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Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer. Known risk variants explain only a small fraction of lung adenocarcinoma heritability. Here, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of lung adenocarcinoma of East Asian ancestry (21,658 cases and 150,676 controls; 54.5% never-smokers) and identified 12 novel susceptibility variants, bringing the total number to 28 at 25 independent loci. Transcriptome-wide association analyses together with colocalization studies using a Taiwanese lung expression quantitative trait loci dataset (n = 115) identified novel candidate genes, including FADS1 at 11q12 and ELF5 at 11p13. In a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of East Asian and European studies, four loci were identified at 2p11, 4q32, 16q23, and 18q12. At the same time, most of our findings in East Asian populations showed no evidence of association in European populations. In our studies drawn from East Asian populations, a polygenic risk score based on the 25 loci had a stronger association in never-smokers vs. individuals with a history of smoking (Pinteraction = 0.0058). These findings provide new insights into the etiology of lung adenocarcinoma in individuals from East Asian populations, which could be important in developing translational applications.

Additional file 1: STROBE Statement—checklist of items that should be included in reports of observational studies; items are boxed if the recommendations are satisfied.

Additional file 6: Table S5. Prospective logistic regression analyses for association between food/nutrient intakes and GHQ-12 score including those with GHQ-12 score ≥ 4 at baseline.

Additional file 4: Table S3. Daily intakes of nutrients measured at follow-up (n = 4701).

Additional file 3: Table S2. Cutoff values for quartiles of daily food and nutrient intakes at baseline.

Additional file 5: Table S4. Prospective logistic regression analyses of association between calcium/SFAs and GHQ-12 score with adjustment for dairy products.

Additional file 2: Table S1. Baseline characteristics of participants and those dropping out of the prospective study (n = 6697).

A sodium chloride (NaCl) catalyst (0.1 w/w %) lowers the oxidation temperature of graphitized multiwalled carbon nanotubes: MWCNT-20 (diameter: 20-70 nm) and MWCNT-80 (diameter: 80-150 nm). The analysis of the reaction kinetics indicates that the oxidation of MWCNT-20 and MWCNT-80 mixed with no NaCl exhibits single reaction processes with activation energies of E(a) = 159 and 152 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The oxidation reaction in the presence of NaCl is shown to consist of two different reaction processes, that is, a first reaction and a second reaction process. The first reaction process is dominant at a low temperature of around 600 degrees C, while the second reaction process becomes more dominant than the first one in a higher temperature region. The activation energies of the first reaction processes (MWCNT-20: E(a1) = 35.7 kJ mol(-1); MWCNT-80: E(a1) = 43.5 kJ mol(-1)) are much smaller than those of the second reaction processes (MWCNT-20: E(a2) = 170 kJ mol(-1); MWCNT-80: E(a2) = 171 kJ mol(-1)). The comparison of the kinetic parameters and the results of the spectroscopic and microscopic analyses imply that the lowering of the oxidation temperature in the presence of NaCl results from the introduction of disorder into the graphitized MWCNTs (during the first reaction process), thus increasing the facility of the oxidation reaction of the disorder-induced nanotubes (in the second reaction process). It is found that the larger nanopits and cracks on the outer graphitic layers are caused by the catalytic effect of NaCl. Therefore, the NaCl-mixed samples showed more rapid and stronger oxidation compared with that of the nonmixed samples at the same residual quantity.

Japanese direct foreign investment (DFI) in developing countries has been export market oriented. Exports were the dominant sales destinations for the affiliates in the primary industries. In manufacturing, although local markets were the dominant sales destinations of the Japanese affiliates, the share of exports increased from 26 percent in 1972 to 42 percent in 1986. For manufacturing as a whole, the share increased from 15 percent in 1980-83 to more than 20 percent in 1986. For many types of machinery production, Japanese affiliates in Asia seem to have become established as a base for exporting to the Japanese market through intrafirm trade. In some other manufacturing subsectors, Japanese affiliates have directed their sales efforts to other overseas destinations, gradually reducing the share going to the local market.

Japan's continuing large current account surpluses have promoted a series of investigators to examine the volume and the structure of the goods that Japan imports. The usual charge is that Japan's level of manufactured imports is too low and that it is low because Japan has erected a wall of trade barriers that limits access by foreign suppliers of manufactured goods. Recent studies have looked at this question to see if Japan's overall imports are lower than they should be, and specifically if Japan imports fewer manufactures than other industrial countries. This paper presents a review of the econometric literature and these give diverse results. Additionally, if Japan does import a lower volume of manufactures, why is that so? Is it because of trade and tariff barriers, the Japanese marketing system, or the tastes of Japanese consumers? None of the studies resolved these questions.