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Background: Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disease following diabetic retinopathy and is a frequent cause of significant visual loss and associated morbidity. Aim and objectives: To assess peripapillary vessel density (VD) , retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) in the fellow eyes of patients with unilateral retinal vein occlusion (RVO) (either CRVO or BRVO) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and compare it with controls. Subjects and methods: This is an observational study that will be conducted on (25) patients with unilateral RVO (either CRVO or BRVO) and (25) normal controls chosen from outpatient clinic. Results: The RNFL thicknesses in the fellow eyes of RVO patients was significantly thinner than in normal controls .VD of radial peripappillary plexus and ganglion cell complex thickness were slightly lower than those of controls. Conclusion: OCTA revealed that RNFL thickness in the fellow eyes of patients with unilateral RVO was significantly decreased, lower peripapillary VD and GCC thickness were also observed compared to healthy controls.

lt;bgt;Background and Objective:lt;/bgt; Beetroot juice is a biological antioxidant and acts as health-promoting minerals as well as soluble fibres and vitamins. This study aimed to encapsulate the Beetroot Juice Powder (BJP) by the conjugate sodium caseinate (NaCas) and Maltodextrin (MD) to protect it from environmental conditions. Produced flavoured acid beverage using BJP encapsulated using conjugates.lt;bgt;Materials and Methods:lt;/bgt; Nano-encapsulation of BJP (20, 30, 40 mg glt;supgt;lt;/supgt;lt;supgt;1lt;/supgt;) and determine the encapsulation efficiency, size and zeta potential. Rats were divided into 4 groups as follows, negative control, positive control and 2 test groups that received free BJP or encapsulated BJP. All rats except the negative control group were injected with CCllt;subgt;4lt;/subgt; twice a week.lt;bgt;Results:lt;/bgt; The NaCas-MD conjugate has the advantage over the NaCas-MD complex of higher stability and BJP binding, also showing high encapsulation efficiency (93.75%) of different levels of BJP. The flavoured beverage from the addition of BJP encapsulated by conjugate has better sensory and technological properties than fortified with BJP in the complex. Injection with CCllt;subgt;4lt;/subgt; leads to a decrease in body weight, serum parameters including, protein, albumin, GSH, CAT and SOD, also increase ALT, AST, ALP and liver weight. Moreover, a variable pathological alteration in liver tissue was found. At the end of the experiment receiving encapsulated beetroot juice led to improvement in all above body and liver weight, all biochemical parameters and histopathological elevation.lt;bgt;Conclusion:lt;/bgt; Thus, it could be concluded that flavoured beverage containing BJP encapsulated by conjugate is of acceptable quality and high antioxidant activity. Also, it has a remarkable protective effect against acute hepatotoxicity.

Plant-derived phenolic compounds have numerous biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, their application is limited because they are degraded under environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to microencapsulate plant phenolic extracts using a complex coacervation method to mitigate this problem. Red beet (RB), broccoli (BR), and spinach leaf (SL) phenolic extracts were encapsulated by complex coacervation. The characteristics of complex coacervates [zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), FTIR, and morphology] were evaluated. The RB, BR, and SL complex coacervates were incorporated into an ultrafiltered (UF) cheese system. The chemical properties, pH, texture profile, microstructure, and sensory properties of UF cheese with coacervates were determined. In total, 54 male Sprague–Dawley rats were used, among which 48 rats were administered an oral dose of AlCl3 (100 mg/kg body weight/d). Nutritional and biochemical parameters, including malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, were assessed. The RB, BR, and SL phenolic extracts were successfully encapsulated. The RB, BR, and SL complex coacervates had no impact on the chemical composition of UF cheese. The structure of the RB, BR, and SL complex coacervates in UF cheese was the most stable. The hardness of UF cheese was progressively enhanced by using the RB, BR, and SL complex coacervates. The sensory characteristics of the UF cheese samples achieved good scores and were viable for inclusion in food systems. Additionally, these microcapsules improved metabolic strategies and neurobehavioral systems and enhanced the protein biosynthesis of rat brains. Both forms failed to induce any severe side effects in any experimental group. It can be concluded that the microencapsulation of plant phenolic extracts using a complex coacervation technique protected rats against AlCl3-induced neuroinflammation. This finding might be of interest to food producers and researchers aiming to deliver natural bioactive compounds in the most acceptable manner (i.e., food).

