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With the emergence of mixed source software, the existing quality models are not able to better assess the community quality and autonomy controllability of mixed source software. To fill this gap, we propose a hierarchical model in this paper for quality assessment of mixed source software. In our model, the new attributes are proposed to meet the quality requirements of mixed source software based on the ISO/IEC 25010 standards, and a set of metrics are designed for the new attributes. The model evaluates the quality of mixed source software through quality attributes that have been quantified by the metrics. Applying our quality model to some mixed source software and comparing the model results with the actual situation, we verify whether our proposed two quality attributes, community intensity and autonomy controllability, can effectively assess the quality of mixed source software. The results of the experiments show that our model is indeed effective in assessing the quality of mixed source software. An important feature of our model is that the model has good flexibility, and the set of quality attributes and metrics can be adjusted freely, which provides a flexible and feasible way for various software quality assessment requirements.

The influence of epiphytic microbiota and chemical composition on fermentation quality and microbial community of Italian ryegrass silage was evaluated. Italian ryegrass harvested at the filling stage (FS) and the dough stage (DS) was sterilized by gamma-ray irradiation and inoculated as follows: (I) FS epiphytic microbiota + irradiated FS (FF); (II) FS epiphytic microbiota + irradiated DS (FD); (III) DS epiphytic microbiota + irradiated DS (DD); (IV) DS epiphytic microbiota + irradiated FS (DF).After 60 days of ensiling, silage made from irradiated FS had a lower pH and ammonia nitrogen (NHThe epiphytic microbiota played a more important role in the fermentation type, whereas the chemical composition had a great influence on the contents of fermentation end-products. However, chemical composition had a stronger effect on the microbial community of silage than the epiphytic microbiota. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the fermentation profiles, bacterial community and predicted metabolic characteristics of Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Stapf.) during ensiling.Methods: First-cutting Sudangrass was harvested at the vegetative stage and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (1 L capacity). Triplicate silos were sampled after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of ensiling, respectively. The bacterial communities on day 3 and 60 were assessed through high-throughput sequencing technology, and 16S rRNA-gene predicted functional profiles were analyzed according to the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes using Tax4Fun.Results: The Sudangrass silages showed good fermentation quality, indicated by higher lactic acid contents, and lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents. The dominant genus Lactococcus on day 3 was replaced by Lactobacillus on day 60. The metabolism of amino acid, energy, cofactors and vitamins was restricted, and metabolism of nucleotide and carbohydrate was promoted after ensiling. The 1-phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase of bacterial community seemed to play important roles in stimulating the lactic acid fermentation, and the promotion of arginine deiminase could help lactic acid bacteria to tolerate the acidic environment. Conclusion: High-throughput sequencing technology combined with 16S rRNA genepredicted functional analyses revealed the differences during the early and late stages ofSudangrass ensiling not only for distinct bacterial community but also for specific functional metabolites. The results could provide a comprehensive insight into bacterial community and metabolic characteristics to further improve the silage quality.

The surface flashover phenomenon across vacuum-dielectric interface severely limits the service life and operational reliability of high voltage electrical equipment. The surface modification by atmospheric pressure plasma treatment is a promising method to improve the surface insulating performance of polymers. In order to explore the effect mechanism of plasma processing on the vacuum flashover characteristics of polymer materials, the atmospheric pressure plasma deposition was used to treat polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film. The surface parameters under different processing conditions, such as surface chemical composition, surface resistivity, surface charge decay and trap distribution, were tested and analyzed. The space charge distribution of PTFE and the flashover voltage in vacuum were measured. The results show that Si-O-Si and Si-OH groups are introduced on the surface of PTFE, and the characteristic peaks of PTFE are gradually weakened with the increase of processing time. The surface trap density increases and more traps with lower energy level arise with longer processing time. The plasma deposition changes the space charge distribution in PTFE body, and leads to positive charge accumulation inside the sample. The flashover field strength respectively increases by 15% and 70% in direct current (DC) voltage and microsecond pulse voltage afrter plasma deposition. The rapid dissipation of surface charge is the main reason for pulse flashover voltage enhancement, while the increase of surface leakage current due to lower surface resistivity and space charge accumulation in PTFE body make the DC flashover voltage reach the saturation point. Therefore the surface insulating and body performance of polymer materials after plasma modification processing should be considered comprehensively based on different applications.

