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Tannins are polyphenols that can be extracted from different parts of the plant and have different known commercial applications. The extraction of tannins generates a significant amount of low-density wastes. An alternative that can be applied to ensure energy reuse of this low-density waste is a densification process, such as briquetting. Thus, this research work aimed to assess the energy potential of the residue from the extraction of tannins of different forest species, aiming at its energy reuse in the form of briquettes. Stem barks of 6 forest species (Acacia mangium, AM; Anacardium occidentale, AO; Anadenanthera colubrina, AC; Azadirachta indica, AI; Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, MC; Mimosa tenuiflora, MT) were used after tannin extraction. Bulk density, energy (higher, lower, and net heating value) and thermal (TG/DTG) properties, and chemical constitution (extractives, lignin, and holocellulose) of the materials were determined. In addition, briquette compaction ratio, apparent density, volumetric expansion, and water adsorption over the days were evaluated. The highest bulk densities were found in the barks of Anadenanthera colubrina (0.529 g.cm

Persimmon cv. Giombo is astringent at harvest and must be subjected to astringency removal treatment. To date, the most widespread treatment for this variety involves applying ethanol instead of high CO2 concentrations, which is the usual treatment with other varieties. This study aims to evaluate the effect of high CO2 or ethanol concentrations as deastringency treatments on the quality and flesh structure of ’Giombo´ persimmon during cold storage. The deastringency process was faster in the fruit treated with CO2 than with ethanol. One day after treatment, the CO2-treated fruit showed lower soluble tannin levels than those detected sensorially for this variety, while with the ethanol-treated fruit, these values were obtained after 25 storage days plus the shelf-life period. The tannin insolubilisation process was observed by light microscopy. Loss of flesh firmness during storage was more pronounced when fruit were previously treated with ethanol than with CO2. This is closely related to greater parenchyma degradation during storage caused by ethanol treatment, which was observed by a microstructural study by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Therefore, as deastringency treatment for ‘Giombo’, applying CO2 instead of ethanol treatment is recommended for better fruit quality, especially when fruit are to be cold-stored.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:46:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Myrcia bella Cambess (Myrtaceae) is an important and common plant, native to the Brazilian Cerrado, with cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties. Therefore, the effects of crude hydroalcoholic extract (CE) and fractions of ellagitannins (ELT) and flavonoids (FV) from Myrcia bella leaves were evaluated in a UMR-106 murine osteosarcoma cells and MC3T3 (normal cell). Cell viability and migration, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) −2 and −9 activities were evaluated. In general, CE (80 µg/mL), ELT (160 µg/mL) and FV (64 µg/mL) reduced cell viability (p < 0.05). FV (64 µg/mL) was more effective in inhibition of cell migration, ROS production, and MMP-2 activity when compared to CE and ELT. Myrcia bella a rich source of phenolic compounds and its fraction of flavonoids have cytotoxic effects on osteosarcoma cells, preserving the viability of normal osteoblasts. Due to its antioxidant capacity, flavonoid may be a new therapeutic strategy for cancer. Department of Biological Sciences Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Department of Biological Science São Paulo State University Department of Biological Science São Paulo State University

Condensed tannins were quantified in the barks of selected tree species, and the antibacterial activity of these substances against clinical and subclinical isolates of bovine mastitis were evaluated. Tree barks from Mimosa tenuiflora, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Anacardium occidentale, and Stryphnodendron adstringens were used, as well as commercial tannin from Acacia mearnsii. The tannins were extracted using a mixture of ethyl alcohol and acetone. The moisture content (MC), Stiasny index (SI), total solids content (TSC), and condensed tannins (CT) were measured. The evaluation of antimicrobial activity was determined by applying the disk diffusion test. The species that showed the highest CT were M. tenuiflora and A. occidentale, with 37.3% and 37.3%, respectively. The highest SI were obtained by the species A. occidentale and M. caesalpiniifolia, with values above 90%. The bacterium with the lowest resistance to the use of tannins was Streptococcus uberis. A. mearnsii was the only one capable of inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli, with a mean inhibition halo of 9 mm. All species under study showed high values of condensed tannins in their barks. In addition to showing good performance as antimicrobial agents, these tannins indicated potential applications in the development of natural medicines for the treatment of bovine mastitis.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior O Tanino é um coagulante de origem natural, extraído de diversas árvores, e é avaliado como uma alternativa aos coagulantes sintéticos utilizados nas Estações de Tratamento de Água. Diversas pesquisas demonstraram que ele gera bons resultados de remoção de turbidez e cor, é de fácil utilização e gera lodo mais biodegradável em comparação com coagulantes sintéticos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter e avaliar o diagrama de coagulação para o Tanino na remoção de cor de água sintética de cor aparente elevada (107 uH), assim como avaliar morfologicamente os flocos formados durante o processo de coagulação/floculação, verificando o seu comportamento sob 4 diferentes gradientes médios de velocidade (Gmv) de floculação (20, 30, 40 e 60 s-1) assim como em duas diferentes situações de quebra (Gmv de 120 e 500 s-1). Os resultados demonstraram remoção máxima de cor de 94% e baixa influência da quebra dos flocos na eficiência de remoção. Foi verificado que para o Gmv de 20 e de 30 s-1 a floculação ocorreu de maneira incompleta, com a presença de muitos flocos não desenvolvidos devido às menores oportunidades de choque. A quebra sob Gmv de 120 s-1 foi pouco impactante, com menor fator de força de 79%, e nenhuma recuperação de flocos nos Gmv de 40 e 60 s-1. Já para a quebra a Gmv de 500 s-1, verificou-se fatores de força mínimo de 55%, com recuperação média de 15% para o Gmv de 40 s-1 e 5,7% para o de 60 s-1. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas para a verificação da similaridade de comportamento entre os diferentes Gmv de floculação. O Gmv de floculação de 20 s-1 resultou nas menores dimensões fractais, indicando que há formação de maiores cadeias para esse grau de agitação menor, enquanto que os maiores Gmv de floculação eram suficientes para impedir uma grande ramificação devido à erosão superficial, levando a maiores dimensões fractais. Tannin is a coagulant of natural origin, extracted from many different trees and is regarded as an alternative to synthetic coagulants used in Water Treatment Stations (WTS). Many researches showed it has good turbidity and color removal, is easy to use and generates a higher biodegradability sludge in comparison with other synthetic coagulants. The present work aims to create the coagulation diagram for Tannin in color removal of synthetic water with high apparent color (107 uH), morphologically evaluating flocs formed during coagulation/flocculation process verifying their behavior under 4 different slow stir mean velocity gradients (Mvg) (20, 30, 40 and 60 s-1) besides two different breakage situations (Mvg) of 120 and 500 s-1). Results showed maximum color removal efficiency of 94% and low floc-breakage influence in removal efficiency. It was verified that for Mvg of 20 and 30 s-1 flocculation occurred incompletely, with the presence of many non-developed flocs due to lesser chock opportunities. Breakage under Mvg of 120 s-1 didn’t show much impact, with lowest strength factor of 79% and no floc recovery on Mvg of 40 and 60 s-1 whereas for Mvg of 500 s-1, strength factors as low as 55%, with average recovery of 15% for Mvg of 40 s-1 and 5,7% for 60 s-1 were obtained. Statistical analysis were used to verify behavior similarities between the different slow stir Mvg used. Mvg of 20 s-1 resulted in the lowest fractal dimensions, indicating that there is a higher floc chain formation for this lower agitation degree, while higher slow stir Mvg were enough to prevent big ramifications due to superficial erosion, leading to higher fractal dimensions. Dissertação (Mestrado)