Boron nutrient plays an important role for crop growth and production. However, the adequate amount of nitrogen and boron that improves plant production and nitrogen use efficiency is still remaining unknown particularly under sandy soil. Thus, field experiments were conducted in two consecutive growing seasons (from 2016 to 2018) at the Experimental Farm at the Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Egypt to investigate effects of boron foliar nutrition and nitrogen fertilizer rates on growth, yield, and nitrogen utilized by onion plant cv. Giza 20. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six levels of boron (Control, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4 ppm), and three rates of nitrogen (40, 60 and 80 kg N/fed.-1 as ammonium sulphate) in reclaimed sandy soil. The results showed that boron at 2.4 ppm interacted with nitrogen rate at 80 kg N/fed.-1 significantly increased fresh and dry weight g/plant, total chlorophyll content (58.67 and 58.00 mg/g dry weight), biological yield (2.53 and 2.80 kg/m2), economical yield (2.23 and 2.30 kg/m2) and nitrogen utilized percentage (38.25 and 37.68 %) in the two growing seasons respectively. Foliar boron application at rate of 3.2 and 4.0 ppm with all nitrogen rates significantly decreased all the studied character. On the contrary, Potassium and boron content in the bulbs were increased as the boron application rate increased.

Plant-derived phenolic compounds have numerous biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, their application is limited because they are degraded under environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to microencapsulate plant phenolic extracts using a complex coacervation method to mitigate this problem. Red beet (RB), broccoli (BR), and spinach leaf (SL) phenolic extracts were encapsulated by complex coacervation. The characteristics of complex coacervates [zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), FTIR, and morphology] were evaluated. The RB, BR, and SL complex coacervates were incorporated into an ultrafiltered (UF) cheese system. The chemical properties, pH, texture profile, microstructure, and sensory properties of UF cheese with coacervates were determined. In total, 54 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, among which 48 rats were administered an oral dose of AlCl

Beamforming design is a crucial stage in millimeter-wave systems with massive antenna arrays. We propose a deep learning network for the design of the precoder and combiner in hybrid architectures. The proposed network employs a parametric rectified linear unit (PReLU) activation function which improves model accuracy with almost no complexity cost compared to other functions. The proposed network accepts practical channel estimation input and can be trained to enhance spectral efficiency considering the hardware limitation of the hybrid design. Simulation shows that the proposed network achieves small performance improvement when compared to the same network with the ReLU activation function.

lt;bgt;Background and Objective:lt;/bgt; Chitosan has many functional properties and biological activities. This work aimed to prepare and characterize Chitosan Nanoparticles (CN). Then, evaluate the hypolipidemic and antioxidant effect of CN in rats. Incorporate CN in camel yogurt and evaluation of yogurt properties.lt;bgt;Materials and Methods:lt;/bgt; Chitosan Nanoparticles (CN) were prepared and analyzed for the size, zeta potential and poly Polydispersity Index (PDI). Total 24 rats were divided into 4 groups, the negative control group was fed on the basal diet and the positive control group was fed on a High-Fat Diet (HFD), the group I and II were fed on the HFD+(CC) or (CN). The feeding period was 6 weeks. Prepared and Characterization stirred camel yogurt fortified by CN.lt;bgt;Results:lt;/bgt; CN the size was 27.20 nm, ζ-potential+38.78. After the feeding period for CN and CC groups were a decrease in body weight, serum lipid profile and liver function in both tested groups and an increase in HDL-cholesterol and an increase in antioxidants in the CN group more than that in the CC group was observed. mRNA expression with qPCR for hepatic PPARγ, HL, GSS and CYP2E1 genes was performed to investigate the alterations in their levels after CN treatment on the liver of rats fed with HFD.lt;bgt;Conclusion:lt;/bgt; CN possesses the ability to improve the impairment of lipid metabolism as strongly associated with gene expressions related to lipogenesis and oxidative stress. Also, the addition of 2% CN to camel yogurt gave sensory acceptable and microbiological quality.

