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1. Relationship between serotypes, disease characteristics and 30-day mortality in adults with invasive pneumococcal disease

Author

Benadji, Amine, Danis, Kostas, Brieu, Nathalie, Gaillat, Jacques, Mourvillier, Bruno, Bollaert, Pierre-Edouard, Gaillot, Olivier, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Bonacorsi, Stephane, Lecuit, Marc, Frachet, Bruno, Debroucker, Thomas, Levy Bruhl, Daniel, Preau, Marie, Anguel, Nadia, Argaud, Laurent, Arista, Sophie, Armand-Lefevre, Laurence, Balavoine, Stéphanie, Baraduc, Régine, Barnaud, Guilène, Béraud, Guillaume, Bernars, Georges, Bertei, Dominique, Bessede, Emilie, Billard Pomares, Typhaine, Biron, Charlotte, Bland, Stéphane, Boileau, Julien, Boubeau, Patrice, Bourdon, Sandra, Bousquet, Aurore, Boyer, Sophie, Bozorg-Grayeli, Alexis, Bretonniere, Cédric, Bricaire, François, Brocas, Elsa, Brun, Michel, Buret, Jennifer, Burucoa, Christophe, Cabalion, Jean, Cabon, Mathieu, Cambau, Emmanuelle, Camuset, Guillaume, Canevet, Christophe, Caron, François, Carricajo, Anne, Castan, Bernard, Caumes, Eric, Cazanave, Charles, Chabrol, Amélie, Challan-Belval, Thibaut, Chanteperdrix-Marillier, Vanessa, Chaplain, Chantal, Charlier-Woerther, Caroline, Chaussade, Hélène, Chirouze, Catherine, Clair, Bernard, Colot, Julien, Conil, Jean-Marie, Cordel, Hugues, Cormier, Philippe, Cousson, Joël, Cronier, Pierrick, Cua, Eric, Dao-Dubremetz, Anne, Dargere, Sylvie, Degand, Nicolas, Dekeyser, Sophie, Delaune, Deborah, Denes, Eric, Dequin, Pierre-Francois, Descamps, Diane, Descloux, Elodie, Desmaretz, Jean-Luc, Diehl, Jean-Luc, Dimet, Jérôme, Dinh, Aurélien, Duval, Xavier, Escaut, Lelia, Fabe, Claude, Faibis, Frédéric, Flateau, Clara, Fonsale, Nathalie, Fortineau, Nicolas, Gagneux-Brunon, Amandine, Garandeau, Caroline, Garcia, Magali, Garot, Denis, Gaudry, Stéphane, Goehringer, François, Gravet, Alain, Gregoire-Faucher, Valérie, Grosset, Marine, Gueit, Isabelle, Guelon, Dominique, Guimard, Thomas, Hadou, Tahar, Helene, Jean-Pierre, Henard, Sandrine, Henry, Benoit, Hochart, Anne-Cécile, Hoen, Bruno, Illes, Gabriela, Jaffuel, Sylvain, Jarrin, Irène, Jaureguy, Françoise, Joseph, Cédric, Juvin, Marie-Emmanuelle, Kayal, Samer, Kerneis, Solen, Lamaury, Isabelle, Laurens, Etienne, Laurichesse, Henri, Le Brun, Cécile, Le Moing, Vincent, Le Turnier, Paul, Lecuyer, Hervé, Ledru, Sylvie, Legrix, Céline, Lemaignen, Adrien, Lemble, Chantal, Lemee, Ludovic, Lesens, Olivier, Lhommet, Claire, Males, Silvija, Malpote, Edith, Martin-Blondel, Guillaume, Marx, Matthieu, Masson, Raphael, Matray, Olivier, Mbadi, Aurore, Mechai, Frédéric, Mellon, Guillaume, Merens, Audrey, Meyohas, Marie Caroline, Michon, Adrien, Mootien Yoganaden, Joy, Morquin, David, Mouly, Stéphane, Mrozek, Natacha, Nguyen, Sophie, Oziol, Eric, Page, Bernard, Patrat-Delon, Solène, Patry, Isabelle, Picot, Sandrine, Pierrejean, Denys, Piroth, Lionel, Plassart, Claire, Plessis, Patrice, Ploy, Marie-Cécile, Portel, Laurent, Poubeau, Patrice, Poupard, Marie, Poyart, Claire, Prazuck, Thierry, Quaesaet, Luc, Raffi, François, Ramanantsoa, Adriatsiferana, Rapp, Christophe, Raskine, Laurent, Raymond, Josette, Revest, Matthieu, Riche, Agnès, Robaday-Voisin, Stéphanie, Robin, Frédéric, Romaszko, Jean-Pierre, Rousseau, Florence, Roux, Anne-Laure, Royer, Cécile, Saada, Matthieu, Salmon, Dominique, Saroufim, Carlo, Schmit, Jean