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This paper proposes a new method to assess the reliability of closed-ring grids by combining the total loss of continuity approach and the classical Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed method is called the Modified Monte Carlo Simulation (MMCS). The MMCS method is tested by Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) Bus-2 and Bus-4 in three different scenarios: radial, open-ring, and closed-ring. Besides, the method proposed is applied to a real 6-bus closed-ring distribution system. The sensitivity analysis based on fuzzy logic is applied to determine the uncertainties associated with the reliability input data. It is shown that the MMCS method is appropriate to assess the reliability of both open-ring and closed-ring systems, and the sensitivity analysis is crucial to draw the real picture of reliability assessment, and an essential tool for power utilities to determine the most risk parameters that significantly deteriorate system reliability. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:36:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Nowadays, specialized literature uses different test systems to verify their proposed models and methodologies regarding reconfiguration and operation of distribution networks. However, none of these research works include various test systems with enough information in order to endorse studies that approach distribution system reconfiguration and operation issues. This paper contains several test systems including the load data, network configuration, line characteristics, maximum current of branches, and nominal powers and voltages. The main objective is to provide all the details and information required to evaluate models and methods developed for reconfiguration and operation of radial distribution systems. Verification of all presented data and information has been performed by solving the network reconfiguration problem using established techniques. Moreover, in order to check the radiality of test systems and correctness of their given data, a data visualization technique is employed to online depict network topologies based on the electrical distance between buses. Associated Laboratory Bioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN) São Paulo State University Campus of Ilha Solteira School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University College Dublin Associated Laboratory Bioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN) São Paulo State University Campus of Ilha Solteira

Aim: the study was aimed to develop a reagent kit for the real-time RT-PCR diagnostics of virus causing COVID-19.Materials and Methods.Three target sites were chosen in the genome SARS-CoV-2. The testing included 220 samples, 48 artificially created positive samples (made from patients’ biomaterial) and 172 clinical samples (scrapes from nasal and pharyngeal cavities, bronchoalveolar lavage, expectoration, endotracheal/nasopharyngeal aspirate, feces, post-mortem material), obtained from two medical centers. Preliminary, the obtained biomaterial was analyzed with a reagent kit of comparison. The evaluation was performed with a confidential interval CI 95%. The calculation of CI for the sensitivity and specificity was made based on the distribution of χ2.Results.The authors developed a technology of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) real-time RT-PCR diagnostics for the application in practical healthcare and proposed the variants of testing at all the stages (preanalytical, analytical, and post-analytical, including automated results processing). The proposed reagent kit meets the requirements of the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. The study results demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity was 100% (95% CI) 95.6–100%; the specificity was 100% (95% CI) 96.7–100%.Conclusion.The proposed reagent kit was registered in the RF as a medical product; the registration certificate No. RZN 2020/9948 dated 01.04.2020. The application of the reagent kit in network laboratories will provide patients with access to testing for the virus causing COVID-19 and contribute to quick differential diagnostics, improvement of pandemic control, and accurate statistics on the spread of the virus.

For nearly 20 years, the Test Feeder Working Group of the Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee has been developing openly available distribution test feeders for use by researchers. The purpose of these test feeders is to provide models of distribution systems that reflect the wide diversity in design and their various analytic challenges. Because of their utility and accessibility, the test feeders have been used for a wide range of research, some of which has been outside the original scope of intended uses. This paper provides an overview of the existing distribution feeder models and clarifies the specific analytic challenges that they were originally designed to examine. Additionally, this paper will provide guidance on which feeders are best suited for various types of analysis. The purpose of this paper is to provide the original intent of the Working Group and to provide the information necessary so that researchers may make an informed decision on which of the test feeders are most appropriate for their work.