Increasing demand for higher data-rate wireless connectivity with lower latency is fueling the explorations of millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum and massive MIMO communications. Both technologies are recognized as the key enablers of 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. Hybrid beamforming is one of the most promising energy and cost-effective approaches to realize mmWave massive MIMO communications with lower complexity and smaller training overhead. With the motivation of giving more insights and in-deep technical recommendations to B5G network designers regarding hybrid beamforming, we present a hybrid beamforming taxonomy in terms of channel state information (CSI) availability, frequency bandwidth, architecture complexity, analog beamformer components, number of users, connectivity to RF chains, and the digital and analog beamforming design. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art use-cases for each classification followed by identification of the future challenges and open research issues.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a major health concern in developing countries, and these see an increased incidence in pregnant women and children in particular. The contribution of dairy products as natural products in drug delivery approaches is inspiring. This study aimed to analyze the application of iron (Fe) and folic acid (FA) bovine serum albumin-nanoparticles (BSA-NPs) as anti-anemic pharmacological agents that fortify stirred functional yogurt (SFY), comparing these with a plain control and SFY fortified with Fe and FA in free forms. The physicochemical, cytotoxicity, microbiological, viscosity, oxidative interactions, microstructural, sensorial analyses, and bioavailability properties of IDA-induced Albino rats were examined. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Zetasizer, and Scan Electron Microscope (SEM) were applied. Nanocapsule-fortified SFY showed an enhanced apparent viscosity, water-holding capacity, microstructure, least lipid oxidation, and overall sensorial acceptability. Feed that included Fe + FA nanocapsule-fortified SFY (G6) succeeded in restoring hemoglobin (16.53 gdL−1), iron (109.25 μgdL−1), ferritin (33.25 μgdL−1), and total protein (8.6 gdL−1) at the end of the 4-week feeding period, with significant competition revealed in calcium and zinc absorbance. Nanocapsule-fortified SFY showed no adverse effects or architectural alterations in the liver, kidney, or spleen, as indicated by biochemical and histological examinations. Bovine serum albumin-nanoparticles (BSA-NPs) of iron (Fe) and folic acid (FA) can be recommended as anti-anemia supplements in different functional food applications.

Background Boldenone (BOL) (Equigan) is a synthetic anabolic steroid used mainly by veterinarians to treat and promote horses’ growth. Recently, body builders have started to use it to enhance their physical performance and muscle growth. Equigan is known to induce testicular injury and reduce fertility in males. Current treatments for reduced fertility are very costly. As alternatives, people are investigating naturally occurring bioactive compounds in plants such as curcumin. Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic antioxidant effects of nanoencapsulated curcumin (NEC) on BOL-induced testicular toxicity and oxidative stress in male albino rats. Materials and methods NEC was prepared using a novel freeze-drying method. For their characterization, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used. Four groups of male rats were used: the first group served as control, the second group received NEC (100 mg/kg orally, once daily), the third group received BOL (5 mg/kg intramascular, once weekly) for 60 days, and BOL and NEC were concurrently administered in the fourth group. Blood was withdrawn from the rats’ retro-orbital veins 24 h after treatment. Animals were euthanized immediately; the epididymal sperm reserve was separated. Then, one testis from each rat was kept at −80°C for determination of oxidative stress indices, and the other was fixed in 10% formalin solution for histopathological investigation. Results and conclusion Treatment with BOL resulted in significant reproductive damage caused by increased levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione. Downregulation of the levels of serum testosterone and reduction in semen quantity, sperm count, and motility were also detected in the BOL group. Histopathological examinations showed severe degenerative changes in the testes. Immunohistochemical examination indicated severe reduction in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive spermatogonia in the BOL-treated group as compared with the control. Coadministration of NEC with BOL effectively reduces BOL-induced testicular damage and oxidative stress in male albino rats.

