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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jdr-10.1177_00220345231164106 for Impact of Teeth on Social Participation: Modified Treatment Policy Approach by U. Cooray, G. Tsakos, A. Heilmann, R.G. Watt, K. Takeuchi, K. Kondo, K. Osaka and J. Aida in Journal of Dental Research

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jdr-10.1177_00220345231164106 for Impact of Teeth on Social Participation: Modified Treatment Policy Approach by U. Cooray, G. Tsakos, A. Heilmann, R.G. Watt, K. Takeuchi, K. Kondo, K. Osaka and J. Aida in Journal of Dental Research

Raft (footing) foundation on soft ground does not have enough bearing capacity, and often has excessive average and differential settlements. In that case, deep foundations (pile foundations) have been usually employed to minimize settlements of the foundation. Another solution is ground improvement. TNF (Tender Net Foundation) method is one of ground improvement methods for building foundations. The TNF has been developed by Takeuchi Construction Company Inc. in Japan since 1993, and it has been widely applied in more than 1600 projects as of Dec. 2021, including factories, workshops, schools, warehouses, and shopping malls in Japan. The TNF is a combination of grid-shaped soil improvement and shallow ground improvement, on which concrete slab and footings are constructed. In this paper, performances of various types of TNF are numerically investigated using the PLAXIS 3D FEM software. Influences of depth of grid-shaped improvement and thickness of shallow improvement on foundation settlements are estimated through the analyses. Furthermore, behaviors of TNFs on original grounds with various stiffness are analyzed for an appropriate design of TNF.

The seismic base isolation system has been known as a practical approach to mitigate building damages in high seismic risk areas. T-BAGS is a seismic base isolation system based on sliding two stacked layers of sandbags developed by Takeuchi Construction Inc. in Japan. In this research, the static and dynamic behavior of the T-BAGS is investigated first through laboratory tests, including simple shear tests of a sandbag, shaking table tests on one set, or six sets of stacked layers of two sandbags with slip sheet between them. Then the dynamic analysis of the T-BAGS system is conducted using mass-spring modeling. The friction behavior of the interface between the sandbags is assumed to follow the force-dependent non-linear spring laws. The analysis results show that the dynamic behavior of the T-BAGS system depends on the slip material and normal force between sandbags, and input acceleration. Also, the experiment and numerical results demonstrate that the T-BAGS system has a high performance of seismic base isolation.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jdr-10.1177_00220345221120642 for Weight Loss Mediated the Relationship between Tooth Loss and Mortality Risk by T. Kusama, K. Takeuchi, S. Kiuchi, J. Aida, K. Kondo and K. Osaka in Journal of Dental Research

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jdr-10.1177_00220345221120642 for Weight Loss Mediated the Relationship between Tooth Loss and Mortality Risk by T. Kusama, K. Takeuchi, S. Kiuchi, J. Aida, K. Kondo and K. Osaka in Journal of Dental Research

We conducted weekly intraperitoneal administration of paclitaxel (IP-PTX) with monthly intravenous administration of carboplatin (IV-CBDCA), as a prospective phase 1/2 setting. The purpose of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics and to decide the recommended dose (RD) according to modified Fibonacci method. Patients aged 20-75 years old with histological confirmed mullerian cancers (epithelial ovarian cancer; EOC, fallopian tubal cancer; FTC, and primary peritoneal cancer; PPC) from stage IC to IV or the patients with recurrent disease with small residual disease (including retention of ascetic fluid, para-aortic nodes recurrence after optimal debulked after interval debulking surgery; IDS) were eligible. The protocol regimen consisted of IP-PTX on day1 (D1), 8, and 15, at a starting dose level 1(DL1) of 45 mg/m2, with 15 mg/ m2 incremental, and IV-CBDCA was fixed dose AUC 5.0 mg/mL.min on D1, monthly. The accrual period was from August 2000 until September 2005. As for result, twelve patients were enrolled. No dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed in DL1. In dose level 2 (DL2, 60 mg/m2), one grade 3 (G3) hypersensitive reaction to CBDCA was detected. Further 5 patients had been enrolled but additional DLT was not identified. The RD was decided as DL2, which was the same dose of RD in weekly IP-PTX reported by Francis et al. The serum AUCs of PTX in DL1 and DL2 were 1605 nM.min and 2365 nM.min, respectively. By serum CA125, five complete responses were observed out of 8 evaluable patients by Rustin’s criteria. In conclusion, the combination of weekly IP-PTX and monthly IV-CBDCA at AUC 5.0 mg/mL.min was feasible and the recommended dose of IP-PTX was 60 mg/m2. The therapy was moderate effective for optimal debulking mullerian carcinomas. From our pharmacokinetic results, as for the patients with extra-pelvic lesions, additional IV-PTX would be necessary like GOG 172 experimental arm.