This project studied the preparation of new Nb2O5/tannin-formaldehyde xerogel composites (XTF-wNb) for photocatalytical applications. The choice of tannin biomass and niobium recycled scraps as precursors is aimed at reducing costs and environmental impacts. The composites were characterized by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photocatalytic properties of the composites were evaluated by methylene blue decomposition. The influence of the catalyst dosage and the initial concentration of dye in the adsorption and photocatalysis processes were studied. The X-ray profiles of the XTF-wNb show the presence of niobic acid in the structure of the materials, proving the presence of the inorganic oxide in the matrix of these composites. The tannin/Nb ratio had a significant influence on the morphology of the formed composites, causing changes in the shape and size of the particles composing each material. All materials have pHPZC

The objective of this study was to determine the optimum level of condensed tannins (CTs), delivered as Acacia mearnsii extract, for inclusion in the diet of goats for enhancing growth, commercial cuts, the physicochemical composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of the meat and meat sensory attributes. Thirty-two castrated crossbreed Boer goats with a mean age of four months and a mean body weight (BW) of 19.7 ± 2.05 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. The diets varied in level of CTs [0, 16, 32 and 48 g/kg dry matter (DM)] from an Acacia mearnsii extract. Final BW; acid detergent fiber (ADF); shoulder, neck and rib weight; and loin yield increased quadratically (P ≤ 0.05) with the amount of CTs in the diet. Except for a trend of a quadratic reduction in luminosity color (P = 0.07) and a linear reduction in collagen deposition (P = 0.03) with increasing level of dietary CTs, the meat physicochemical parameters were unaffected by CTs inclusion. With increasing amount of CTs from Acacia mearnsii extract in the diet, the concentrations of C17:1 and C18:1 cis-9 in the longissimus lumborum of goats linearly decreased, whereas those of C18:0, C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 and C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 (P ≤ 0.05) linearly increased. In addition, the values of total saturated FA (ΣSFA), polyunsaturated FA (ΣPUFA), ratio of ΣPUFA:ΣSFA and ΣPUFA:monounsaturated FA (ΣMUFA) increased (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing CTs level; in contrast, ΣMUFA and the ΣMUFA/ΣSFA ratio decreased. Other FA sums and ratios were not affected by the inclusion of CTs in the diet. The inclusion of dietary CTs tended to unfavorably reduce the FA index and enzymatic activity of Δ9-desaturase C16 (P ≤ 0.10). However, there was a linear decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in Δ9-desaturase C18 and elongase enzymatic activities and the hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic FA ratio (h:H) index with increasing level of dietary CTs, and the atherogenicity index (AI) tended to increase as the CTs level increased (P = 0.06). The dietary inclusion of the Acacia mearnsii extract improved the flavor, aroma, softness and overall acceptance of goat kid meat (P ≤ 0.05). Linear response plateau (LRP) analysis demonstrated that Acacia mearnsii levels of 16 and 32 g/kg DM had similar effects and increased growth performance and carcass cut weights (P

Context Methane from ruminant livestock systems contributes to the greenhouse effect on the environment, which justifies the adoption of novel feed strategies that mitigate enteric emissions. Aims We investigated the effects of the condensed tannin (CT)-rich legumes Flemingia macrophylla, Leucaena leucocephala, Stylosanthes guianensis, Gliricidia sepium, Cratylia argentea, Cajanus cajan, Desmodium ovalifolium, Macrotyloma axillare, Desmodium paniculatum and Lespedeza procumbens on in vitro methane emissions and rumen microbiota for beef cattle. Methods Four rumen-cannulated Nellore cattle grazing a tropical grass pasture were used as inoculum donors. Key results Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, methanogenic archaea and protozoa populations were reduced (P £ 0.05), whereas total ruminal bacteria were enhanced in the presence of CT. Our study also revealed a positive (P £ 0.05) relationship between CT and Fibrobacter succinogenes abundance. Reactive CT from L. leucocephala, D. paniculatum and L. procumbens resulted in decreased (P £ 0.05) isoacid content and methane production. Conclusions L. leucocephala, D. paniculatum and L. procumbens have the potential to suppress rumen methanogenesis. However, in vitro fermentation of L. leucocephala resulted in greater (P £ 0.05) degradability percentages than the other two species. Implications CT in legume species will have potential as part of an overall nutritional strategy to manipulate rumen microbiota and mitigate enteric methanogenesis in livestock production systems.

Context Using legumes in ruminant production system may provide benefits such as improvement in animal performance and decrease in methane (CH4) emissions, mainly based on nutritional characteristics of these plants and the presence of tannins. Macrotiloma (Macrotyloma axillare) is a tropical legume that still lacks studies regarding its effects on animal performance and CH4 emissions. Aims The objective of this experiment was to evaluate productive performance, CH4 emission, ruminal fermentation parameters, carcass characteristics and fatty acid profile of the meat from lambs fed tropical grass hay supplemented with the legume forage macrotiloma. Methods For a 90-day experimental period, 14 Santa Inês male lambs (aging 100 days; 18.06 ± 3.26 kg initial bodyweight) were allocated in individual pens and divided into two treatments: chopped aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) hay (CON); aruana hay supplemented with chopped macrotiloma hay at a ratio of 75:25 grass to legume (MAC). Lambs were weighed fortnightly for calculation of average daily bodyweight gain (ADG) and CH4 emission was measured on three occasions (days 28 to 32; 57 to 61; 85 to 89) using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique. At the last day of CH4 collection, rumen fluid samples were collected for: determination of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA); ruminal protozoa count; and relative abundance determination of general bacteria (BACT); Ruminococcus flavefaciens (RUMI); Fibrobacter succinogenes (FIBRO); methanogenic archaea (METH) by real-time quantitative PCR (real-time-qPCR) analysis. Subsequently, after 16 h fasting, the animals were slaughtered; carcass characteristics were then evaluated and longissimus thoracis samples were collected for fatty acid profile analysis. Key results No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between MAC and CON for productive performance, CH4 emission, SCFA and carcass characteristics. Reduced protozoa count and relative abundance of METH were observed for MAC (P < 0.05). Conclusions Despite the lack of effects on productive performance and CH4 emission, the decreased relative abundance of METH and protozoa count indicated that macrotiloma may possibly present anti-methanogenic activity. Implications The inclusion of this legume in the diet of ruminants may affect rumen microbes and potentially decrease environmental impacts of the production system.