Luc, Sebire, Manuela, Segonds, Christine, Sivadon-Tardy, Valérie, Soismier, Nathalie, Son, Olivia, Sunder, Simon, Suy, Florence, Tande, Didier, Tankovic, Jacques, Valin, Nadia, van Grunderbeeck, Nicolas, Vandenesch, François, Varon, Emmanuelle, Verdon, Renaud, Vergnaud, Michel, Vidal, Magali, Vittecoq, Daniel, Vuotto, Fanny, Gorenne, Isabelle, Laouenan, Cédric, Marcault, Estelle, Mentre, France, Pasquet, Blandine, Roy, Carine, Tubiana, Sarah, Arsac, Philippe, Benoit, Martha, Bernard, Louis, Bissuel, François, Bret, Laurent, Brieu, Natalie, Burret, Jennifer, Carvalhoschneider, Claudia, Champagne, Hélène, Chapalain, Joséphine, Chardon, Hubert, Chavanet, Pascal, Ducruet, Judith, Epaulard, Olivier, Fabre, Marc, Fasquelle, Dominique, Forestier, Emmanuel, Galempoix, Jean-Marc, Gautier, Guillaume, de Curraize, Claire Goulard, Gracet, Alain, Gubavu, Camélia, Guinard, Jérôme, Habet, Tarik, Haudour, Aurélie, Henry, Caroline, Hombrouckalet, Cécile, Janssen, Céline, Kisteman, Jean-Paul, Lanotte, Philippe, Lartigue, Marie-Frédérique, Launois, Claire, Lebrun, Cécile, Legout, Laurence, Levast, Marion, Madoux, Yannick, Maulin, Laurence, Mestrallet, Stéphanie, Mohareb, Abdo, Mootien, Joy, Nguyen, Yohan, Noel, Franck, Ogielska, Maja, Ogier Desserrey, Agathe, Paleau, Anne, Pavel, Simona, Pechinot, André, Pelloux, Isabelle, Petillon, Camille, Petitprez, Hélène, Podac, Bianca, Poirot, Jerome, Ponceau, Bénédicte, Prieur, Nathalie, Recule, Christine, Saraceni, Orlando, Sartre, Jacques, Sifaoui, Farid, Simonin, Catherine, Strady, Christophe, Tellini, Charlotte, Texier, Anthony, Thouvenin, Maxime, Tixier, Anne, Tremeaux, Pauline, Verger, Pascale, Vernet-Garnier, Véronique, Verquin, Jean-Pierre, Vitrat, Virginie, Vray, Isabelle, Zamfir, Oana, Zucchini, Laure, Centre d'investigation Clinique [CHU Bichat] - Épidémiologie clinique (CIC 1425), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Anti-infectieux : supports moléculaires des résistances et innovations thérapeutiques (RESINFIT), CHU Limoges-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), ARN régulateurs bactériens et médecine (BRM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], CHI Créteil, Pathologies Pulmonaires et Plasticité Cellulaire - UMR-S 1250 (P3CELL), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The COMBAT study was supported by the Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, French Ministry of Health, Inserm, SPILF, and the Pfizer Pharmaceutical company, which also funded ORP. The study was endorsed by the following professional organizations: Association Pour l’enseignement de la Thérapeutique, Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française, Société Française de Microbiologie, Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne, Société de Réanimation de Langue Française, Société Française de Gérontologie, Société Française d’Anesthésie-Réanimation. The SIIP study was supported by (i) the Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Fran.aise (SPILF, the French Infectious Diseases Society), (ii) Santé Publique France (SpFrance, the French National Public Health Agency), (iii) the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and (iv) Pfizer. The Regional Observatories of Pneumococci (Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque) were supported by Pfizer, BioMerieux, and Sanofi., and Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE)