The application of laser diagnostics to high pressure combustion phenomena is particularly challenging, especially in practical combustors such as rocket motors. In this study, temperature measurements using Laser Induced Thermal Grating Spectroscopy (LITGS) are demonstrated in oxygen enriched CH4/O2/N2premixed laminar flames at pressures up to 1.0 MPa. We use a previously developed OH absorption LITGS technique to determine product gas temperatures from 0.3 to 1.0 MPa, for both high temperature oxygen-enriched and pure-oxygen flames, for measurements up to 3000 K. Further, we demonstrate how it is necessary to correct the measurements for the local absorption of laser light to obtain accurate temperatures, and offer a technique for producing the correction by using different laser energies. Once the correction is applied, we demonstrate that the measurements at 0.5 MPa are within 1.6% of the adiabatic non-strained flame temperatures, with a standard deviation of about 160 K, thus offering a competitive method for the challenging conditions at high pressures and temperatures. The values obtained at derived temperatures at 1.0 MPa were lower than the adiabatic unstrained flame temperatures, which could possibly be attributed to loss mechanisms.

The application of laser diagnostics to high pressure combustion phenomena is particularly challenging, especially in practical combustors such as rocket motors. In this study, temperature measurements using Laser Induced Thermal Grating Spectroscopy (LITGS) are demonstrated in oxygen enriched CH4/O2/N2premixed laminar flames at pressures up to 1.0 MPa. We use a previously developed OH absorption LITGS technique to determine product gas temperatures from 0.3 to 1.0 MPa, for both high temperature oxygen-enriched and pure-oxygen flames, for measurements up to 3000 K. Further, we demonstrate how it is necessary to correct the measurements for the local absorption of laser light to obtain accurate temperatures, and offer a technique for producing the correction by using different laser energies. Once the correction is applied, we demonstrate that the measurements at 0.5 MPa are within 1.6% of the adiabatic non-strained flame temperatures, with a standard deviation of about 160 K, thus offering a competitive method for the challenging conditions at high pressures and temperatures. The values obtained at derived temperatures at 1.0 MPa were lower than the adiabatic unstrained flame temperatures, which could possibly be attributed to loss mechanisms.

Many Thai females feel that their facial skin is oily and suffer from acne. Previously we have confirmed that a facial cleanser formulated with alkyl ether carboxylate (AEC) and alkyl carboxylate (AC) effectively removed sebum and decreased acne prompt without inducing dry skin on Japanese male subjects. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of this formulated facial cleanser on Thai female subjects with moderate or mild grade acne in Bangkok, Thailand. We designed a controlled clinical trial. Sixteen female subjects used AEC/AC formulated cleanser twice a day after discontinuing their currently using facial cleansers. Assessment of the efficacy was conducted prior to the start of the study, and at the end of weeks 2 and 4. Following usage of this cleanser for 4 weeks, sebum secretion levels on the forehead skin significantly decreased. Corresponding to decrease in facial sebum, 10 subjects had decrease in non-inflammatory acne. Furthermore eight subjects decreased in inflammatory acne, and the decreases in the number of inflammatory acne within 4 weeks were statistically significant. These decreases in sebum and acne prompt were recognized by subjects. Despite the sebum were cleansed well, the cutaneous capacitance increased significantly within 4 weeks, and there were no complaints of dryness or irritation of the skin during the study. From these results, we conclude that washing the face with cleanser formulated with AEC and AC is effective for acne care in Thai females