Background and Objective: White soft cheese is one of the most popular, high nutritional and healthy dairy products in Egypt. The Olive cake and mill waste-water are natural sources of phenolic compounds enriched with natural antioxidants. The aim of this work was the use of milk proteins as carriers for olive polyphenolic extract and its use it in the production of white soft cheese. Materials and Methods: polyphenols were extracted from olive mill waste. Maltodextrin (MD) with whey protein isolate (WPI) and skim milk powder (SMP) were used to entrap olive polyphenols extract. Encapsulation efficiency (EE), particle size, Zeta potential and electron microscopy for the prepared capsules were assessed. White soft cheese fortified with polyphenol capsules was made. The polyphenols content, antioxidant activity, texture profiles and sensory properties of cheese were followed. Results: The SMP/MD mixture gives better encapsulation efficiency of 90.08%, while the combination between MD with WPI at ratio 50:50 improved the encapsulation efficiency up to 88.42%. Capsules prepared with the use of SMP/MD mixture less mean diameter of 189 nm compared with using WPI: MD 50:50 which recorded 270.3 nm. Also, capsules prepared with SMP/MD mixture showed zeta potential of -39.75 mV while that prepared using WPI with MD showed -13.7 mV. Electron microscopy revealed that SMP capsules had diameter of 122.04 nm compared to 262.07 nm for WPI capsules. White soft cheese with fortification by olive polyphenols capsules had high total solids and protein contents and almost constant antioxidant activity during 30 days of cold storage. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of cheese fortified with polyphenols capsules increased significantly (P˂ 0.05) compared to control samples. Also, it gained higher total acceptability scores compared to control. Conclusion: Milk proteins can be used successfully to encapsulate olive polyphenols and polyphenols capsules can be used in the production of healthy white soft cheese.

Background and objectives The use of milk proteins for drug delivery is a new trend in functional foods and pharmaceutical. Recently, researchers have focused on the utilization of whey proteins in the preparation of nanoparticle and carrier for drugs and micronutrients. The objectives of this paper were to use whey proteins isolate (WPI) nanoparticles for the encapsulation of zinc citrate micronutrients and characterization of the prepared nanoparticles. Materials and methods Nanoparticles were prepared from WPI with pH cycling and used for the encapsulation and sustained release of zinc citrate with three ratios (7, 14 and 28 mM) of zinc citrate per gram WPI. The particle size of the prepared nanoparticles was characterization and examined by transmission electron microscopy. The release of Zinc from the prepared nanoparticles was carried out using simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2 using dialysis membranes, the amount of zinc citrate loaded whey protein (14.36 mg Zinc in 1 g WPI) within range of daily dose of zinc for healthy adults. Results The WPI nanoparticles were able to encapsulate efficiently zinc, with encapsulation efficiency that ranged between 99.79 and 96.31%. Zinc was highly released from the prepared nanoparticles in acidic media (pH 1.2). Conclusion It can be concluded that WPI can be used as an effective vehicle for the protection and sustained release of zinc in food and pharmaceutical preparations.

Objectives: To evaluate the color, translucency and masking ability of a newly developed bulk-fill resin composite with enhanced opacity. Materials and Methods: A3 shade composite discs (n=20/material) (Filtek bulk-fill; FB and Filtek bulk-fill One; FBOne) were prepared at 2 and 4 mm thickness (n=10/thickness). Three different backgrounds (white tile, black tile, and C4 shade porcelain) and the intrinsic color for each material were used to determine the translucency parameter (between white and black backgrounds), and to simulate oral cavity darkness (between the black background and the intrinsic color of resin composite), and the discolored tooth structure (between C4 shade porcelain and the intrinsic color of resin composite). Additionally, the chroma coordinates were measured for 2 mm thickness on the different backgrounds. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon test as a post hoc for multiple comparisons (p< .05). Results: A clinically perceptible color difference (Δ E* > 1.74) was recorded between FB and FBOne. FBOne showed significantly higher TP values (p 2.7). FBOne showed a clinically acceptable (2 mm, ΔE* < 2.7) and un-perceptible threshold (4 mm, ΔE* < 1.74) for masking the discolored tooth substrate. Conclusions: FBOne is a promising bulk-fill resin composite showing an appropriate masking ability of the discolored tooth structure without interfering with its translucency

Objective: To evaluate the effect of surface treatments and flash-free adhesive on the shear bond strength of ceramic orthodontic brackets to CAD/CAM provisional materials. Materials and Methods: Specimens (n=160) from each provisional material (CAD-Temp and C-Temp) were categorized into four groups according to the surface treatment methods: C (no surface treatment), HP (37% H3PO4), DB (mechanical roughening by diamond bur) and SB (mechanical roughening by sandblasting). Half of the specimens in each group were bonded to one of the maxillary central incisor ceramic brackets according to the used adhesive system: (APC PLUS or APC Flash-free). All specimens were 5000-times thermocycled before the shear bond strength testing (SBS). Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was also evaluated. The level of significance was set at 5% for all statistical tests.Results: C-Temp significantly recorded higher SBS than CAD-Temp (p