Wear debris analysis (WDA) enables the provision of essential information towards the monitoring of machine fault diagnosis and the analysis of wear mechanism. However, this experience-based technology has not yet been automated for the identification of similar particle types due to the small number of samples and highly dispersed features. To address this problem, a knowledge-guided convolutional neural network model is developed to focus on two representative severe wear particles: fatigue and severe sliding particles that have highly similar contours but weakly discriminative surfaces. The height images of particle surfaces are adopted as the initial objective. Characterized by typical particle features, the empirical WDA knowledge is represented into the feature-marked images, and further automatically learned by a U-Net-based knowledge extraction network. By weighting with the U-Net output, a knowledge-guided particle classification network is constructed to identify similar particles under a small number of samples. With this methodology, the empirical WDA knowledge is transferred to guide the classification network for locating the discriminative features in particle height images. Thirty sets of fatigue and severe sliding particles are acquired from wear tests as the training and testing samples. For verification, the network kernel is visualized to trace the particle feature propagation in the classification. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method can accurately identify fault particles that are acquired from wear tests.

Context Insufficient supply of silage has limited the development of animal husbandry in Tibet, where natural pasture may not meet requirements. Although wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw could be a supplementary forage, it is difficult to ensile. Mixing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and adding molasses may help to facilitate successful ensilage. Aims The objectives were to determine the proper mixing ratios of wheat straw and perennial ryegrass for silage, and to evaluate the effects of different levels of molasses on fermentation quality. Methods In Experiment 1, wheat straw was ensiled without perennial ryegrass or mixed at ratios of 4:1, 3:2 and 2:3 (fresh-weight basis). Fermentation quality was evaluated when the laboratory silos were opened after 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. In Experiment 2, a mixture of wheat straw and perennial ryegrass (2:3) was treated with 0%, 3%, 4% and 5% molasses (fresh-weight basis) and ensiled. Fermentation quality was determined at 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. Key results In Experiment 1, inclusion of perennial ryegrass significantly (P

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of substituting rice straw with citrus pulp (CRP), sweet potato peels (SPP) and vines (SPV) on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility when ensiled with or without wet brewers' grains (WBG). Seven treatments were set as follows: (i) rice straw only (control); (ii) 800 g rice straw/kg + 200 g CRP/kg (RC); (iii) 720 g rice straw/kg + 180 g CRP/kg + 100 g WBG/kg (RC+); (iv) 800 g rice straw/kg + 200 g SPP/kg (RP); (v) 720 g rice straw + 180 g SPP/kg + 100 g WBG/kg (RP+); (vi) 800 g rice straw/kg + 200 g SPV/kg (RV); (vii) 720 g rice straw/kg + 180 g SPV/kg + 100 g WBG/kg (RV+). After ensiling for 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days, silos were opened for fermentation profile, aerobic stability and in vitro parameter analyses. All substitution types improved fermentation quality, characterized by significantly lower pH and NH3-N content, higher lactic acid content and V-scores. WBG application promoted hetero-fermentation and significantly increased DM losses, acetic acid and ethanol contents. After 60 days of ensiling, the NDF, ADF and cellulose contents in mixed silages significantly decreased compared to control. During aerobic exposure, WBG application significantly prolonged aerobic stability. SPV substitution significantly improved in vitro digestibility of dry matter, NDF and ADF. In conclusion, the SPP substitution combined with WBG application was recommended as a result of the optimal balance of fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility.