著者人数: 38名, 資料番号: SA1004102000

Case Presentation Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) method permits visualization of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics noninvasively. Time-SLIP enables quantitative and qualitative CSF flow analysis without any limitations in flow velocity or direction. An 85-year-old old male: Syringomyelia (C7-T12) Conventional MRI revealed syringomyelia with multiple syrinx cavities. Time SLIP can detect the CSF flow dynamics in both the intra- and peri-spinal cord simultaneously. The basic CSF flow pattern in the syringomyelia cavity was pulsatile motion in the Cranio-caudal direction and harmonious with the flow in subarachnoid space (Figure 1). Time-SLIP also detected over flow through septum or web. The unique flow across the intramedullary compartments indicated several paths throughout the septum of syrinx (Figure 2). These findings may improve our understanding of disease pathology of syringomyelia and be useful in surgical planning MRI imaging technique 1.5-T MR imager with quadrature-detected phased-array coils Sphygmographic gated single-shot half Fourier fast spin-echo (FSE) sequence. Representative imaging parameters TR: 12−13P−P intervals, TE: 80 msec, BBTI: 1500-4400 msec (100 msec interval), Tag pulse thickness: 30 mm, ETS 6.5 msec, MTX: 256 × 288, FOV: 25 × 25 cm, Slice thickness 5 mm.

BACKGROUND The internal thoracic artery (ITA) is a useful graft for coronary artery bypass grafting. Skeletonization, a technique that uses an ultrasonic scalpel, is increasingly used. However, the cost of an ultrasonic scalpel is extremely high. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a new electrosurgical cautery device (ForceTriad™) is as effective as an ultrasonic scalpel. METHODS Bilateral ITAs were harvested from eight pigs using the skeletonizing technique. The ITA on one side was harvested with an ultrasonic scalpel and on the other side using the ForceTriad™. Macroscopic and histological examinations were performed in sixteen ITAs. RESULTS No significant differences in the time required for harvesting were observed. The macroscopic findings revealed no significant change in any of the samples. The histological findings showed that the degree of thermal injury was similar. The normal structure was maintained in all samples. The ForceTriad™ costs US$ 226.82 less per patient than the ultrasonic scalpel. CONCLUSION The new electrosurgical cautery device ForceTriad™ was less expensive, but it was equally effective. It appears that skeletonization performed with the new device is equivalent to that performed with an ultrasonic scalpel.

Objective: In heart failure, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2þ -ATPase (SERCA2) activity is decreased, resulting in abnormal Ca 2þ handling and contractile dysfunction. We have previously reported that impaired glucose transporter (GLUT4) activity was an early indicator of progression of heart failure in pressure overload hypertrophied heart. This study was aimed to examine the contribution of both SERCA2 and glucose metabolism in pressure overload hypertrophied heart. Thyroid hormone, which is known to restore GLUT4 and/or SERCA2 function, was also tested. Methods: Hypertrophied rat heart was created by abdominal aortic banding for 16 and 26 weeks. Then 20 – 40 mg/kg of 3,5,3 0 -triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) was administered subcutaneously daily for the last 4 weeks. Hypertrophied myocytes were created by the stimulation of H9c2(2-1) rat heart myoblasts with 2 mmol/L of isoproterenol for 3, 7 and 10 days. Left ventricle function of the hypertrophied rat hearts were measured in Langendorff perfusion. Myocardial protein levels of GLUT4 and SERCA2 in two models were analyzed by Western immunoblotting. Glucose and lactate concentration of cultured medium of myocytes were measured enzymatically to determine the efficacy of glycolysis. Results: Diastolic function (tau) was significantly deteriorated in 16-week heart with significantly lower SERCA2 protein (89.3%) than control. In 26-week heart, both systolic and diastolic function (þdP/dt max, 2 dP/dt max and tau) was significantly deteriorated. This was associated with significant decrease in both GLUT4 and SERCA2 protein (84.8 and 91.6%, respectively). In cultured hypertrophied myocytes, glycolysis was shifted from aerobic to anaerobic during progression of hypertrophy. GLUT4 protein was significantly decreased at day 7 (45.6% of control). This led to a down-regulation of SERCA2 protein at day 10 (51.8% of control). Although there was no impact of T3 treatment on GLUT4, SERCA2 protein level was almost reversed with partial improvement of myocardial function. Conclusions: We conclude that impairment of both glucose metabolism and SERCA2 function were seen in an early heart failure. Thyroid hormone partially improved myocardial function with successful improvement of SERCA2 protein but no impact on GLUT4 protein expression in hypertrophied rat heart. Restoration of glucose metabolism is a critical step to avoid further progression of heart failure. q 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background . Optimal management of double-outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect remains controversial. We reviewed our 7-year experience with patients who had this anatomic configuration. Methods . Between January 1992 and January 1999, 20 patients underwent an arterial switch operation (ASO group), and 12 underwent a bidirectional Glenn procedure followed by a modified Fontan in 10 (Glenn/Fontan). Mean follow-up was 23 ± 18 months. Results . An initial palliative operation was done in 19 patients (9 in the ASO group, 10 in the Glenn/Fontan group). There were no deaths in the Glenn/Fontan group. Four patients in the ASO group died within 33 days postoperatively. Two of them had a single coronary artery, 1 had a straddling mitral valve, 1 had a hypoplastic aortic arch, and 1 had multiple ventricular septal defects. Three patients had reoperation for subaortic stenosis (n = 2) or pulmonary stenosis (n = 1) after the ASO. Four patients (3 in the ASO group, 1 in the Glenn/Fontan) required a pacemaker for postoperative complete atrioventricular block. Actuarial survival at 5 years for the entire group was 87% (70% confidence interval, 81% to 93%). Conclusions . The ASO remains our preferred treatment for infants with double-outlet right ventricle and subpulmonary ventricular septal defect. However, associated anatomic defects are important risk factors.