Purpose: The aims of this study were to evaluate the flexural strength and adhesion of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic with those of lithium disilicate after applying a combined thermo-mechanical load cycling. Materials and Methods: Zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (vita suprinity; SV) and lithium disilicate glass ceramics (IPS e.max CAD; EM) were the materials used in this study. Specimens with the required dimensions for microtensile bond strength and flexural strength test were prepared and finished. The specimens were divided into two groups: control group that was stored in distilled water at 370C for 24 h (without thermo-mechanical load cycling) and test group (with thermo-mechanical load cycling). A total of 3,500 thermal cycles and 250,000 mechanical loading cycles were performed. Microtensile bond strength and flexural strength of each material were evaluated before and after thermo-mechanical load cycling. Moreover, additional micromorphological analysis such as those involving scanning electron microscopy and surface roughness of the etched ceramic bonded surfaces were performed for qualitative analysis. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests between the two glass ceramic groups, and paired t-test was used to detect significance within each group with and without thermo-mechanical load cycling.Results: The effect of thermo-mechanical load cycling on microtensile bond strength was statistically significant for both types of glass ceramics (EM and SV) (P

Low latency, energy efficiency, massive connectivity, and high data rate are the main characteristics that academia and industry are seeking for 5 G. The majority of the recent studies were dedicated to solving the delay issue by leveraging the edge computing concept while other studies directed its efforts towards realizing a green cloud by minimizing the energy consumption in the cloud. Multi-access edge computing (MEC) emerged in the past decade as a promising solution for the determined millisecond-scale latency in 5 G networks. In this paper, we present an active queue management-based green cloud model (AGCM), an energy-efficient cloud model to reduce energy waste at both the cloud and mobile devices and the latency by relieving the congestion in the cloud. We also propose a hand-off strategy with MEC to acquire the potential gain and investigate its impact on the cloud's fundamental constraints. We tested our proposed models with simulation showing considerable improvement for the latency, energy consumption, and throughput.

To evaluate the effect of surface treatments and flash-free adhesive on the shear bond strength of ceramic orthodontic brackets bonded to materials used for the fabrication of CAD/CAM provisional crowns. Specimens (n = 160) from each provisional material (CAD-Temp and C-Temp) were categorized into four groups according to the surface treatment methods: C (no surface treatment), HP (37% H3PO4), DB (mechanical roughening by diamond bur), and SB (mechanical roughening by blasting). Maxillary central incisor ceramic brackets (Clarity™ Advanced ceramic brackets, 3 M Unitek) were bonded to the conditioned provisional materials according to the used adhesive system (n = 20), APC PLUS or APC flash-free. All specimens were evaluated for shear bond strength testing (SBS) and the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests. C-Temp significantly recorded higher SBS than CAD-Temp (24.0 and 16.0 MPa, respectively) (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate Egyptian date palm pollen (DPP) grains composition, physical and functional potentials in comparing with two forms; 80% ethanol extract, and nanoencapsulated form. Functional yoghurt fortified with DPP in three forms was prepared and their physicochemical, microstructure, texture and sensory characteristics were assessed. The micro morphology was explored via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed for functional groups detection. Phenolic compounds were detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) while fatty acids were identified via Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC). Cytotoxicity of DPP nanocapsules was evaluated against RPE1 cell line (BJ1). The Egyptian date palm pollen grains evaluation revealed its rich content of protein and carbohydrate (36.28 and 17.14 g/ 100g), high content of Fe, Zn and Mg (226.5, 124.4 and 318 mg/100g), unsaturated fatty acids ω-3, ω-6 and ω-9 (8.76, 20.26 and 7.11 g/100g, which was increased by ethanol extraction) and phenolic compounds especially catechin (191.73 μg/mL) which was pronounced in DPP antioxidant potentials (IC50 35.54 mg/g). The FTIR analyses indicated the presence of soluble amides (proteins) and polysaccharides (fibers) functional groups in DPP. Fortification with nanoencapsulated DPP proved to be safe and the recommended form due to the announced positive characteristics. Yoghurt fortification with DPP forms enhanced viscosity, syneresis and Water Holding Capacity (WHC), which can be considered a symbiotic functional product as it contained both probiotics (106 CFU/g) and prebiotics represented in DPP forms.