Subjects
Adult, Microbiology (medical), Serotype, medicine.medical_specialty, Multivariate analysis, Adolescent, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 30-day mortality, Serogroup, medicine.disease_cause, Logistic regression, Pneumococcal Infections, Cohort Studies, Pneumococcal Vaccines, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Streptococcus pneumoniae, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Aged, 0303 health sciences, Meningitis, Pneumococcal, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Mortality rate, Infant, Invasive pneumococcal disease, Pneumococcal vaccine, General Medicine, bacterial infections and mycoses, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, business, Meningitis, Cohort study
Abstract

International audience; Purpose: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. We aimed to identify host and bacterial factors associated with 30-day mortality in 18-year-old patients hospitalized with IPD in France from 2013 to 2015.Methods: This study analyzed data collected from consecutives IPD cases included in two parallel multi-center cohort studies: COMBAT study (280 patients with pneumococcal community-acquired bacterial meningitis) and SIIP study (491 patients with non-meningitis IPD). Factors associated with 30-day mortality were identified using logistic regression.Results: Among the 771 enrolled patients (median age 66 years, IQR [52.0-79.7]), 592/767 (77.2%) had at least one chronic disease. Patients with meningitis were younger (60.2 vs 70.9 years; p < 0.001) and had fewer chronic diseases than those with non-meningitis IPD (73.3% vs 79.4%; p = 0.05). Non-vaccine serotypes were more frequent in meningitis patients than in those with other IPD (36.1% vs 23.1%; p < 0.001). The overall 30-day mortality was 16.7% and patients with concurrent meningitis and extra-cerebral IPD had the highest 30-day mortality rate (26.5%). On multivariate analyses, older age, history of malignant solid tumor, meningeal IPD and serotypes previously identified with high mortality potential were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Of the serotypes with high mortality potential, 80% were included in licensed (PCV13 or PPV23) vaccines.Conclusion: We observed an effect of both host factors and pneumococcal serotypes on 30-day mortality in IPD. This highlights the need for a focused strategy to vaccinate at-risk patients.Clinical trial: ClinicalTrial. Gov identification number: NCT01730690.

Published
2021
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2. Genetic and antigenic characterization of Canadian invasive Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (MenC) case isolates in the post-MenC conjugate vaccine era, 2009–2013

Author

Tsang, Raymond, Hoang, Linda, Tyrrell, Greg, Horsman, Greg, Wylie, John, Jamieson, Frances, Lefebvre, Brigitte, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, National Microbiology Laboratory [Winnipeg, Canada], Public Health Agency of Canada, BC Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Provincial Laboratory for Public Health [Alberta, Canada] (ProvLab), Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory [Saskatchewan, Canada], Cadham Provincial Public Health Laboratory [Canada], Public Health Ontario - Santé publique Ontario, University of Toronto, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec [Canada] (INSPQ), Centre National de Référence des Méningocoques et Haemophilus influenzae - National Reference Center Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae (CNR), Institut Pasteur [Paris], We thank the staff of the National Microbiology Laboratory’s DNA Core Facility for providing primers and help with DNA sequencing. We also thank Dennis Law, Jianwei Zhou and Saul Deng for technical assistance. This study made use of the Neisseria MLST website ( http://pubmlst.org/neisseria/), developed by Keith Jolley and Man-Suen Chan, and sited at the University of Oxford, UK. The development of this site has been funded by the Wellcome Trust and European Union., and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), MESH: Sequence Analysis, DNA, Microbiology, MESH: Meningococcal Vaccines, MESH: Genotype, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Canada, MESH: Child, MESH: Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C, MESH: Molecular Epidemiology, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Bacterial Proteins, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Aged, MESH: Humans, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH: Porins, MESH: Molecular Typing, MESH: Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins, MESH: Child, Preschool, MESH: Meningitis, Meningococcal, MESH: Adult, MESH: Serogroup, General Medicine, MESH: Infant, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, MESH: Male, 3. Good health, MESH: Young Adult, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Female, MESH: Antigens, Bacterial
Abstract