Aims: This paper is intended to identify 5-methylcytosine sites in human promoters. Background: Aberrant DNA methylation patterns are often associated with tumor development. Moreover, hypermethylation inhibits the expression of tumor suppressor genes, and hypomethylation stimulates the expression of certain oncogenes. Most DNA methylation occurs on the CpGisland of the gene promoter region. Objective: Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of methylation status of the promoter region of human gene is extremely important for understanding cancer pathogenesis and the function of posttranscriptional modification. Method: This paper constructed three human promoter methylation datasets, which comprise of a total of 3 million sample sequences of small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) database. Frequency-based One-Hot Encoding was used to encode the sample sequence, and an innovative stacking-based ensemble deep learning classifier was applied to establish the m5C-HPromoter predictor. Result: Taking the average of 10 times of 5-fold cross-validation, m5C-HPromoter obtained a good result in terms of Accuracy (Acc)=0.9270, Matthew's correlation coefficient(MCC)=0.7234, Sensitivity( Sn)=0.9123, and Specificity(Sp)=0.9290. Conclusion: Numerical experiments showed that the proposed m5C-HPromoter has greatly improved the prediction performance compared to the existing iPromoter-5mC predictor. The primary reason is that frequency-based One-Hot encoding solves the too-long and sparse features problems of One-Hot encoding and effectively reflects the sequence feature of DNA sequences. The second reason is that the combination of upsampling and downsampling has achieved great success in solving the imbalance problem. The third reason is the stacking-based ensemble deep learning model that overcomes the shortcomings of various models and has the strengths of various models. The user-friendly web-server m5C-HPromoter is freely accessible to the public at the website: http://121.36.221.79/m5C-HPromoter or http://bioinfo.jcu.edu.cn/m5C-HPromoter, and the predictor program has been uploaded from the website: https://github.com/liujin66/m5C-HPromoter.

The internal battery parameters of the lithium-ion battery energy storage system may be inconsistent due to different aging degrees during the operation, and the thermal effect can also threaten the safety of the system. In this paper, based on the second-order resistor–capacitor equivalent circuit model and the dual extended Kalman filter (DEKF) algorithm, an electrical simulation model of a LIB pack with inconsistent parameters considering the thermal effect is established, in which state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) are estimated using DEKF, while the temperature is calculated by a thermal module. The simulation results show that the DEKF algorithm has a good effect on battery state and parameter estimation, with the root-mean-square error of voltage is lower than 0.01 V and SOC mean absolute error (MAE) is below 1.50%, while SOH error is 3.37%. In addition, the thermal module can provide an accurate estimation of the inconsistent temperature rise of the battery pack, and the MAE between the model-calculated temperature and the experiment is no more than 6.60%. The results provide the basic data for the scale-up of the electrothermal co-simulation model of the LIB energy storage system.

The phyllosphere microbiota consists of various and complex microbes, including bacteria with crucial relevance to the quality and safety of fermented food and feed. It initially derives from soil and becomes specific to its host after interaction with plants and climate.

A novel α-tocopherol-producing bacteria strain was isolated and identified as Bacillus tequilensis QH1 (QH1). The effects of QH1 strain inoculation alone (QH), combined with cell wall degradation enzyme (QC), or Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum YM3 and cell wall degradation enzyme (QLC) as the additives on the fermentation characteristics, structural carbohydrates, and α-tocopherol content of rice straw and corn stover silages were investigated, and without additives as the control (CON), in 4 replicates. After silages were kept in a laboratory cabinet (26–34 ℃) and the dark for 42 d, experimental silos (polyethylene plastic bags) were opened for analysis. The results exhibited that the control and additives-treated rice straw and corn stover were ensiled well, indicated by high lactic acid content and little butyric acid content. The QH and QC degraded structural carbohydrates, demonstrated by lower (P P P P P P = 0.071) and corn stover silages (P P Graphical Abstract