This study investigated the chemical and nutritional composition of breakfast cereal based on whole sorghum, and the effect of its association with unfermented probiotic milk on the inflammation and oxidative stress of individuals with chronic kidney disease. Extruded sorghum breakfast meal presented higher carbohydrate concentration (approximately 71%), followed by protein (approximately 11%) and lipid (approximately 0.4%). When compared to extruded maize breakfast meal, it presented higher percentage of dietary fiber (p < 0.05), and higher content of phenolic compounds and tannin, consequently higher antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). Extruded sorghum breakfast cereal combined with unfermented probiotic milk decreased the C-reactive protein (p < 0.05) and malondialdehyde (p < 0.05) serum levels and increased the total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase (p < 0.05) in patients with chronic kidney disease. Therefore, the extruded sorghum, source of tannin, anthocyanin, and dietary fiber, when consumed with unfermented probiotic milk alleviates the inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease. Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-31T23:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evaluationhealth.pdf: 1258622 bytes, checksum: d6383de6945b30b234c2c5862c9f4654 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-09

Persimmon fruit ‘Giombo’ is an astringent cultivar due to its high soluble tannins content and requires treatment of deastringency for its consumption. Storage at low temperatures is used to increase the commercialization period. However, recent studies indicate that this cultivar is sensitive to chilling injury. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of storage at 1, 5 and 10 °C on the development of chilling injury in ‘Giombo’ persimmon treated with ethanol and 1-MCP. Fruits control, treatment with 1.70 mL ethanol Kg–1/12 h, and 1.70 mL ethanol Kg–1/12 h +1000 nL 1-MCP L–1/12 h were stored at 1, 5 and 10 °C with 90 ± 5% RH, removed from cold storage after 15, 25 and 35 days, and shelf-life period of 5 days at 22 °C. The results showed that storage temperature of 5 °C induced chilling injury, and 10 °C allowed only a short storage period due to acceleration of maturation. The symptoms manifested in response to chilling injury in this cultivar are a drastic reduction of pulp firmness, especially after removal of the cold temperatures and during the shelf life at 22 °C, followed by gelling and structural alteration of the cell mesocarp. It was not possible to associate the color index with the incidence of chilling injury. Soluble solids were not affected by temperature, but were reduced by deastringency treatment. 1-MCP decreases the symptoms of chilling injury in deastringency fruits with ethanol and stored at 5 °C and 10 °C. To avoid chilling injury and to extend the conservation period of ‘Giombo’ persimmon, storage at 1 °C is recommended.

The aim of this study was to develop a simple technique to remove astringency and maintain the pulp firmness of ‘Giombo’ persimmons. Fruit were packaged in three different plastic packages: low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene-polyamide (PE-PA). Packages with dimensions of 30 cm x 50 cm and 20 µm thickness were sealed under vacuum. Fruit uncovered in plastic film were used as control samples. After packaging, fruits were stored at ambient conditions (22°C and 70% RH) for five days. After this period, fruits were removed from the package and kept at the same previous conditions for six days and evaluated every two days. All plastic packages showed effectiveness in removing astringency, but only PE-PA maintained pulp firmness during the six days after package removal. LDPE and PP films also caused reduction of astringency while pulp firmness was properly maintained until the fourth day. These two films did not succeed in obtaining vacuum, which was only achieved by PE-PA. PE-PA reduces astringency faster and maintains fruit firmness for a longer time at room temperature. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma técnica simples para a remoção da adstringência, além de manter a firmeza de polpa de caqui ‘Giombo’. Os frutos foram colocados em diferentes tipos de embalagens plásticas: polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), polipropileno (PP) e polietileno-poliamida (PE-PA). As embalagens foram seladas a vácuo e tiveram dimensão de 30 cm x 50 cm e 20 micrômetros de espessura. Frutos não acondicionados em embalagens plásticas foram usados como controle. Após o embalamento, os frutos foram armazenados em condição ambiente (22oC e 70% UR) durante cinco dias. Após esse período, os frutos foram removidos da embalagem e colocados na mesma condição anterior por seis dias e avaliados a cada dois dias. Todas as embalagens plásticas demonstraram efetividade na remoção da adstringência, mas apenas o PE-PA manteve a firmeza durante os seis dias após a remoção dos frutos da embalagem. As embalagens com PEPD e PP causaram redução na adstringência enquanto a firmeza foi adequadamente mantida até o quarto dia em temperatura ambiente. Não foi possível obter vácuo nestes dois tipos de embalagem, apenas no PE-PA. O PE-PA reduz a adstringência mais rapidamente e mantém a firmeza por mais tempo em condição ambiente.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of the addition of dry tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) residue to cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) silage on the carcass traits, quality and fatty acid profile of lamb meat. Forty 6-month-old (±2 days) castrated lambs (crossbred Santa Ines × mixed breed) with initial bodyweights of 22.1 ± 3.0 kg were used in a completely randomised design with four treatments (0, 100, 200 or 300 g/kg of DM of dry tamarind residue) and 10 replicates (animals). There was a significant increase in hot carcass weight (P < 0.001) and loin weight (P = 0.04); however, there were no effects on final bodyweight, average daily weight gain, slaughter weight, weights of other commercial cuts, shear force, lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), chroma (C*), lipid profile, ash content, initial and final pH value and cooking weight loss. There was a significant (P < 0.001) quadratic reduction in water-holding capacity with an increasing tamarind residue content. The addition of tamarind residue to cassava silage linearly decreased the lauric (C12:0; P = 0.01) and stearic (C18:0; P = 0.01) fatty acid concentrations (total saturated fatty acids, ΣSFA) (P = 0.03) and the ratio of ΣSFA to unsaturated fatty acids (ΣSFA:ΣUFA; P = 0.04). However, there were linear increases in the C18:2 cis9, cis12 concentration (P = 0.04), polyunsaturated fatty acid n-6 concentration (P = 0.05), ΣUFA (P = 0.03) and the Σn-6:Σn-3 ratio (P = 0.01) in the lamb meat. Dry tamarind can be added to cassava up to a level of 300 g/kg of DM without any negative effects on the performance or meat quality, and it increases the yield of the loin cut, polyunsaturated fatty acid n–6 and ΣUFA, which makes the lamb meat healthier.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of the addition of dry tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) residue to cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) silage on the carcass traits, quality and fatty acid profile of lamb meat. Forty 6-month-old (±2 days) castrated lambs (crossbred Santa Ines × mixed breed) with initial bodyweights of 22.1 ± 3.0 kg were used in a completely randomised design with four treatments (0, 100, 200 or 300 g/kg of DM of dry tamarind residue) and 10 replicates (animals). There was a significant increase in hot carcass weight (P P = 0.04); however, there were no effects on final bodyweight, average daily weight gain, slaughter weight, weights of other commercial cuts, shear force, lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), chroma (C*), lipid profile, ash content, initial and final pH value and cooking weight loss. There was a significant (P P = 0.01) and stearic (C18:0; P = 0.01) fatty acid concentrations (total saturated fatty acids, ΣSFA) (P = 0.03) and the ratio of ΣSFA to unsaturated fatty acids (ΣSFA:ΣUFA; P = 0.04). However, there were linear increases in the C18:2 cis9, cis12 concentration (P = 0.04), polyunsaturated fatty acid n-6 concentration (P = 0.05), ΣUFA (P = 0.03) and the Σn-6:Σn-3 ratio (P = 0.01) in the lamb meat. Dry tamarind can be added to cassava up to a level of 300 g/kg of DM without any negative effects on the performance or meat quality, and it increases the yield of the loin cut, polyunsaturated fatty acid n–6 and ΣUFA, which makes the lamb meat healthier.