The cellular mechanisms of abnormal calcium regulation and excitation-contraction coupling in relation to glucose metabolism in the hypertrophied heart are not well understood. The present study evaluated the myocardial mechanics of 6-7-week-old pressure overload hypertrophied rabbit hearts in response to dobutamine by (1) serial echocardiograms in vivo and (2) isolated Langendorff perfusion. Cytosolic Ca2+([Ca2+]i) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) expression were measured by fluorescence spectroscopy and Western immunoblotting, respectively. The effect of glycolytic inhibition by 2-deoxy-D-glucose +/- pyruvate was also evaluated. Both systolic and diastolic [Ca2+]i tended to be higher and diastolic calcium removal (tauCa) significantly slower in the hypertrophied heart. The myocardial response to dobutamine was blunted and dobutamine insignificantly improved tauCa. The SERCA2 protein level was higher in early hypertrophy, but was significantly reduced by 6 weeks of age, with progressive contractile failure. Inhibition of glycolysis or SERCA2 caused an increase in [Ca2+]i as well as a slower tauCa. Pyruvate completely preserved myocardial function and [Ca2+]i handling during glycolytic inhibition. It was concluded that in this model of advanced pressure overload hypertrophy, contractile failure and inotrope insensitivity are associated with increased [Ca2+]i, slower tauCa and reduced sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Ca2+. These changes occur in association with downregulation of the SERCA2, probably caused by impaired glucose metabolism.

Background: Mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction during endotoxemia are multiple and their targets uncertain. This study tested the hypothesis that endotoxin (LPS) induces abnormal calcium-activated contractile force in the heart. Methods: Adult rabbits were given LPS intravenously; 2 hours later hearts were studied in the Langendorff mode. Measurements included peak developed pressure (PDP), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), high-energy phosphates by 31P-NMR, and beat-to-beat intracellular calcium (Cai) by fluorescence spectroscopy. Myofibrillar calcium sensitivity was assessed from the relationship of PDP to Cai and the rate of diastolic Cai removal (τCa) was quantified. Results: Force-calcium relationships were markedly depressed in LPS hearts despite increased Cai. MVO2 was increased in parallel with increased Cai. Taken together, these data denote myofilament calcium insensitivity and mechanical inefficiency. τCa was markedly prolonged in LPS hearts, indicating impaired calcium reuptake and/or extrusion. High-energy phosphates and intracellular pH were unaffected by LPS; however, inorganic phosphate (Pi) was significantly increased. Dobutamine further increased Cai and MVO2 in LPS hearts without significantly improving calcium-activated force. Pyruvate, an inotrope that reduces Pi, significantly improved contractility in LPS hearts. Conclusions: Endotoxemia rapidly induced futile calcium cycling and reduced myofibrillar calcium sensitivity. This state was resistant to β-agonist inotropic stimulation; inotropes that normalize the calcium-force relationship may be more effective. (Surgery 1999;126:231-8.)