Background Italian ryegrass is a temperate climate crop, which is widely cultivated in the winter fallow paddy fields of subtropical China. The utilization efficiency of Italian ryegrass depends greatly on its growth stage at harvest. Previous studies have reported the optimum stage for harvesting various forage to balance their quality and quantity. However, when considering the practice condition, such as rainy or unavailability of harvest equipment, the harvest stage of forage cannot always be implemented according to the production schedules. Thus, to characterize the effect of growth stage on the silage fermentation profile, bacterial community construction and metabolisms of carbohydrates and amino acids, Italian ryegrass were naturally ensiled at the filling stage (FSN) and the dough stage (DSN), respectively. After ensiling for 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days, triplicate silos were opened for sampling. Results The growth of Italian ryegrass increased the pH, dry matter, neutral, and acid detergent fiber contents, but decreased buffering capacity, crude protein and water-soluble carbohydrates contents, and the epiphytic microbiota of Italian ryegrass harvested at the filling stage was simpler than that harvested at the dough stage. During ensiling, FSN had lower pH and higher organic acid content than DSN. The bacterial succession rate in FSN was also faster than DSN, which showed that Lactobacillus becomes the dominant genus in the early stage of ensiling. The predicted metabolisms revealed that carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms were the two main metabolisms in silage fermentation. When compared with epiphytic microbiota, ensiling enhanced carbohydrate metabolism and diminished amino acid metabolism. The difference of these two metabolisms between FSN and DSN was obvious at the early stage of ensiling. Conclusions Growth stage affected the chemical and microbial composition of Italian ryegrass, so as to the fermentation profile, bacterial community and its metabolisms intensity. Italian ryegrass harvested at the filling stage was prone to ferment. The complexity of epiphytic microbiota made Italian ryegrass harvested at the dough stage more difficult to ferment. Graphical Abstract

Biomass microbiota and chemical constituent are closely associated with final anaerobic fermentation performance. But the limiting factors affecting anaerobic fermentation quality and bacterial community have been rarely explored. This study aimed to elucidate the relative contribution of initial microbiota and chemical constituent of sweet sorghum on its final anaerobic fermentation quality. Sweet sorghum at two developmental stages (heading-stage, G1; hard-dough-stage, G2) was treated as follows: G1 microbiota + sterilized G1 (M1C1), G2 microbiota + sterilized G1 (M2C1), G1 microbiota + sterilized G2 (M1C2), and G2 microbiota + sterilized G2 (M2C2). The results showed that chemical constituent rather than microbiota changes remarkably influenced the production of lactic acid, propionic acid and ammonia-N, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Weissella, Lactococcus, Pediococcus, and Pantoea of sweet sorghum after anaerobic fermentation. The chemical constituent was the key limiting factor affecting the anaerobic fermentation quality of sweet sorghum. This study could provide a reference for clarifying the key limiting factors affecting anaerobic fermentation and making recommendations for production. Graphical Abstract

Aims This study aimed to separate the effects of chemical and microbial factors on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of ensiled Pennisetum giganteum. Methods and Results Fresh P. giganteum of two vegetative stages (stage I, GI; stage II, GII) was treated as follows: GI epiphytic microbiota + γ-ray presterilized GI (MICI), GII epiphytic microbiota + γ-ray presterilized GI (MIICI), GI epiphytic microbiota + γ-ray presterilized GII (MICII), and GII epiphytic microbiota + γ-ray presterilized GII (MIICII). Triplicates per treatment were sampled after 30 days of ensiling for chemical and microbial analyses and high-throughput sequencing. Silages made from CII (MICII and MIICII) had higher lactic acid concentration and the ratio of lactic to acetic acid, and lower pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration than silages produced by CI (MICI and MIICI). Species differential analyses showed that the changes of chemical composition rather than epiphytic microbiota significantly affected the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Pantoea in P. giganteum silages. Conclusion These above results manifested that chemical composition was the main factor influencing the fermentation quality and bacterial community of P. giganteum silage in this study. Significance and Impact of the Study The obtained results may, therefore, be the first record to provide an in-depth understanding of the relative contributions of chemical and microbial parameters on fermentation quality and bacterial community, which is of great importance for modulating silage fermentation and improving silage quality.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of brewers’ spent grains (BSG) on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and in vitro parameters of mixed silage prepared with corn stalk, dried apple pomace and sweet potato vine. In the experiment, a ternary mixture of corn stalk, sweet potato vine and dried apple pomace (50/30/20) was ensiled with 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% BSG on a fresh weight (FW) basis for 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 30 days, respectively. The application of BSG significantly (p