A produção de suínos vem aumentando muito no Brasil e a contribuição da suinocultura industrial, que se baseia nos Sistemas de Produção de Animais Confinados (SPACs), tem sido cada vez mais representativa. Na região Oeste de Santa Catarina o crescente aumento da densidade de animais está associado a um passivo ambiental de grandes proporções, principalmente em virtude dos efluentes da produção dos suínos possuírem uma matriz com altas concentrações de matéria orgânica e nutrientes. São inúmeras as alternativas de processos através dos quais se pode realizar o tratamento dos dejetos de suínos: físicos, físico-químicos e biológicos; esses processos podem ser empregados de forma conjunta e sequencial. Neste trabalho se estudou um processo de separação sólido-líquido, baseado no uso de um extrato natural de taninos para a coagulação e floculação de dejeto de suínos com posterior separação gravimétrica em flotodecantador. Realizou-se a comparação da eficiência de remoção de sólidos e de nutrientes em períodos distintos, antes e após as otimizações. As modificações realizadas aumentaram a eficiência do sistema atingindo índices de 46 a 56% de redução da Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), melhor compactação do lodo e diminuição no arraste de sólidos sedimentáveis do flotodencantador. Swine production is growing fast in Brazil and the contribution of the modern swine production represented by confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), has been very important. The high animal concentration in small areas point out a very intensive environmental impact due to the concentration of organic matter and nutrients in their effluents. There are a lot of alternatives to treat swine manure: physical physico-chemical and biological treatments; these processes can be used together and sequentialy. In this paper, a solid-liquid separation process was studied based on coagulation and flocculation with tannin extracts in a settling tank, that is used as a part of a swine manure compact treatment system to treat swine manure. The process was adjusted in a laboratory scale and some modification was introduced in the full scale plant. A comparison between the pre and post adjustment process was performed. The process modification increase the COD removal from 46 to 56% and the settled solids concentration in the effluent from settling tank was also reduced.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:50:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-69162010000400004.pdf: 121804 bytes, checksum: 5378b1820b84571a13b6cd697ef3e424 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:50:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-69162010000400004.pdf: 121804 bytes, checksum: 5378b1820b84571a13b6cd697ef3e424 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:41:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-69162010000400004.pdf: 121804 bytes, checksum: 5378b1820b84571a13b6cd697ef3e424 (MD5) S0100-69162010000400004.pdf.txt: 30368 bytes, checksum: 25570ecd7d45e084bf8fff27c50db55a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:10:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-69162010000400004.pdf: 121804 bytes, checksum: 5378b1820b84571a13b6cd697ef3e424 (MD5) S0100-69162010000400004.pdf.txt: 30368 bytes, checksum: 25570ecd7d45e084bf8fff27c50db55a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:10:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-69162010000400004.pdf: 121804 bytes, checksum: 5378b1820b84571a13b6cd697ef3e424 (MD5) S0100-69162010000400004.pdf.txt: 30368 bytes, checksum: 25570ecd7d45e084bf8fff27c50db55a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-01 O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência da dieta à base de sorgo em substituição à de milho na composição e no tratamento dos dejetos. Foram utilizados 24 biodigestores batelada de bancada, dos quais 12 foram abastecidos com dejetos de suínos alimentados com dieta á base de milho, e o restante, com dieta á base de sorgo. A cada 30 dias foram esvaziados três biodigestores dentro de cada dieta, em um total de quatro tempos de retenção hidráulica (TRH) 30; 60; 90 e 120 dias. Para avaliar a eficiência do processo de biodigestão anaeróbia, foram avaliadas as reduções de sólidos totais, sólidos voláteis totais, demanda química de oxigênio, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, além dos potenciais de produção do biogás e metano. Os resultados mostraram que os dejetos dos suínos alimentados com dietas à base de sorgo apresentaram menor eficiência no processo, principalmente nos potenciais de produção de biogás e metano. em média, os potenciais foram 8,6% menor (P

A espécie medicinal Maytenus ilicifolia (Mart. ex Reiss.) localiza-se naturalmente sob diferentes condições edafoclimáticas. Isto implica em prováveis mecanismos de adaptação das populações naturais, cujas características químicas podem estar fixadas geneticamente. Este estudo foi desenvolvido para determinar a influência do ambiente sobre a composição fitoquímica de M. ilicifolia. Amostras de plantas foram coletadas em quatro populações naturais localizadas sobre diferentes superfícies geológicas no Estado do Paraná e sob distintas condições de luminosidade (pleno sol, meia sombra e sombra). Os solos foram classificados segundo o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação. Foram avaliados os teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Si, Al, lignina, fenóis totais, fenóis não tanantes e taninos, e a massa específica foliar. Os resultados indicam que M. ilicifolia apresenta plasticidade ambiental, ocorrendo em distintas condições de fertilidade e regime hidromórfico dos solos. Também foi observado que é possível controlar a síntese de lignina e taninos em M. ilicifolia por meio da disponibilidade de luz. Made available in DSpace on 2011-04-09T16:01:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PFB311.pdf: 891216 bytes, checksum: c794415482ee9434c93b1707a875740c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-15

Rama Forte? persimmon fruits were harvested at three ripening stages (yellow, orange and red) and exposed to 70 kPa CO2 atmosphere during 12 and 18h at 22°C and 95% RH to promote the polymerization of soluble tannins and remove the astringency. After the application of treatments, fruits were submitted to cold storage during 45 days at 1°C and 90% RH (plus 7 days at 22°C). After 15 days of cold storage (plus 2 days at 22°C) fruits were completely non-astringent. After 45 days fruits were able to consume at the open chamber, regardless of the ripening stage and CO2 exposure time. Orange fruits exposed to CO2 during 12h showed the higher weight loss at four and seven days at 22°C, regardless of storage period. Exposure time to CO2 affected fruit firmness, and skin and pulp color. The exposure of fruit at yellow stage during 12 and 18h to CO2 kept higher firmness up to four days of shelf life, in spite of storage period. Made available in DSpace on 2019-04-10T00:38:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 INFLUENCEOF.pdf: 1705601 bytes, checksum: f783e4516f030f906f9102da53fbec3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 Trabalho publicado nos anais do IVth International Symposium on Persimmon.

