than 500,000 positive cases across the country, of which more than3,000 had imported. Vietnam had a screening, testing, isolation, and the national vaccination plan to solve this situation. The State is currently applying social distancing according to Directive 16/CT-TTG in 19 provinces and cities in the North, South. Some communes in other towns and regions reduce infection in the community. This factor leads to many difficulties in people's daily activities, including affecting the study and life of students. Due to the impact of the epidemic, teaching and learning are very difficult. Online learning is not easy for teachers and students, and some online subjects hadreplaced entirely.Therefore, the authorshadmanagerial recommendations to improvethe students'knowledge and researchof universities in Vietnam.

Samples of the bimetallic-based NH2-MIL-125(Ti) at a ratio of Mn+/Ti4+ is 0.15 (Mn+: Ni2+, Co2+ and Fe3+) were first synthesized using the solvothermal method. Their fundamental properties were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption–desorption measurements, and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). The as-acquired materials were used as high-efficiency heterogeneous photocatalysts to remove Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under visible light. The results verified that 82.4% of the RhB (3 × 10−5 M) was degraded within 120 min by 15% Fe/Ti−MOFs. Furthermore, in the purpose of degrading Rhodamine B (RhB), the rate constant for the 15% Fe/Ti-MOFs was found to be 2.6 times as fast as that of NH2-MIL-125(Ti). Moreover, the 15% Fe/Ti-MOFs photocatalysts remained stable after three consecutive cycles. The trapping test demonstrated that the major active species in the degradation of the RhB process were hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) and holes (h+).

The use of inorganic layer compounds as adsorbents for organic dyes in water treatment is of increasing interest. In this study, an attempt is made for the synthesis of Mg/Al LDHs by the hydrothermal method. The synthesis temperature was found to significantly affect to the structure of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), as pointed out by FT-IR analysis. In addition, an adsorption capacity of the synthesized LDHs against Congo red in aqueous solutions was investigated and also compared the adsorption results with other dyes such as methylene blue and methyl orange.

A straw-activated carbon has been successfully synthesized with the high BET surface area, at 494.9240 m2/g, which is perfectly suitable for the adsorption of cephalexin antibiotic from aqueous water. It is noted that the adsorption capacity of straw-activated carbon is demonstrated by the effect of initial concentration, contact time, pH solution and dosage. The straw-activated carbon exhibited improved decontaminant efficiency towards cephalexin antibiotics. Quick and improved sorption could be attributable to the distinctive structural and compositional merits as well as the synergetic contribution of functional groups to surface material. Most interestingly, the adsorption capacity achieved at pH 6 was ~98.52%. A mechanism adsorption has been proposed to demonstrate adsorption of the straw-activated carbon (AC-S). By comparison with other studies, it is confirmed that AC-S in this study obtained a higher removal efficiency than other adsorbent materials, suggesting that straw-activated carbon may be an appropriate candidate to treat cephalexin from wastewater media

To overcome the disadvantages of commercial carbonaceous catalysts in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), novel Pt/Ti1–xIrxO2 catalysts are fabricated in this study. Simultaneously, the influence of the Ir composition in the support on the electrocatalytic activities and physicochemical properties of Pt/Ti1–xIrxO2 catalysts is also evaluated. Ti1–xIrxO2 materials with the tunable Ir composition (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) synthesized via a simple and green hydrothermal route exhibited much higher electrical conductivity and surface area than the undoped TiO2. Furthermore, the well-distributed Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with small sizes (∼3 nm) over supports were obtained by using a modified chemical reduction route. Electrochemical results revealed that a series of 20 wt. % Pt/Ti1–xIrxO2 catalysts exhibited superior durability and electrochemical activity toward the methanol oxidation reaction to the commercial 20 wt. % Pt/C (E-TEK) catalyst. According to these results, Ti1–xIrxO2 materials seem to be very promising as a stable catalyst support in the harsh medium of DMFCs.

Radiata pine (Pinus radiata Don.) sapwood was treated with an aqueous dispersion solution of styrene/acrylic acid (St/AA) copolymer (5, 15, or 25%) and the treatment effect on weathering of wood wa...