In current physics experiments, there are many cases when the value of a parameter is theoretically assumed to be nonnegative or positive. In such cases, a combined Bayesian-frequentist approach to confidence intervals for a positive parameter is adopted in this paper, and the confidence intervals are constructed. Comparisons of the confidence intervals with ordinary and Bayesian ones are done in the normal cases., Statistica; Vol 65, No 4 (2005); 351-365

近年動脈血中ケトン体比 (AKBR) は, 新しい, 肝の viability の指標として注目されている. われわれは開心術症例14例で, AKBRを測定した. 完全体外循環時間が, 180分を越える症例ではAKBRの回復が悪く, 術後の生化学検査値の異常, なかでもトランスアミナーゼ値, 血小板数, プロトロンビン時間に顕著であった. さらに実験的に, 体外循環中の肝血流量とAKBRの関連について検討した. 体外循環中の冠動脈, 門脈血流は著明に低下したが, 体外循環の離脱に伴い血流は次第に回復した. しかし, 体外循環により低下した肝組織血流は体外循環終了後も十分に改善せず, AKBRの変化とよく相関した. このことからAKBRは肝の微小循環血液量に影響されることがわかった. そこで, 実験的に拍動流体外循環を行い, 肝微小循環への効果について検討した. 拍動群は, 定常流群に比べ冠動脈, 門脈血流, 組織血流のいずれも良好に保たれ, 体外循環終了後の組織血流, AKBRの改善も良好であった.

Large system analysis of a randomly spread direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system in a frequency-selective channel is considered. The receiver uses iterative channel estimation and multiuser detection (MUD) with soft feedback from single-user decoders to refine both the decisions of the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) MUD, and the initial pilot-based estimates of the LMMSE channel estimator. Replica method, a tool from statistical physics, and density evolution with Gaussian approximation are used to obtain the asymptotic performance of the LMMSE MUD with soft parallel interference cancellation. The results indicate that as the channel coherence time grows, the performance of corresponding single-user system having perfect channel state information can be approached even in an overloaded multiuser system using channel estimation and vanishing pilot overhead. copyright by EURASIP.

Recently, cytokines have been proposed to cause cellular injury by nitric oxide (NO.) mediated pathway and L-arginine has been proposed to impair intracellular pH (pH(i)) regulation via vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase in macrophage. We conducted this investigation on Langendorff perfused hearts of rabbits to elucidate the mechanisms involving the NO. precursor L-arginine on myocardial contractile function, glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and intracellular alkalinization and tested the effects of amiloride. L-Arginine caused a significant loss of contractile function (96+/-4 mmHg in control, 53+/-16 during L-arginine perfusion, p

A 287 base pair insertion/deletion polymorphism in intron 16 of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene was examined by polymerase chain reaction in 36 Kawasaki disease patients (16 without coronary aneurysm, 20 with coronary aneurysm). A polymorphism in the ACE gene was characterized by three genotypes: two D alleles (genotype DD), two I alleles (genotype II), and heterozygous allele (genotype DI). Genotype II was found in 65% of the patients with aneurysm and 12.5% of those without aneurysm (P

Thus far, human hepatic Ito (fat-storing) cell lines have not been established. Therefore, functional characteristics of Ito cells have not been fully investigated.We established a new cell line, LI90, that exhibited characteristics compatible with those of Ito cells from a human hepatic mesenchymal tumor. LI90 cells were examined with phase-contrast microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and cytogenetics, and their vitamin A-storing activity was analyzed. To obtain a marker specific for Ito cells for immunohistochemical analyses, we raised mAb against LI90 cells and clarified the molecular nature of the Ag recognized with the new Ab using an expression cloning approach.LI90 cells showed polygonal shape and had well developed alpha-smooth muscle actin filaments in their cytoplasm. In an overconfluent culture condition, LI90 cells aggregated to form a typical hills-and-valleys structure, LI90 cells produced various connective tissue components, such as collagen types I, III, IV, V, and VI, laminin, and fibronectin. In culture media containing vitamin A, LI90 cells formed many fat droplets in their cytoplasm, and fluorescence characteristic of vitamin A was observed in the droplets. By immunizing mice with LI90 cells, three separate mAb specifically reacting with Ito cells in human liver sections were established, and the Ag recognized with all three Ab were identified as extracellular matrix tenascin.The above-described morphologic and functional characteristics, including vitamin A-storage and biosynthesis of tenascin, are compatible with those of Ito cells. Therefore, LI90 cells will be useful for in vitro studies of functions of human Ito cells.