Shielding effectiveness measurement, up to the GHz range, of construction materials with different compositions is an important issue. In this paper a coaxial waveguide, originally developed for thin films, is proposed as a simple device able to perform measurements on test samples with a thickness of a few millimetres. A calibration of the test system, with length extended of 5 mm, has been done both with a theoretical evaluation and an experimental measurement. Data obtained with construction materials of current interest for research are presented. With respect to similar systems reported in literature, where data up to 1.5 GHz are shown, this system has proven to be appropriate for measurements up to 3 GHz without too stringent tolerances in the sample geometry and without contact problems. Moreover, with inorganic polymers test samples, a clear relation between shielding effectiveness and heating temperature of the material has been observed.

Electric microgrid is counted with the emerging technologies recently identified as being required for revolutionizing Africa within the space of one decade. The place of innovative research and development on various components of microgrid systems is also found pivotal and indispensable to the envisioned massive deployment of the technology across the sub-Saharan region of the continent. It has, however, become a global practice to employ specially developed experimental microgrid test systems as dedicated research tools for establishing design criteria and evaluating operational performances of microgrids in efficient way. This study therefore presents a survey on the availability and deployment of microgrid test systems across the nations of the sub-Saharan Africa. Available literatures published on the concept, though very scanty and not readily accessible, are thoroughly reviewed and reported in this survey. It is found that while there are few instances of works done on development and application of on-the-site demonstration microgrid as experimental facilities, laboratory-based microgrid emulators as test systems does not have much popularity despite being comparatively cost effective in design and development. This discovery could influence researchers, utility providers, national governments, regional organizations, research funders, as well as other stakeholders across the region into embracing the deployment of microgrid test systems in order to enhance seamlessness in the adaptation of the technology to the African context for its efficient application across the African sub-Sahara.

The development of solution algorithms for power system problems is based on hypothetical test systems and test cases. These systems are very scarce, and the degree of variability is relatively low. The constant development of the economic analysis in electrical power systems denotes the need to obtain standardized systems and cases. In this study, the creation of standardized test cases based on a hybrid model using L&eacute, vy alpha stable distributions and generalized additive models is proposed. The objective of the work is to present a methodological proposal for the creation of test environments for optimization models based on general information about the operation of particular power systems. The simulation of random values based on L&eacute, vy alpha stable distributions lets capturing the series impulsivity and demand peaks, and the use of generalized additive models permits capturing non-linearity in the behavior of the demand for electrical energy. The hybrid model will tolerate simulating as many instances as necessary, with a coherent behavior attached to the reality of the operation of the analyzed electrical systems.

This paper presents a new method for transmission loss allocation in a deregulated power system. As the power loss is a nonlinear quantity, so to allocate the loss in a common transmission corrider is a difficult task. It allocates transmission losses to loads based on the actual power flow in the lossy lines due to the concerned load. Each lossy line is subdivided into as many sub-lines as corresponding to the numbers of load attached to it. The tracing of power flow through each sub-line is worked out by using proportional sharing method. The power loss in each lossy line is equal with the total loss due to all the sub-lines under it. Then by using Pro-rata for each lossy line, the individual loss for each sub-line is formulated. As the application of Pro-rata is limited to an individual line of the system, so the error in calculation is minimized. The total loss allocated to a particular load is the sum of losses occurred in each lossy lines through which the power is flowing to the concerned load. As this method is based on the actual flow of power in the transmission line corresponding to the concerned load, hence, the loss allocation made by the method gives proper and justifiable allocations to the different loads which are attached to the system. The proposed method is applied to a six-bus system and finds the mismatch in the commonly used methods. Then, it is applied to higher bus systems in which more accurate results are obtained compared to the other methods.