This In this study, the Ca-Al layered double hydroxide was used as a potential adsorbent for the removal of Congo red from aqueous solutions. The effects of Initial concentration and contact time on the adsorption properties of Congo red by Ca-Al LDHs were studied. The removal rate of Conge red reached to 59.416 mg/g under room temperature with 0.2g of adsorbent, initial concentration of 50 ppm, adsorption time of 210 min, shaking speed of 90r/min. The experimental equilibrium data for the removal of Congo red were evaluated by various isotherm models. The pseudo-second-order kinetic models were found to fit the adsorption kinetics, and the equilibrium data were appropriately fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich model adsorption isotherm.

This field study was performed to demonstrate that Bacillus aquimaris SH6 spores administered as a feed supplement in adequate amounts confer beneficial effects to the whiteleg shrimp. Shrimps were administered either B. aquimaris SH6 spores at 1×106CFU g-1 pellet (SH6 group) or a mixture of SH6 and B. subtilis SH23 spores at 5×105 CFU g-1 pellet for each strain (SH6-SH23 group). After a 28-day feeding period, the number of SH6 spores in the gut of whiteleg shrimp in the SH6 group and the SH6-SH23 group were 5.7×103 CFU gut-1 and 7.7×103 CFU gut-1, respectively. The total bacterial population of these two experimental groups increased about 10-75% compared to that of the control group. The astaxanthin level and red colour score were the highest in the SH6-SH23 group (1.66 μg.g-1 shrimp; 28-29), followed by the SH6 spore group (1.42 μg.g-1 shrimp; 27-28), and were the lowest in the control group (0.61 μg.g-1 shrimp; 26-27). Nevertheless, the growth rate of shrimps was similar (7.8-8%) among the three groups. In conclusion, feed supplements containing SH6 and SH23 spores co-effectively improved live counts and diversity of microbiota in shrimp guts, as well as improved astaxanthin level and red colour of whiteleg shrimps.

Poplar (Populus adenopoda Maxim.) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata Don.) wood were treated with an aqueous solution containing styrene-acrylic copolymer (SAC) and sodium silicate (SS). The effects of this treatment on the thermal stability and combustion behavior of the wood were determined. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed that treatment in the presence of SS resulted in earlier thermal degradation compared to samples untreated and treated with SAC alone. Cone calorimetry showed that treatment of wood with SAC alone resulted in increased total heat release, total smoke production, and CO and CO2 concentration. Wood treated with SAC/SS was more difficult to ignite as evidenced by longer ignition time and higher limiting oxygen index; however, the treatment did not reduce the production of smoke and carbon oxide. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis of residual char indicated that SS was mainly deposited in the lumina of vessel or tracheid, and SS distribution in wood was not uniform. These findings demonstrate that incorporation of SS retards the flame of SAC-treated wood; however, the fire risk is not reduced due to dense smoke and CO production.

This study theoretically reports the comprehensive kinetic mechanism of the aniline + OH reaction in the range of 200-2000 K and 0.76-7600 Torr. The temperature- and pressure-dependent behaviors, including time-resolved species profiles and rate coefficients, were studied within the stochastic RRKM-based master equation framework with the reaction energy profile, together with molecular properties of the species involved, characterized at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level. Hindered internal rotation and Eckart tunneling treatments were included. The H-abstraction from the -NH2 moiety (to form C6H5NH (P1)) is found to prevail over the OH-addition on the C atom at the ortho site of aniline (to form 6-hydroxy-1-methylcyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl (I2)) with the atmospheric rate expressions (in cm3/molecule/s) as kabstraction(P1) = 3.41 × 101 × T-4.56 × exp (-255.2 K/T) for 200-2000 K and kaddition(I2) = 3.68 × 109 × T-7.39 × exp (-1163.9 K/T) for 200-800 K. The U-shaped temperature-dependent characteristics and weakly positive pressure dependence at low temperatures (e.g., T ≤ 800 K and P = 760 Torr) of ktotal(T) are also observed. The disagreement in ktotal(T) between the previous calculations and experimental studies is also resolved, and atmospheric aniline is found to be primarily removed by OH radicals (τOH ∼ 1.1 h) in the daytime. Also, via TD-DFT simulations, it is recommended to include P1 and I2 in any atmospheric photolysis-related model.