A patient suffering from delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction with anti-Jkb erythrocyte antibody after open heart surgery is reported on. On preoperation evaluation, a 42-year-old woman who had never been transfused exhibited a negative erythrocyte autoantibody. After the operation of aortic valve replacement and open mitral commisurotomy, she developed a severe hemolytic anemia with a positive rare anti-Jkb erythrocyte antibody on the 14th postoperative day. Precautions are discussed which need to be taken to distinguish delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction from mechanical hemolysis caused by extracorporeal circulation and prostheses.

The mechanism by which prostacyclin acts to prevent in vivo reperfusion injury is still uncertain. This study was therefore undertaken to assess the effect of a stable prostacyclin analogue (OP 41483-α-CD [OP]) on oxygen-derived free radicals after heart-lung transplantation. OP was administered to the heart-lung graft through the pulmonary artery for 25 minutes encompassing the reperfusion process. Free radicals were directly measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The radical intensities of pulmonary venous blood were significantly lower in the OP group than in the control group, suggesting that fewer free radicals were generated in the lungs of the OP group. The cardiac and respiratory function were better in the OP group than in the control group. The lung is the primary source of oxygen free radical attack, and the beneficial action of OP on free radical generation is almost exclusively restricted to the lung and does not apply to the heart. This result suggested that OP probably is effective in inhibiting free radical generation from the endothelium.

ObjectiveAbnormal hemodynamic loading often accompanies congenital heart disease both before and after surgical repair. Adaptive and maladaptive myocardial responses to increased load are numerous. This study examined the hypothesis that myocyte loss occurs during compensatory hypertrophic growth in the developing infant myocardium subjected to progressive pressure overload.MethodsPressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy was induced in 7- to 10-day-old rabbits by banding the thoracic aorta. Left ventricular function and mechanics were quantified by serial echocardiography and noninvasive left ventricular wall stress analysis. Left ventricular tissue sections were examined for fibrosis by using Masson's trichrome stain and for myocyte apoptosis by using a myocyte-specific DNA fragmentation assay and caspase-3 activation (specific fluorescent substrate).ResultsSignificant myocyte apoptosis (198 ± 37/106 myocytes, P < .01 vs control) and caspase-3 activation were present in early hypertrophy when left ventricular contractility was preserved and compensatory hypertrophy had normalized wall stress. By 6 weeks, multiple indices of left ventricular contractility were reduced, and left ventricular wall stress was increased. Myocyte apoptosis was accelerated (361 ± 56/106 myocytes), caspase-3 activity further increased, and the estimated total number of left ventricular myocytes was significantly reduced by 18% ± 4%.ConclusionIn experimental infant left ventricular hypertrophy, myocyte apoptosis is initiated in the face of normalized wall stress and preserved contractility. The ongoing rate of apoptosis causes a measurable decrease in myocyte number that is coincident with the onset of ventricular dysfunction. It thus appears that pressure overload, even at its earliest stages, is not well tolerated by the developing ventricle.

Progression from ventricular hypertrophy to failure has been well-described, and recently includes molecular changes such as altered glucose metabolism and calcium handling. However, functional correlates of molecular changes using non-invasive indices have not been made.

Die Korperfarbe des mannlichen d-rR Medaka ist wegen des in Xanthophor enthaltenen Carotinoid-Pigments orange, die der weiblichen wegen seiner Abwesenheit uni. Die Farbung erfolgt im allgemeinen nach der Ausbrutung. Wird das rote Carotinoid des Paprikas unmittelbar nach der Befruchtung injiziert, so wird die dorsale Korperoberflache des mannlichen Embryos durch das Pigment gefarbt, was die Feststellung des erblichen Geschlechts schon vor der Ausbrutung erlaubt. Beurteilungsfehler konnten bis auf weniger als 10% herabgedruckt werden.

Auf der Basis gegenseitiger Hemmung von Phenylalanin konnte die enzymatische Bildung des DOPA uber Phenylalanin und Tyrosin mittels Tyrosinhydroxylase untersucht werden. Eine 70%ige Hemmung der enzymatischen DOPA-Bildung ergab sich im Fall der dreissigfachen Konzentration des Phenylalanin. Die Moglichkeit einer Hemmung der Norepinephrin-Bildung in Phenylketonurie wird diskutiert.

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