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Additional file 2: Supplementary Table 1. ICD-10 codes and medications for the definition of hospitalized infection. Supplementary Table 2. The odds ratios of patients’ characteristics other than medications in the multivariable analysis in each age group.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Follow-up. The black column indicates exposure to bDMARDs/JAKI or MTX. The white and striped arrows indicate the observation period for MTX and bDMARDs/JAKIs, respectively. The last day of exposure to MTX or JAKI was defined as the last day of a prescription for MTX or JAKI, respectively, plus supply days and 30 days as a grace period. a) When a patient received bDMARDs/JAKIs without MTX, the observation period was from the index month to the last exposure to bDMARDs/JAKIs. The observation period was similar to that of the bDMARDs/JAKIs. b) When a patient received MTX without bDMARDs/JAKIs, the observation period was from the index month to the last exposure to MTX. The observation period was similar to that for MTX. c) When a patient received bDMARDs/JAKIs and MTX concomitantly, MTX was discontinued and the observation period was from the index month to the last exposure to bDMARDs/JAKIs. The observation period was similar to that of the bDMARDs/JAKIs. d) When a patient received bDMARDs/JAKIs and MTX concomitantly, bDMARDs/JAKIs were stopped and the observation period was from the index month to the last exposure to bDMARDs/JAKIs. The observation period was similar to that of the bDMARDs/JAKIs. e) When a patient received MTX, bDMARDs/JAKIs were added, and the observation period was from the index month to the last exposure to bDMARDs/JAKIs. The observation period contributed to either MTX or bDMARD/JAKIs, based on the exposure to each drug. f) When a patient received bDMARDs/JAKIs with MTX, the observation period was from the index month to the last exposure to bDMARDs/JAKIs. The observation period was similar to that of the bDMARDs/JAKIs. g) When a patient received MTX and switched to bDMARDs/JAKIs, the observation period contributed to either MTX or bDMARDs/JAKIs based on the exposure to each drug. h) When a patient received bDMARDs/JAKIs and switched to MTX, the observation period was from the index month to the last exposure to bDMARDs/JAKIs. The observation period was similar to that of the bDMARDs/JAKIs. Supplementary Figure 2. Adjusted odds ratio for hospitalized infection during exposure to biological DMARDs in each group. Supplementary Figure 2 shows the odds ratios (ORs) for hospitalized infection during exposure to biological DMARD (reference: exposure to MTX) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in each group after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidity, medications for RA at the index month, history of HI, and calendar year at the start of observation. The x-axis indicates age, and the y-axis indicates the adjusted ORs in each group. HI; hospitalized infection, MTX; methotrexate, RA; rheumatoid arthritis, bDMARDs: biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.

Overall baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of each group in the modified intention-to-treat set (unadjusted, adjusted). (DOCX 25 kb)

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in each group adjusted using inverse probability of treatment weighting in the modified intention-to-treat set (paid worker, house worker). (DOCX 22 kb)