(Received: 2014/12/06 - Accepted: 2015/03/24)The textile industry in Ecuador is still a matter of concern because of the inappropriate disposal of their effluents into the local water supply. The present research was carried out in Pelileo (Tungurahua-Ecuador) where textile wastewaters are discharged into waterways. An environmentally friendly solution to treat highly contaminated organic textile wastewaters is herein evaluated: a remediation process of biocoagulation was performed using extracts from the Caesalpinia spinosa plant also known as guarango or tara. It was determined that using C. spinosa extracts to treat wastewater has the same statistical effect as when applying a chemical coagulant (polyaluminum chloride 15%). Activated zeolite adsorbed color residuals from treated water to obtain turbidity removal more than 90%. A mathematical model showed that turbidity removal between 50-90% can be obtained by applying 25-45 g/L of guarango extracts and zeolite per 700 mL of textile wastewater. The natural coagulation using C. spinosa extracts produced 85% less sludge than polyaluminum chloride, and removed high organic matter content in the wastewater (1050 mg/L) by 52%., (Recibido: 2014/12/06 - Aceptado: 2015/03/24)La industria textil en Ecuador es todavía motivo de preocupación debido a la inadecuada disposición de sus residuos en los suministros locales de agua. La presente investigación fue llevada a cabo en Pelileo (Tungurahua - Ecuador) donde el agua residual de textileras son descargadas a los cuerpos de agua. Una solución ambientalmente amigable para tratar aguas residuales de textileras con alta carga orgánica es aquí evaluada: un proceso de remediación de biocoagulación fue realizado utilizando extractos de la planta Caesalpinia spinosa conocida como guarango o tara. Se determinó que utilizando extractos de C. spinosa para tratar agua residual tiene el mismo efecto estadístico que aplicando un coagulante químico (policloruro de aluminio 15%). Zeolita activada adsorbió el color residual del agua tratada para obtener una remoción de turbidez más del 90%. Un modelo matemático mostró que la remoción de turbidez entre 50-90% puede obtenerse aplicando 25-45 g/L de extractos de guarango y zeolita por cada 700 mL de agua residual de textileras. La coagulación natural utilizando extractos de C. spinosa produjo 85% menos lodo que el policloruro de aluminio, y removió altos contenidos de materia orgánica en el agua residual (1050 mg/L) en un 52%.

A total of 10 Sorghum cultivar: two lines (CMSXS114, T ) and (CMSXS165, WT ), six hybrids ( 9953101,T; 9953130,T; BR601, WT; BR701, T; BR700, T; and AG2005, WT and two varieties (BR501, WT; and BR506, WT) with 8 replications were ensiled in PVC silos of 3 kg per silo for 60 days and then analyzed for condensed tannins (CT) (colorimetric analysis by the butanol-HCl method), CP, NDF, ADF, and in vitro (IVDMD-24 and 48hs) digestibilities. Condensed tannins (CT) from quebracho were purified using affinity chromatography with sephadex LH-20 and used as a standard. Low concentrations of CT have been defined as 10 g kg-1 DM or less and medium as 10 to 40 g kg-1 DM, and levels exceeding 40 g kg-1 DM as high. Hybrid 9953130 had the highest concentration of CT among the sorghum silages (P < 0.05), with 10.62 g kg-1 DM, and among the sorghum panicles, the hybrid 9953101 with 37.39g kg-1 DM. Differences among sorghum lines were not detected for lignin and in vitro digestibility (P > 0.09). The highest CP content was noted for line CMSXS165 (97.4 gkg-1; P < 0.05). Concentrations of CP in CMSXS114 (83.2 g kg-1), BR 700 (76.4 g kg-1), BR701 (80.5 g kg-1), and AG2005 (79.2 g kg-1) were above the overall mean (74.0 g kg-1). The in vitro digestibilities (24 and 48 hours) of the two isogenics lines CMSXS114 (T) and CMSXS165 (WT) were not different. We concluded that the CT level did not affect digestibility; however, relative CT concentrations were low. Therefore, we could not suggest significant effects of CT content on DM intake, digestibility levels or performance in cattle fed with any of these sorghum silages.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:55:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352005000500009.pdf: 201440 bytes, checksum: 167058451df431cce449cc539d68eef7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:55:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352005000500009.pdf: 201440 bytes, checksum: 167058451df431cce449cc539d68eef7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352005000500009.pdf: 201440 bytes, checksum: 167058451df431cce449cc539d68eef7 (MD5) S0102-09352005000500009.pdf.txt: 37519 bytes, checksum: 8e3928f8233f5d95bc7b4b06ca935e76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:40:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352005000500009.pdf: 201440 bytes, checksum: 167058451df431cce449cc539d68eef7 (MD5) S0102-09352005000500009.pdf.txt: 37519 bytes, checksum: 8e3928f8233f5d95bc7b4b06ca935e76 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:40:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352005000500009.pdf: 201440 bytes, checksum: 167058451df431cce449cc539d68eef7 (MD5) S0102-09352005000500009.pdf.txt: 37519 bytes, checksum: 8e3928f8233f5d95bc7b4b06ca935e76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-01 Avaliaram-se o desempenho e a qualidade da carne de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de sorgo, do cultivar SAARA, com 0,49g/kg de tanino, em substituição ao milho. Os 2600 pintos sexados de um dia de idade, da linhagem Ross 308, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com esquema fatorial 5×2 (cinco níveis de sorgo - 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% e dois sexos), e quatro repetições de 65 aves por unidade experimental. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da substituição do milho pelo sorgo sobre as características de desempenho, de rendimentos de carcaça, carne de peito e pernas, de composição química e sensoriais. O pH observado nas carnes de peito e pernas foi maior para os machos (P0.05). Muscle tissue from males had higher pH values than that from females, and muscle pH decreased as sorghum replaced corn in the diet (P