A major feature specific to commissioning of NPPs in Russia and of Russian-designed NPPs in foreign countries is a great deal of measurement involved at different pre-commissioning stages, which differs from foreign experience where emphases is placed on computational justification and the scope of in-situ commissioning testing is smaller. The use of various measuring systems in pre-commissioning operations requires the involvement of a large number of personnel from different organizations, infrequently with no data acquisition coordination among them. This leads to both measuring channels and the information gathered being multiply duplicated (assembly, installation, adjustment), which is one of the sources for its misrepresentation, and to a greatly increased cost of operations. At the same time, most modern power units are equipped with test systems (TS) [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] consisting of heterogeneous measuring channels. The current TS commissioning practice required systems to be adjusted and started up only after the 100% unit power level was reached which did not make it possible to use test systems at pre-commissioning and power ascension stages. This study is an attempt to create an integrated information system composed of heterogeneous local systems to enable the largest possible number of standard channels to be used simultaneously with temporarily installed channels for pre-commissioning measurements to provide sound and high-quality information on the state of the unit.

Dehydration of yeast cells causes them to enter a state of anhydrobiosis in which their metabolism is temporarily and reversibly suspended. This unique state among organisms is currently used in the production of active dry yeasts, mainly used in baking and winemaking. In recent decades non-conventional applications of yeast dehydration have been proposed for various modern biotechnologies. This mini-review briefly summarises current information on the application of dry yeasts in traditional and innovative fields. It has been shown that dry yeast preparations can be used for the efficient protection, purification and bioremediation of the environment from heavy metals. The high sorption activity of dehydrated yeasts can be used as an interesting tool in winemaking due to their effects on quality and taste. Dry yeasts are also used in agricultural animal feed. Another interesting application of yeast dehydration is as an additional stage in new methods for the stable immobilisation of microorganisms, especially in cases when biotechnologically important strains have no affinity with the carrier. Such immobilisation methods also provide a new approach for the successful conservation of yeast strains that are very sensitive to dehydration. In addition, the application of dehydration procedures opens up new possibilities for the use of yeast as a model system. Separate sections of this review also discuss possible uses of dry yeasts in biocontrol, bioprotection and biotransformations, in analytical methods as well as in some other areas.

Bioaccumulation plays a vital role in understanding the fate of a substance in the environment and is key to the regulation of chemicals in several jurisdictions. The current assessment approaches commonly use the octanol-water partition coefficient (log KOW) as an indicator for bioaccumulation and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) as a standard criterion to identify bioaccumulative substances show limitations. The log KOW does not take into account active transport phenomena or special structural properties (e.g., amphiphilic substances or dissociating substances) and therefore additional screening criteria are required. Regulatory BCF studies are so far restricted to fish and uptake through the gills. Studies on (terrestrial) air-breathing organisms are missing. Though there are alternative tests such as the dietary exposure bioaccumulation fish test described in the recently revised OECD test guideline 305, it still remains unclear how to deal with results of alternative tests in regulatory decision-making processes. A substantial number of bioaccumulation fish tests are required in regulation. The development of improved test systems following the 3R principles, namely to replace, reduce and refine animal testing, is thus required. All these aspects stress the importance to further develop the assessment of bioaccumulation. The Dessau Workshop on Bioaccumulation which was held from June 26th to 27th 2014, in Dessau, Germany, provided a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of bioaccumulation assessment, provided insights into the problems and challenges addressed by the regulatory authorities and described new research concepts and their regulatory implications. The event was organised by UBA (Dessau, Germany) and Fraunhofer IME (Schmallenberg, Germany). About 50 participants from industry, regulatory bodies and academia listened to 14 lectures on selected topics and joined the plenary discussions.