International audience; We previously reported a shift in the electrophoretic type (ET) of invasive MenC in Canada from predominantly ET-15 to ET-37 in the post-MenC conjugate vaccine period. This study sought to confirm this trend by examining all culture-confirmed invasive MenC case isolates in Canada in the period from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2013. Of the 50 MenC isolates, 18 belonged to ET-15, 28 belonged to ET-37 (but not ET-15), and four belonged to other clonal types. Analysis of the serotype and serosubtype antigens, porA and fetA gene sequences provided data to show that invasive MenC belonging to ET-15 and ET-37 were two very different subpopulations within the ST-11 clonal complex. Sequence analysis of the fHbp genes suggested that 12 different types of factor H-binding protein were found among the ET-15 isolates while 86 % of ET-37 isolates were found to have fHbp genes predicted to encode peptide 22. The nadA gene in 12 MenC isolates was disrupted due to IS1301 insertion and 11 of these 12 isolates belonged to ET-15. Ten per cent of the invasive MenC were found to have a frame-shift mutation in their fHbp genes that predicted no fHbp produced. Significant diversity and frame-shift mutations of fHbp genes were found in invasive MenC strains in Canada.

Published
2015
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3. De-O-acetylation of peptidoglycan regulates glycan chain extension and affects in vivo survival of Neisseria meningitidis

Author

Veyrier, Frédéric, Williams, Allison, Mesnage, Stéphane, Schmitt, Christine, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Boneca, Ivo, Infections Bactériennes Invasives, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi bactérienne - Biology and Genetics of Bacterial Cell Wall (BGPB), Groupe Avenir, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S 872)), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Microscopie ultrastructurale (plate-forme), Marie Curie ExcellencePasteur‐Roux fellowshipEMBO. Grant Number: ALTF 732‐2010Institut Pasteur. Grant Number: PRT153ERC. Grant Number: PGNfromSHAPEtoVIR 202283ERA‐NET PathoGenomics. Grant Number: ANR‐08‐PATH‐003‐0, ANR-08-PATH-0003,COMEVAC(2008), European Project: 202283,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2007-StG,PGNFROMSHAPETOVIR(2008), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-08-PATH-0003,COMEVAC,Genome wide screening of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis for proteins enhancing serum resistance and evaluation of their vaccine potential(2008)

Subjects
Mice, Inbred BALB C, MESH: Humans, Microbial Viability, Virulence, MESH: Peptidoglycan, MESH: Meningitis, Meningococcal, MESH: Mice, Inbred BALB C, Acetylation, Peptidoglycan, MESH: Virulence, Meningitis, Meningococcal, Neisseria meningitidis, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, MESH: Neisseria meningitidis, MESH: Cell Line, Cell Line, Mice, MESH: Polysaccharides, Polysaccharides, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, MESH: Mice, MESH: Acetylation, MESH: Microbial Viability
Abstract

International audience; Peptidoglycan O-acetylation is a modification found in many bacteria. In Gram-positive pathogens, it contributes to virulence by conferring resistance to host lysozyme. However, in Gram-negative pathogens, its contribution to physiology and virulence is unknown. We examined the contribution of patA, patB and ape1 to peptidoglycan O-acetylation in the major human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis (Nm). Using genetic expression of all possible combinations of the three genes in Escherichia coli and Nm, we confirmed that PatA and PatB were required for PG O-acetylation, while ApeI removed the O-acetyl group. ApeI was active on all O-acetylated muropeptides produced by PatA and PatB during heterologous expression in E. coli and was also active on several PG structures in vitro. Interestingly, in Nm, ApeI was found to preferentially de-O-acetylate muropeptides with tripeptide stems (GM3), suggesting that its activity is highly regulated. Accordingly, de-O-acetylation of GM3 regulated glycan chain elongation and cell size. Additionally, the virulence of Nm lacking ApeI was drastically reduced suggesting that regulation of glycan chain length by O-acetylation contributes to bacterial fitness in the host. Altogether, our results suggest that ApeI represents an attractive target for new drug development.