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:06:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982004000500026.pdf: 38648 bytes, checksum: 02fadd2eb276b4ecb93f83374c546b5b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:06:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982004000500026.pdf: 38648 bytes, checksum: 02fadd2eb276b4ecb93f83374c546b5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:11:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982004000500026.pdf: 38648 bytes, checksum: 02fadd2eb276b4ecb93f83374c546b5b (MD5) S1516-35982004000500026.pdf.txt: 24787 bytes, checksum: 9644e4e543301273c5da23ef276b0369 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982004000500026.pdf: 38648 bytes, checksum: 02fadd2eb276b4ecb93f83374c546b5b (MD5) S1516-35982004000500026.pdf.txt: 24787 bytes, checksum: 9644e4e543301273c5da23ef276b0369 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982004000500026.pdf: 38648 bytes, checksum: 02fadd2eb276b4ecb93f83374c546b5b (MD5) S1516-35982004000500026.pdf.txt: 24787 bytes, checksum: 9644e4e543301273c5da23ef276b0369 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-10-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Objetivando avaliar o efeito da adição de feno de catingueira (FC) sobre os balanços de nitrogênio e de energia em ovinos Morada Nova, foram utilizados 15 animais machos, castrados, durante 22 dias. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da inclusão de 0, 50 e 100% de FC à ração, na base da matéria seca. Os níveis de inclusão do FC às dietas não influenciaram nenhum dos parâmetros de balanço de nitrogênio. A perda média total de nitrogênio foi de 75,60% do ingerido e através da urina, de 61,31%. Não se observou efeito dos níveis de inclusão de FC sobre os parâmetros de balanço de energia, exceto para a energia bruta perdida pelas fezes, que diminuiu linearmente, à medida que se aumentou a participação do FC às dietas. A perda média total de energia foi de 58,40% da ingerida. Os resultados permitem indicar o feno de catingueira como fonte estratégica de alimento para os animais do semi-árido nordestino, sobretudo no período seco. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of catingueira hay (CH) addition on nutritional balance by sheep. Fifteen Morada Nova males castrated sheep were used in a complete randomized design with three treatments (0, 50 and 100% CH addition) and five replications. The inclusion of CH did not influence the apparent nitrogen balance. The energy retained as percentage of the ingested energy was not affected by treatment, however, the energy retained as percentage of the digested energy declined linearly in function of the CH inclusion level. Considering the nutrititonal demands of the experimental animals, it was concluded that the average intake observed at the intermediary levels of CH, showed that the catingueira have a reasonable nutritive value, being a strategic forage plant to the herd in the dry season in the semi-arid region. Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brasil Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do período de exposição ao vapor de álcool etílico na remoção da adstringência de frutos de caquizeiro (Diospyros kaki L.) cultivar Giombo. Os frutos foram expostos ao vapor de álcool durante 24, 36 e 48 horas, sob temperatura de 20°C e 95% de umidade relativa. As características químicas e físicas dos frutos foram avaliadas durante dez dias, em intervalos de dois dias. As variáveis analisadas foram: teor de taninos solúveis, firmeza da polpa, perda de matéria fresca, pH, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e teor de ácido ascórbico. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os períodos de 24 e 36 horas demonstraram ser igualmente eficientes no processo de remoção da adstringência dos frutos; no entanto, a avaliação das demais características indicou melhor qualidade dos frutos expostos durante o período de 24 horas. Constatou-se uma diminuição linear na firmeza da polpa em função do tempo. O melhor período para consumo dos frutos situou-se entre o 4°e o 8° dia após o tratamento, considerando-se que a partir do 4° dia a concentração de taninos solúveis ficou abaixo de 0,1%, imperceptível ao paladar, e a firmeza da polpa dos frutos se manteve aceitável durante o período de oito dias posteriores ao tratamento. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of exposure period to ethyl alcohol vapor on astringency removal of persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L.) cv. Giombo. Fruits were exposed to alcohol vapor for 24, 36 and 48 hours at 20°C and 95% RH. Chemical and physical characteristics of fruits were measured for ten days, at two day intervals. Soluble tannin content, flesh firmness, water loss, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content were measured. This research showed that 24 and 36 hours were equally efficient in the astringency removal of fruits, although the analysis of other quality indices showed that fruits exposed for 24 hours exhibited better quality. The flesh firmness underwent a linear decrease in terms of time. The best period for consumption of the fruits was placed between the 4th and 8th day after the treatment. Fruits became edible at the 4th day after the treatment, when the content of soluble tannins was under 0.1%, imperceptible to taste, and the flesh firmness was kept for 8 days after the treatment.

Os abatedouros de aves caracterizam-se pelo elevado consumo de água, proveniente do abate e desinfecção das instalações e equipamentos, promovendo alta geração de efluentes com elevada carga orgânica. O uso de coagulantes naturais no tratamento primário destes efluentes apresenta vantagens em relação à biodegradabilidade, baixa toxicidade e baixo índice de produção de lodo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de remoção de cor e turbidez no tratamento de coagulação/floculação de efluente proveniente de um abatedouro de aves da região Oeste do Paraná. Foram aplicados quatro coagulantes diferentes, estes utilizados em duas concentrações, sendo o tempo do processo de 2 minutos para coagulação, 20 minutos para floculação e 40 minutos para sedimentação. Os tratamentos que utilizaram Tanino SG e SL, na concentração de 100 mg L-1, apresentaram melhores resultados na remoção de cor e turbidez, com 84,67% e 81,00% de remoção de cor, respectivamente e 94,33% e 92,33% de remoção de turbidez, respectivamente. O uso de coagulantes naturais é uma alternativa viável ao tratamento de efluentes, evitando o uso de coagulantes químicos que geram maior quantidade de lodo contendo poluentes que necessitam de tratamento adequado prévio a sua destinação final.