To investigate the contributions of chemical and microbial diurnal variations in fermentation characteristics and bacterial community of Napier grass silage, gamma-ray irradiated Napier grass harvested at 07.00 h (AM), 12.00 h (M) and 17.00 h (PM) was inoculated with the microbiota derived from Napier grass harvested at AM, M and PM in a 3 (irradiated forage: AMNapier grass harvested at various times had different chemical compositions and epiphytic microbiota prior to ensiling. For silages inoculated with the same microbiota, the pH values, residual water soluble carbohydrates and dry matter contents increased, and lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, ethanol and volatile fatty acids contents decreased in PMThe results indicated that chemical diurnal variation exerted an influence mainly on the extent of fermentation, whereas microbial diurnal variation affected more the bacterial community and fermentation types during Napier grass ensiling. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Sustainable plasma-driven N2 oxidation for NOx formation by a nanosecond pulsed spark discharge is proposed to approach the zero-carbon emissions target with new insights into free-radical-chain reactions by kinetics modeling and optical diagnosis.

This work demonstrates alternative green ammonia processing using nitrogen and water based non-thermal plasma without pure hydrogen supply which results in an enormous amount of CO2 emission.

The direct nonoxidative conversion of methane (CH4) to valuable chemicals has attracted increasing interest. However, the carbon deposition will inevitably occur due to CH4 decomposition at high temperature. Here, we report the conversion of CH4 assisted by non-thermal plasma into olefins and H2 over a Pd/CeO2 catalyst. The addition of the plasma could effectively enhance the anti-coking performance of the catalyst, facilitating the conversion of CH4. The interaction between plasma and catalyst was explored in detail. The energized electron and ions generated by plasma could interact with the adsorbed CH3 species to efficiently suppress the consequent dehydrogenation of the adsorbed CH3, accelerating the desorption of the CH3 species from the surface of the catalyst, thus reducing the amount of carbon deposition on the catalyst surface. The highly efficient catalyst assisted by plasma is effective in enhancing the CH4 conversion and suppressing the carbon deposition, which deserves to be widely applied in catalysis.

Background Italian ryegrass is a temperate crop, which is widely cultivated in the winter fallow paddy fields of subtropical China. The utilization efficiency of Italian ryegrass depends greatly on its growth stage at harvest. Previous studies have reported the optimum stage for harvesting various forage to balance their quality and quantity. However, considering the practice condition, such as rainy or unavailability of harvest equipment, the harvest stage of forage cannot always be implemented according to the production schedules. Thus, to characterize the effect of growth stage on the silage fermentation profile, bacterial community and metabolism, Italian ryegrass harvested at the filling stage and the milk stage were naturally ensiled (FSN and DSN), respectively. Results After ensiling for 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days, triplicate silos were opened for sampling. The growth of Italian ryegrass increased the pH, dry matter, neutral and acid detergent fiber contents, but decreased buffering capacity, crude protein and water-soluble carbohydrates contents, and the epiphytic microbiota of Italian ryegrass harvested at the filling stage was simpler than that harvested at the dough stage. During ensiling, FSN had lower pH and higher organic acid content than DSN. The bacterial succession rate in FSN was also faster than DSN, which showed that Lactobacillus becomes the dominant genus in the early stage of ensiling. The predicted metabolisms revealed that carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms were the two main metabolisms in silage fermentation. Compared to epiphytic microbiota, ensiling enhanced carbohydrate metabolism and diminished amino acid metabolism. The difference of these two metabolisms between FSN and DSN was obvious at the early stage of ensiling. Conclusions Growth stage affected the chemical and microbial composition of Italian ryegrass, so as to the fermentation profile, bacterial community and its metabolisms. Italian ryegrass harvested at the filling stage was prone to fermentation. The complexity of epiphytic microbiota made DSN more difficult to ferment.