Background The aim of this study was to develop nutritious fermented milk products from camelrs milk fortified with kiwi fruit and avocado puree, and fermented using probiotic strains. Methods Stirred yoghurt made from camelrs milk, supplemented with avocado and kiwi fruit puree as natural additives at different levels (2, 4 and 6%) and fermented with a mixture of yoghurt culture and probiotic Lb. acidophilus and B. lactis. The stirred yoghurt was chemically analyzed, and the microbial count, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were determined. The stirred yoghurt from different treatments was assessed for viscosity and sensory properties. Results The highest viable counts of Lb. acidophilus and B. lactis were enumerated in yoghurts fortified with 6% avocado, whereas the control had significantly lower counts. The radical scavenging activity (RSA) and the total phenol content (TPC) decreased for the control of the stirred camelrs milk yoghurt after 21 days of storage, whereas the samples fortified with kiwi or avocado puree retained high RSA and TPC content throughout the storage period compared to the control. Conclusions Addition of 4% avocado or 6% kiwi pastes to fermented camelrs milk produces a higher quality and acceptability of camelrs milk.

Statement of the problem: Clinical performance and survival rates of posterior high strength GICs are questionable. A new generation of conventional glass-ionomer restorative material (Ketac™ universal) without coating has been launched recently for restoring class I and II cavities without investigations.Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of a new generation of conventional glass ionomer (Ketac™ universal) for restoring posterior stress bearing areas.Furthermore, the effectiveness of resin coating on Ketac™ universal GIC was evaluated.Materials and Methods: Three types of conventional glass ionomer restorative materials were selected for this study (Ketac™ Universal; KU, Ketac™ Molar; KM and Fuji IX GpFast; FIXF). Each GICs material specimens were prepared according to manufacturer’ instructions and distributed randomly into two groups (N=30) (uncoated and coated groups) and then conditioned in distilled waterat 370C for 24 hours. The flexural strength,compressive strength, and hardness tests for each material were evaluated using a universal testing machine. Furthermore, additional representative un-coated and coated specimens for each material were prepared for their characterization under scanning electron microscope. Data were analysed by multivariate ANOVA. Bonferroni post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. Paired t-test was used to detect significant differences between un-coated and coated GICs. Interactions between GICs materials and coating were also performed. P-value is significant if it was less than .05.Results: The highest significant flexural strength, compressive strength and hardness values were noticed with Ketac universal and the lowest was noted with FIXF. Also, only significant improvement in the flexural and compressive strength of FIXF when resin coating was applied.Conclusions: KU represents an encouraging line of higher clinical longevity of GICs’ filling material in stress bearing areas. Also the resin coating has no significant effect on the tested mechanical properties of KU GICs.

Background This study aimed to investigate the influence of hesperidin application on the bonding of resin-modified glass ionomer-based restorative material to dentin treated with oxygen-induced endodontic irrigants. Material and Methods One hundred human permanent molars were categorized into five groups (n= 20/group), treated with various irrigants as follows: Group C; distilled water (control group), Group SH; 5.25% NaOCl, Group SH+H; 5.25% NaOCl + 5 % hesperidin, Group HP; 10% H2O2, Group HP+H; 10% H2O2 + 5 % hesperidin. Specimens were bonded with RMGI based restorative material. For each group, half of the specimens were evaluated for µSBS by a universal testing machine and the other half for dentin ion uptake by EDX. Additional ten specimens (n=2/per group) were prepared for the micro-morphological analysis under SEM. Results Hesperidin groups improved the µSBS, with a significant effect for HP+H group (p

PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate and compare the retention and stability of rigid telescopic and milled bar attachments for implant-supported maxillary overdentures. MATERIALS AND METHODS An acrylic resin model of the edentulous maxilla without alveolar undercuts was fabricated, and four implants were inserted in the canine and second premolar areas of the model. Two experimental overdentures were constructed and connected to the model with either rigid telescopic (RTA) or milled bar (MBA) attachments. Resistance of overdentures to axial and nonaxial (anterior, posterior, and lateral) dislodging forces was measured to represent retention and stability, respectively. Measurements were made at the beginning of the study (initial retention) and after 540 cycles of denture insertion and removal (retention after wear simulation). RESULTS After wear simulation, MBAs recorded significantly higher retention (P < .001) and stability against anterior dislodging (P < .001) than RTAs. RTAs recorded significantly higher stability against posterior (P = .022) and lateral (P < .001) dislodging than MBAs. Initial stability of RTA against anterior (P < .001) and posterior (P < .001) dislodging was significantly higher than stability after wear simulation. Retention of RTAs (P = .020) and stability of MBAs against posterior (P = .038) and lateral (P = .020) dislodging after wear simulation were significantly higher than initial values. CONCLUSION MBA was associated with increased retention of maxillary implant overdentures compared with RTA, while RTA was associated with increased stability compared with MBA.

Although being one of the richest sources of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, its stringent odor, high susceptibility to oxidation and hydrophobicity make fish oil application in food formulae very restricted. The main objective of this study was to fortify yoghurt, with fish oil nanoemulsion to increase its nutritional benefits. Olive and orange oils, as well as α- tocopherol, were also used in the preparation of the nanoemulsion to enhance the oxidative stability and palatability of yoghurt. Whey protein isolate (WPI) was utilized in different concentrations as a more safer emulsifier. Different characteristics of the prepared nanoemulsion like droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, turbidity, and physical parameters were assessed. The prepared nanoemulsion was then used to prepare yoghurt and its physicochemical and sensory attributes were examined. The oxidative stability of the incorporated fish oil was greatly improved as indicated by retention of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content which was accounted to be 90.40 and 85.17 % for nanoemulsion fish oil (NFO) and plain fish oil (FFO) yoghurt samples respectively. Generally, Results indicated that yoghurt fortified with nanoemulsified fish-olive oils (NFO) gave closer characteristics to normal yoghurt and had better acceptability and sensory attributes than that fortified with plain fish-olive oils which let the door opened for more application of nanoemulsified fish oil in food formulations.

Objectives Selection of crown material should be based on patient bone status. Therefore three different crown materials (in-ceram – porcelain fused to metal crowns – Acrylic) were investigated in this study. Methods A 3D finite element model was constructed under Finite element package environment for the upper first premolar. Different loading conditions (vertical and oblique) form 18 case studies were analyzed for comparison. Results According to FEA results, changing crown material altered stresses and deformation values on cortical and spongy bones. Whereas linear static analysis results showed similar distributions, and safe values of stresses and deformations, that generated on all parts of the studied system. Conclusions Using softer (lower rigidity) crown material reduces the stresses generated on the jaw bone (cortical and spongy), that it absorbs more energy from the applied load, and transfers less energy to the following parts of the system (implant–abutment complex and bones).

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate stress patterns generated within implant-supported mandibular overdentures retained by two different attachment types: ball and socket and locator attachments. Materials and methods: Commercial CAD/CAM and finite element analysis software packages were utilized to construct two 3D finite element models for the two attachment types. Unilateral masticatory compressive loads of 50, 100, and 150 N were applied vertically to the overdentures, parallel to the longitudinal axes of the implants. Loads were directed toward the central fossa in the molar region of each overdenture, that linear static analysis was carried out to find the generated stresses and deformation on each part of the studied model. Results: According to FEA results the ball attachment neck is highly stressed in comparison to the locator one. On the other hand mucosa and cortical bone received less stresses under ball and socket attachment. Conclusions: Locator and ball and socket attachments induce equivalent stresses on bone surrounding implants. Locator attachment performance was superior to that of the ball and socket attachment in the implants, nylon caps, and overdenture. Locator attachments are highly recommended and can increase the interval between successive maintenance sessions. Keywords: Ball and socket attachment, Locator attachment, Finite element analysis, Implant supported overdenture