EnglishMorphological components and chemical composition of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth plants submitted to phosphorus fertilization and at different season were evaluated. The experiment was conducted at the Itambe Experimental Station of Pernambuco Agronomical Institute. Statistical analysis assumed a randomized block design, with split-plot treatment design composed by phosphorus levels (0, 100 and 200 kg of P2O5 per hectare) as main plots and evaluation season (dry and rainy) as split-plots. Experimental area was a sabia woodlot, approximately 13 years old, measuring 0.3 ha with plant spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m and 210 plants. Each experimental plot comprised one plant surrounded by eight competitive plants, not submitted to the treatments. Morphological evaluations were conducted at six periods, with 60 days interval, when leaves and branches up to 5 mm diameter were collected. Phosphorus effect was observed only for branch length, being 202.1, 193.6 and 173.5 cm for 0, 100 and 200 kg P2O5/ha, respectively. For the remaining variables, effects were only observed for evaluation period, with average values of 195.3 cm, 24.6, 8.8 mm and 3.8 for plant height, branch number and diameter, and thorn number, respectively. Interaction between evaluation period and phosphorus fertilization was observed only for NDF of branches, and both period and phosphorus fertilization on tannin content of branches. portuguesForam avaliados os componentes morfologicas e composicao quimica de plantas de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth submetidas a adubacao fosfatada e em diferentes epocas do ano. O experimento foi conduzido na Estacao Experimental de Itambe do Instituto Agronomico de Pernambuco. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, sendo os niveis de fosforo (0, 100 e 200 kg de P2O5/ha) como parcelas e epoca de avaliacao (seca e chuvosa) como subparcelas. A area experimental foi um bosque de sabia com aproximadamente 13 anos e area de 0,3 ha com espacamento 3,0 x 3,0 m, constituido de 210 plantas. Cada parcela experimental foi representada por uma planta circundada por oito plantas competitivas, que nao receberam os tratamentos. As avaliacoes morfologicas foram realizadas em seis periodos com intervalos de 60 dias, quando foram realizadas coletas de folhas e ramos com diâmetro de ate 5 mm. Observou-se efeito da adubacao fosfatada apenas para comprimento dos ramos, sendo de 202,1; 193,6 e 173,5 cm para 0, 100 e 200 kg P2O5/ha, respectivamente. Para as demais variaveis, observou-se efeito somente do periodo de avaliacao, tendo valores medios de 195,3 cm; 24,6; 8,8 mm e 3,8 para altura, numero de brotacoes, espessura de ramos e numero de aculeos, respectivamente. Observou-se interacao entre periodo de avaliacao e adubacao fosfatada apenas para a FDN dos ramos e efeito tanto do periodo quanto da adubacao fosfatada sobre o teor de tanino nos ramos. A adubacao fosfatada nao influenciou a maioria dos componentes morfologicas e a composicao quimica das plantas de sabia.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes níveis do pedúnculo de caju desidratado na alimentação de vacas mestiças da raça Girolando na produção de leite e perfil hematobioquímico. O experimento foi realizado com oito vacas distribuídas aleatoriamente em um quadrado latino (4 × 4), com tratamentos que consistiram de quatro níveis de suplementação com pedúnculo de caju desidratado (PCD) em dietas de animais, a saber: 0% PCD (dieta controle), 1,0 kg de PCD, 1,5 kg de PCD e 2,0 kg de PCD na matéria seca total. O leite e os animais foram pesados e a condição corporal dos animais foi avaliada durante sete dias em cada período experimental. Para determinar a bioquímica sérica e hemograma das vacas, três amostras de sangue foram colhidas em cada período, aos 7, 14 e 21 dias antes do fornecimento diário de suplementação com amostras de 5 ml de sangue coletadas por punção da veia jugular. A suplementação com 2 kg de PCD reduziu a produção de leite e os níveis de glicose e proteínas totais no plasma em relação ao grupo controle, devido ao nível mais elevado de tanino deste grupo. A suplementação com PCD aumentou a contagem total de eritrócitos, reduziu o volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e não alterou o número de leucócitos. Aumento dos níveis de compostos fenólicos na dieta inibiu a absorção de proteínas na dieta, o que diminuiu a produção de leite.. This paper aims to evaluate the influence of different levels of supplemental product-dehydrated cashew in the feed for crossbred Girolando cows on milk production and hemato-biochemical profile. The experiments were conducted using eight cows that were randomly distributed in a Latin square design (4×4), in which treatments consisted of four supplementation levels with product-dehydrated cashew (PDC) in animal diets, namely: 0% PDC (control diet), 1.0 kg of DCP, 1.5 kg of PDC and 2.0 kg of PDC in total dry matter . The milk and animals were weighed and the body condition of the animals were evaluated within seven days of milk collection during each experimental period. To determine the serum biochemistry and blood count of cows, three blood samples were taken in each period, at 7, 14 and 21 days before the daily supply of supplementation with samples collected from 5 ml of blood by puncturing the jugular vein. Supplementation with 2 kg of PDC reduced milk production and the levels of glucose and total plasma protein compared to the control group, due to the higher level of tannin in this group. Supplementation with PDC raised the total count of the erythrocytes, reduced the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and non-changed number of leukocytes. Increased levels of phenolic compounds in the diet inhibited the absorption of dietary proteins, which decreased milk production.

Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o valor nutricional (matéria seca e proteína bruta) de seis genótipos de sorgo para silagem, com e sem tanino no grão, colhidos no estádio de grão farináceo, utilizando a técnica da degradabilidade in situ. Seis silagens de genótipos de sorgo foram utilizadas: BR 303, BR 304, BR 601 e AG 2006 (sem tanino no grão) e BR 700 e BR 701 (com tanino no grão). Quatro bovinos machos, canulados no rúmen foram utilizados. Os tempos de incubação foram: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Utilizou-se o tempo zero (t0) para cálculo da solubilidade das silagens. A silagem do sorgo BR 304 apresentou os melhores resultados para a média de desaparecimento da MS e da PB às 96 horas de incubação, seguida pela do AG 2006. O tanino presente nos grãos dos genótipos BR 700 e BR 701 ensilados no estádio de grão farináceo, não respondeu por nenhum efeito depressivo sobre os parâmetros estudados de degradação da matéria seca e da proteína bruta. The current experiment was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value (dry matter and crude protein) of six sorghum silage genotypes, with or without tannin on grain, harvested in the hard dough stage, by in situ degradability technique. Six sorghum silage genotypes (BR 303, BR 304, BR 601, and AG 2006 without tannin on grain, and BR 700 and BR 701 with tannin on grain) were used. Four crossbred steers, canulated in the rumen, were used for incubation tests. Incubation times were: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The time zero (t0) were used to evaluate the soluble fraction. The BR 304 sorghum silage was better than others to mean disappearance of the dry matter and crude protein, at 96 hours of incubation. The tannin on grain, of the BR 700 and BR 701 sorghum silages (harvested at hard dough stage), didn't influence degradability parameters of the neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber.