Peroxynitrite (ONOO[Formula: see text] contributes to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Developing a peroxynitrite probe would enable in situ visualization of the overwhelming ONOO− flux and understanding of the ONOO− stress-induced neuropathology of PD. Herein, a novel [Formula: see text]-ketoamide-based fluorogenic probe (DFlu) was designed for ONOO− monitoring in multiple PD models. The results demonstrated that DFlu exhibits a fluorescence turn-on response to ONOO− with high specificity and sensitivity. The efficacy of DFlu for intracellular ONOO− imaging was demonstrated systematically. The results showed that DFlu can successfully visualize endogenous and exogenous ONOO− in cells derived from chemical and biochemical routes. More importantly, the two-photon excitation ability of DFlu has been well demonstrated by monitoring exogenous/endogenous ONOO− production and scavenging in live zebrafish PD models. This work provides a reliable and promising [Formula: see text]-ketoamide-based optical tool for identifying variations of ONOO− in PD models.

Three sustainable plasma-enabled ammonia synthesis routes to zero carbon emissions for chemicals, fertilizers, and biomedical applications coupled with renewable energy.

BACKROUND The study aims to reveal effects of hexanoic acid on microbial community, fermentation and hygienic quality of corn silages with or without fungal infection. Fungal infested (FI) and non-infested (NFI) whole-crop corn were separately ensiled without (control, CON) or with Hexanoic acid (Hex, 90% purity) at 0.2 g·kg-1 fresh weight (FW). RESULT The addition of Hex accelerated the pH decline during the first 5 d of ensiling regardless of fungal infestation. The lactic acid (LA) concentration in Hex silages was lower than that of CON during 45 d of ensiling, however the FI-Hex silage had the highest LA concentration among treatments on d 90. The Hex silage showed lower aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations than CON for FI silages. On d 5, the addition of Hex decreased the relative abundance of Klebsiella, Pantoea, and Enterobacter compared with CON regardless of fungal infestation, this inhibitory effect last until d 90 for NFI silages but disappeared for FI silages on d 90. The fungal infestation resulted in accumulation of Candida (34.05%) and Wickerhamomyces (19.46%). Hex decreased the relative abundance of Asperigillus, Issatchenkia and Penicillium for NFI silages on d 5, however its inhibitory effects was not observed in FI silages on d 5. CONCLUSION Fungal infestation was associated with poor fermentation and hygienic quality of corn silage, adding Hex accelerated the pH decline and maintained the antifungal activity until 90 d of ensiling, attenuating adverse effects of fungal infestation on the fermentation and preventing the accumulation of mycotoxins in corn silages. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Artemisia argyi is a widely distributed and inexpensive plant resource, and study on its chemical compositions and biological activities will provide an important basis for its food applications and pharmaceutical developments. In this study, fourteen known guaiane-type sesquiterpenes (1-14), four known eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes (15-18), two known germacranolide-type sesquiterpenes (19, 20), and eight other types of terpenoids (20-28) were isolated from the leaves of A. argyi by polyamide and ODS CC and HPLC. The structures of all compounds are determined by 1 D NMR (1H-NMR、13C-NMR) and literature comparison. Among them, compounds 1 and 8 were isolated from Chinese folk medicine A. argyi for the first time. Besides, the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell model has been evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities in vitro by the Griess reagent. The results indicated that the guaianolide sesquiterpenoids obtained from A. argyi have an excellent ability to inhibit NO production, especially Argyin A, a guaianolide sesquiterpenoid with isovaleryloxy substitution.