Background and objective Zingiber officinaleis, known as ginger, has been used in Arabic traditional medicine for its immense pharmacological effects. Encapsulation of the bioactive compounds is a powerful approach to improve their bioactivities, decrease their toxicities, and expand their physical steadiness. In this investigation, the cytotoxic activity of free and nanoencapsulated ginger against three human tumor cell lines was assessed with respect to IC50 and selectivity index. Additionally, the prompted apoptotic changes by free and nanoencapsulated ginger were evaluated. Materials and methods Ethanol extract was prepared from powdered ginger. Total phenol content was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteau method, where ginger extract (GE) (30 µl) was mixed with 2.37 ml deionized water, and then 150 µl Folin–Ciocalteau’s phenol reagent and 450 µl sodium bicarbonate (20% w/v) were added to the mixture. Absorbance was measured at 760 nm. Preparations of GE-loaded in Whey protein isolate (WPI) were done through charged alkaline WPI solution by absolute ethanol. Results GE demonstrated the most powerful anticancer activity on breast cancer cells with high selectivity index (SI) and specificity. The particle size of WPI nanoparticles was 91.98 nm, which decreased by increasing the loading percentage of the ginger-extract reaching 73.47 nm with maximum loading. Conversely, the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the encapsulated ginger-extract in WPI nanoparticles was 79.78%, which was increased by increasing the loading percentage of the ginger extract. Moreover, nanoparticle yield was higher than 78.45% for all samples. Encapsulation of GE enhanced the tumor suppression effect of the free GE. This may be attributed to the slow release and high solubility of the nanoencapsulated ginger. Conclusion Nanoencapsulation using WPI upgraded altogether the bioavailability of ginger and its anticancer action in comparison with free GE.

Background: This study was conducted to compare and evaluate the effect of two different attachments (locator attachment and ball and socket [B&S] attachment) on implants and natural abutments supporting structures, in cases of limited inter-arch spaces in mandibular Kennedy Class I implant supported removable partial over dentures by measuring the bone height changes through the cone beam radiographic technology. Materials and Methods: Two implants were positioned in the first or second molar area following the two-stage surgical protocol. Two equal groups were divided ten for each: Group I: Sides were the placed implants restored by the locator attachment. Group II: The other sides, implants were restored by B&S attachment. Evaluation of the implants and main abutments supporting structures of each group was done at the time of removable partial over denture insertion, 6, 12 and 18 months by measuring the bone height changes using cone beam computed tomography. Results: Implants with locator attachment showed marginal bone height better effects on implants and main abutments supporting structures. Conclusion: Implants restored by locator attachment shows better effects on bone of both main natural abutments and implant than those restored with ball and socket.

Various heterocyclic five-membered ring donors have been shown to be completely or partially oxidized within the cavities of the three-dimensional host polymer [(Me3Pb)3FeIII(CN)6]∞ to give polymeric intercalated or charge transfer complexes respectively. The structure and physical properties of these complexes depend on the type of the heterocyclic species, the time of the reaction, the exposure to light, atmospheric oxygen or moisture and the degree of grinding. Pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole and pyrrolidine polymerize within the cavity of the host polymer to form the corresponding neutral semiconducting diamagnetic polymeric intercalated complexes, the host network being fully reduced to its anionic homologue [(Me3Pb)3FeII(CN)6−]∞. However, if the reaction mixture is treated with a few drops of water, there is a large increase in conductivity, and the complexes become good semiconductors. In contrast, thiazole and thiophene do not polymerize under these conditions, but give paramagnetic charge transfer complexes.

Pyridine derivatives acting as guest species can be oxidized by the three-dimensional polymeric host [(Me 3 Pb) 3 Fe(CN) 6 ] ∞ forming yellow to brown or red colored CT complexes depending on the degree of charge transfer. The donor molecules can be intercalated within the cavity of the polymeric host in a 1/1 ratio after completion of the reaction. The CT complexes are weak semiconductors under the experimental conditions used.

Reaction of Me3SnCl, K2[Ni(CN)4] and (nBu4N)CN (2:1:1) in aqueous solution affords well-crystallizing [nBu4N]2[{μ-OH)(Me3Sn)2}2{(μ-NC)2Ni(CN)2Ni(CN)2}2] (2) rather than polymeric [(nBu4N) 2}] (2) rather than polymeric [nBu4N)2(Me3Sn)2Ni(CN)5]∞. The anion of 2 has a centrosymmetric, almost planar, 16-membered ring structure containing two non-linear {(μ-OH)(Me3Sn)2}+ units with pentacoordinate Sn atoms.