Bark from Pinus Pinaster is an interesting source of polyphenolic natural compounds, that can be used successful1y as total or partial replacement of conventional phenolic resins. These compounds, among other applications, are used as adhesives in the wood agglomerate industry. In this kind of application some problems remain to be solved in order to obtain a Pine extract of commercial value. It is necessary to optimise tije extraction procedure and select a suitable method for the quantification of the tannin content of the bark. In order to study these problems, the tannin extraction from the Pine bark was tested with an alkaline solution (NaOH), and with a fractionation procedure based on a sequence of an organic (ethanol) and aqueous extraction. The phenolic content of each extract or fraction was evaluated by the FolinCiocalteu colorimetric assay for total phenols and two procedures using the Stiasny reaction: the gravimetric Stiasny method and the indirect colorimetric procedure that uses the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent to evaluate the total phenols present in the extract solution before and after it condenses with formaldehyde. The yield value when the alkaline extraction is used is substantially higher than the values obtained with organic or aqueous solutions. However, the selectivity of the process is low. In fact, it was found that the alkaline extract Formaldehyde Condensable Phenolic Material (FCPM) content represents 9596 % of the total phenols content of the extract but this fraction is only ~ 40 % of the total mass of extract. So, the alkaline extract is relatively poor in phenolic material, exhibiting a large variety of non-phenolic extractives. On the other end, ethanol provides a very rich phenolic extract, in which 96 % of total phenols are condensable with formaldehyde, but exhibits a relatively low extraction yield. The aqueous extract presents the lowest extraction yield with low content either in phenolic material as in FCPM, but, as most of the phenolics had already been extracted by the previous organic extraction, especially the low molecular weight fractions, this result was predictable.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:52:57Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:52:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1998-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:44:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1998-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:11:39Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:11:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1998-08-01 As frações protéicas foram isoladas dos cotiledones e os taninos isolados e purificados da casca da lentilha. A fração globulina correspondeu a 42,7 % do nitrogenio total da farinha de lentilha representando a fração protéica majoritária. Comparativamente ao metanol e metanol-HCl 1% a mistura acetona:água (7:3) representou o melhor meio extrator para os taninos da casca. A fração globulina isolada, nativa e aquecida (99oC/15 min), e caseína foram hidrolisadas com tripsina e pepsina na ausência de taninos e na presença de relações tanino:proteína de 1:40, 1:20, 1:10, 1:5 e 1:2,5. A hidrólise tríptica e péptica das proteínas não-aquecidas foram reduzidas com o aumento da relação tanino-proteína. A caseína não aquecida mostrou ser mais susceptível à tripsina que à globulina, o oposto sendo observado com a pepsina. O aquecimento seguido de interação com os taninos e hidrólise teve um efeito mais pronunciado sobre a digestão com tripsina que com pepsina para ambas proteínas. Protein fractions were isolated from lentil cotyledons and tannins were isolated and purified from lentil seed coats. The globulin fraction corresponded to 42.7% of the total lentil flour nitrogen, representing the major protein fraction. Acetone:water (7:3) was the best extractant for seed coat tannins compared to methanol or methanol-HCl 1%. Native and heated (99oC/15 min.) isolated lentil globulin and casein were hydrolyzed with trypsin and pepsin in the absence of tannins and at 1:40, 1:20, 1:10, 1:5 and 1:2.5 tannin-to-protein ratios. The tryptic and peptic hydrolysis of the unheated proteins were reduced with increasing tannin-to-protein ratios. Unheated casein showed to be more susceptible to trypsin than globulin and the opposite effect was observed with pepsin. Heating followed by tannin interaction and hydrolysis had a more pronounced effect on tryptic than peptic digestion for both proteins. Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista

Background: The nevus of Ota is a dermal nevus characterized by bluish pigmentation in the distribution of the first and the second division of the trigeminal nerve. Aim: Our aim was to study the cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations of the nevus of Ota. Methods: A total of 15 cases were included in our study. A detailed history, clinical examination along with direct ophthalmoscopy and otoscopy were done for all the cases. Results: Most of the patients (60%) had lesions at birth and the majority (86.7 %) were females. Five (33.3%) patients belonged to Tanino class II. Combined dermal and ocular involvement was observed in 60% of the cases. Conclusion: Tanino class II was the most common type observed in our studies. A few rarer associations such as nevus of Ito and hemangioma were also noted in our patients.

Mestrado em Engenharia Zootécnica - Produção animal - Instituto Superior de Agronomia During the fattening period of Alentejano pigs in the montanheira system, acorns are the main feed resource, however pasture is recognized to have also an important role. Although acorns and pasture have been extensively studied, there is verylittle information about their intake and digestive utilization by Alentejano pigs. The present work aims to study the effect of acorn tannins on crude protein (CP) digestibility and the role of pasture intake on the alleviation of the effects of acorn tannins on diet digestibility. The effect of acorn tannins on the digestibility of different sources of protein was evaluated using an in vitro protein digestibility assay. An in vivo assay with Alentejano pigs consuming acorn and pasture was carried out to evaluate the effect of pasture type (Lolium westerwoldicum or Trifolium incarnatum) and polyethylene glycol treatment of acorns (2x2 factorial design) on pasture intake and diet digestibility. Acorn tannins had a negative effect on apparent and true CP digestibility (about 20% with PEG addition). Intake of acorns was, on average 2,9kgOM/day Pasture intake tended to be higher in the Lolium westerwoldicum pastures, however this higher grass intake didn’t contribute to a higher CP intake or digestibility.

Apenas na Ásia, centro de origem do caqui (Diospyros kaki L.), existem mais de 2000 cultivares diferentes, das quais, a maioria é adstringente. Diante de tamanha variabilidade, existem diferentes métodos de remoção de adstringência, de tal forma que cada um deve ser adaptado a cada cultivar e local de produção. Tais métodos de destanização objetivam promover um acúmulo de acetaldeído na polpa dos frutos, o qual provoca a polimerização das moléculas de taninos solúveis, responsáveis pela adstringência, transformando-os num composto com consistência de gel, insolúvel e, assim, não adstringente. Entre os métodos mais utilizados estão: aplicação de vapor de álcool etílico, que ativa a enzima álcool dehidrogenase com subseqüente acúmulo de acetaldeído, e a promoção da anaerobiose, que induz a transformação do piruvato em acetaldeído em uma reação catalisada pela enzima piruvato descarboxilase. Neste trabalho de revisão, visa à discussão dos principais fatores a serem observados no processo de remoção da adstringência de caquis, como o método a ser utilizado, a temperatura de destanização, o tempo de exposição ao tratamento e o ponto de maturação dos frutos, entre outros. In Asia, the center of origin of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), more than 2000 different varieties are present, most of then being astringent. Beyond such variability, there are a lot of different methods to remove the astringency of fruit and each treatment is more approachable for each cultivar and local of production. The different methods to remove the astringency are based, mostly, at the accumulation of acetaldehyde at the flesh fruit that induce the polymerization of the soluble tannin molecules, responsible for the astringency formation, turning them into an insoluble and non astringent substance. The most used methods are: ethanol vapor application which activates alcohol dehydrogenase and increases the acetaldehyde accumulation; and application of anaerobic atmosphere, that induces the transformation of piruvate into acetaldehyde in a reaction catalyzed by the piruvate descarboxilase. This review aims to argue the main factors to be observed in the astringency removal process of persimmon fruit, such as method to be used, temperature to remove astringency, time of exposure to the treatment, fruit ripening at time of astringency removal, among others.