Li-Hui Li,1,2 Qiang-Min Huang,1 Marco Barbero,2 Lin Liu,3 Thi-Tham Nguyen,4 Matteo Beretta-Piccoli,2 An-Le Xu,1 Li-Juan Ji1 1Department of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; 2Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Department of Business Economics Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland; 3Nanjing Sport Institute, Sport and Health Science Department, Nanjing, China; 4Faculty of Sport Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Background: Proteomics analysis may provide important information regarding the pathogenesis of chronic myofascial pain and the mechanisms underlying the treatment effects of dry needling. Materials and methods: This study used a rat model of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) to perform a proteomics analysis. Three biological replicate experiments were used to compare the proteomes of healthy control rats, a rat model of MTrP, MTrP model rats following dry needling of MTrPs, and MTrP model rats following dry needling of non-MTrPs. Tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling technology based on nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used. Hierarchical clustering, gene ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and protein–protein interaction network analysis were performed to characterize the proteins. To validate the TMT results, three candidate biomarker proteins were verified using parallel reaction monitoring and Western blot analysis. Results: A total of 2,635 proteins were identified. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways played dominant roles in the pathogenesis of chronic myofascial pain. The three candidate biomarker proteins were the pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme (encoded by the PKM gene), the muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (encoded by the PYGM gene), and myozenin 2 (encoded by the MYOZ2 gene). The validation results were consistent with the TMT results.Conclusion: This is the first proteomics study that has investigated the pathogenesis of chronic myofascial pain and the mechanisms underlying the treatment effects of dry needling in an in vivo rat model of MTrPs, which might promote our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying chronic myofascial pain. Keywords: musculoskeletal pain, acupuncture, bioinformatics, mass spectrometry, tandem mass tag, parallel reaction monitoring

Interrupting the transmission of airborne (

Empirical evidence, regarding the impacts of female leadership on firm’s corrupt level, is lack of studies in various research context. The objective of this study is to assess whether female managers impact negatively or positively on the corrupt behavior of family SMEs (household business) and nonfamily SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises). To do that, this paper used regressions, taken from a sample of 1,720 Vietnamese SMEs (based on the survey data of UNU-WIDER), to compare the impact of female percentage in management board in family and nonfamily businesses in reducing the level of corruption of the firms for the period 2011 to 2015.The findings indicated that first, drawing on socioemotional wealth theory and Vietnam context, family SMEs (household businesses) are more likely to engage in corruption. Second, we also found that female participant in management team can promote firms to be less involved in unethical practices such as bribe. However, the positive role of female managers in reducing corruption engagement is moderated by family control. We used upper echelon theory to suggest that female managers tend to have less managerial discretion in family-controlled organizations. This study has practical contributions, especially for policymakers and owners of household businesses.

Objectives: To determine how muscle spindles are involved in the pathophysiology of chronic myofascial trigger spots (MTrSs, similar to myofascial trigger points) in a rat injury model according to the characteristics of the Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) and the anatomical relationship between muscle spindles and MTrSs. Methods: 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. A blunt strike injury and eccentric exercise were applied to the gastrocnemius muscle of rats in the experimental group once a week for 8 weeks as a MTrS modelling intervention. Subsequently, the rats were reared normally and rested for 4 weeks. At the end of the 12th week, the rats were examined for the presence of MTrSs defined by the detection of a palpable taut band exhibiting both a local twitch response and spontaneous electrical activity. After modelling, evocation of the H-reflex and morphological examination of muscle spindles and MTrSs were conducted. Results: The threshold (0.35±0.04 mA) of the H-reflex and latency (1.24±0.18 ms) of the M wave recorded at MTrSs were not significantly different to those at non-MTrSs (P>0.05). Compared with non-MTrSs, a lower Mmax (4.28±1.27 mV), higher Hmax (median (IQR) 0.95 (0.80–1.08) mV) and Hmax/Mmax (median (IQR) 0.21 (0.16–0.40)), and shorter H wave latency (4.60±0.89 ms) were recorded at MTrSs (PDiscussion: Compared with normal muscles, the H-reflex myoelectrical activity was enhanced and some muscle spindles might have been influenced by active MTrSs. Thus, muscle spindles may play an important role in the pathological mechanism underlying myofascial trigger points.