Published
2013
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4. A cluster of meningococcal disease caused by rifampicin-resistant C meningococci in France, April 2012

Author

Mounchetrou Njoya, Ibrahim, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Isnard, H., Parent du Chatelet, I., Institut de Veille Sanitaire [Paris] (INVS), Centre National de Référence des Méningocoques et Haemophilus influenzae - National Reference Center Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae (CNR), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut de Veille Sanitaire (INVS), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Subjects
Male, Genotype, education, Meningococcal Vaccines, Cefotaxime, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B, MESH: Meningococcal Infections, MESH: Meningococcal Vaccines, MESH: Contact Tracing, MESH: Genotype, Young Adult, MESH: Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B, MESH: Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Antibiotics, Antitubercular, MESH: Antibiotics, Antitubercular, MESH: Humans, Amoxicillin, MESH: Amoxicillin, MESH: Cefotaxime, MESH: Cluster Analysis, MESH: Rifampin, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, MESH: Male, MESH: France, Meningococcal Infections, MESH: Multilocus Sequence Typing, MESH: Young Adult, Female, France, Contact Tracing, Rifampin, MESH: Female, Multilocus Sequence Typing
Abstract

International audience; In April 2012, a cluster of two cases of meningococcal disease caused by rifampicin-resistant C meningococci was reported in the Champagne-Ardenne region, France. The two cases occurred in a student population living in the same town but studying at different schools. Bacteriological and epidemiological investigations of cases have shown that the isolates of both cases were non-differentiable.

Published
2012

5. Phosphorylcholine-carbohydrate-protein conjugates efficiently induce hapten-specific antibodies which recognize both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis: a potential multitarget vaccine against respiratory infections

Author

Bay, Sylvie, Huteau, Valérie, Zarantonelli, Maria-Leticia, Pires, René, Ughetto-Monfrin, Joël, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, England, Patrick, Lafaye, Pierre, Chimie Organique, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neisseria, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Biophysique des Macromolécules et de leurs Interactions, Génétique et Biochimie du Développement, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Subjects
Acetylgalactosamine, genetic structures, Phosphorylcholine, MESH: Serum Albumin, Neisseria meningitidis, MESH: Neisseria meningitidis, Mice, Tetanus Toxin, immune system diseases, hemic and lymphatic diseases, polycyclic compounds, Animals, MESH: Animals, MESH: Tetanus Toxin, MESH: Mice, Respiratory Tract Infections, Serum Albumin, Antigens, Bacterial, eye diseases, MESH: Antibody Formation, Streptococcus pneumoniae, MESH: Haptens, MESH: Phosphorylcholine, MESH: Respiratory Tract Infections, Antibody Formation, Bacterial Vaccines, MESH: Acetylgalactosamine, Haptens, MESH: Streptococcus pneumoniae, MESH: Antigens, Bacterial, MESH: Bacterial Vaccines
Abstract

International audience; Phosphorylcholine (ChoP) is commonly expressed at the surface of pathogens of the respiratory tract, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. We designed a synthetic hapten comprising ChoP and part of its native carrier structure in S. pneumoniae, i.e. N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc). Protein conjugates of this hapten induced GalNAc-ChoP-specific antibodies which recognized ChoP on both S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis. GalNAc-ChoP could therefore lead to the rational design of a novel multipurpose vaccine against respiratory infections.

Published
2004
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6. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data

Author

Brueggemann, Angela B, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa J, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, D��sir��e E, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina C, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl G, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, L��m, Thi��n-Tr��, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, M��lling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert M, Mu��oz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Arg��ello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczy��ska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, and Zhou, Fei

Subjects
570 Life sciences, biology, 3. Good health
Abstract

Background Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. Findings 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62���434 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0��32 [95% CI 0��27���0��37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0��18 [0��14���0��23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. Interpretation The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide.

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