Differential evolution based optimal reactive power dispatch for real power loss minimization in power system is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology determines control variable settings such as generator terminal voltages, tap positions and the number of shunts to be switched, for real power loss minimization in the transmission system. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem. A generic penalty function method, which does not require any penalty coefficient, is employed for constraint handling. The formulation also checks for the feasibility of the optimal control variable setting from a voltage security point of view by using a voltage collapse proximity indicator. The algorithm is tested on standard IEEE 14, IEEE 30, and IEEE 118-Bus test systems. To show the effectiveness of proposed method the results are compared with Particle Swarm Optimization and a conventional optimization technique - Sequential Quadratic Programming. � 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models reflect the human wound situation better than animal models. Although two-dimensional models are widely used to investigate processes such as cellular migration and proliferation, models that are more complex are required to gain a deeper knowledge about wound healing. Besides a suitable model system, the generation of precise and reproducible wounds is crucial to ensure comparable results between different test runs. In this study, the generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent to study wound healing is shown. The dermal part of the models is comprised of human dermal fibroblast embedded in a rat-tail collagen type I hydrogel. Following the inoculation with human epidermal keratinocytes and consequent culture at the air-liquid interface, a multilayered epidermis is formed on top of the models. To study the wound healing process, we additionally developed an automated wounding device, which generates standardized wounds in a sterile atmosphere.

Allergic diseases are important concern of public health. A reliable diagnosis is of utmost importance for the management of allergic patients both when immunotherapy is planned and when the treatment is essentially based on the avoidance of the allergy source. However, the available diagnostic systems sometimes fail to detect specific IgE antibodies thus impairing the correct diagnosis. The traditional test systems are generally based on the use of protein extracts derived from the allergenic sources whose composition is very variable and cannot be standardized. The development of a new methodology combining the so-called allergenic molecule-based diagnosis with the multiplex microarray technology and allowing the analysis of multiple purified allergens in a single test represents an important improvement in allergy diagnosis. In addition, the biochemical and immunological characterisation of individual allergens has provided new insights into the understanding of allergen-IgE recognition that could be exploited for further improvements of allergy diagnostic tests.

Under the "Memorandum of Understanding between the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)/Associated Universities Incorporated (AUI), Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA) and the University of Calgary related to Canadian ALMA Construction Phase Work Packages", HIA is committed to deliver a suite of seventy-three Band 3 100 GHz receiver cartridges to the ALMA Project. After the acceptance of each cartridge at the Front End Integration Centers, HIA is responsible to perform any post-delivery maintenance, repair or rework of the cartridges for a warranty period of up to one year. This paper defines a framework for the maintenance and repair services for the Band 3 cartridges after the post-delivery warranty period has expired. © 2012 SPIE., Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy V, July 1-3, 2012, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Series: Proceedings of SPIE; no. 8449

The express test systems allow to high quality identify and diagnose the presence of mycelium samples of pathogens, research polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to exploring physical, chemical and molecular properties. Development of molecular diagnostic test systems be contribute receive the seed free from viruses. The experiment is important for agrarians and biotechnologies

Since extended power outages causes severe stress on society and the restoration following a black out is a complex and time consuming task, efficient restoration strategies are needed. During the restoration, the power system undergoes continual changes and therefore it is subject to desired and undesired operations and failures which might be devastating. The main contribution of this paper is a new method to estimate the risk of an uncontrolled system separation in case of a loss of a transmission line or a transformer during a restoration process. The method in this paper assigns failure rates to the transformers and the transmission lines. Further, a graph theoretical method are used to find probability bounds for an uncontrolled system separation for a whole restoration sequence. In a numerical example are three restoration strategies applied to an IEEE 14 bus test system and evaluated. It is shown in the numerical example that the restoration strategy has an high impact on the probability for a system separation. © 2011 IEEE. Sponsors: Power and Energy Society (IEEE PES); Northeastern University College of Engineering© 2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.QC 20120117

The Global Aerospace Centre for Icing and Environmental Research (GLACIER) facility has been constructed in Thompson, Manitoba, Canada. This project involves the construction and operation of a facility which will provide icing certification tests for large gas turbine engines, as well as performance, endurance and other gas turbine engine qualification testing. MDS Aero Support, in partnership with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Pratt and Whitney Canada, and Rolls Royce Canada, has developed a globally unique outdoor engine test and certification facility. The prime purpose of this facility is for icing certification of aviation gas turbine engines, initially for Rolls-Royce and Pratt & Whitney, two of the three largest gas turbine manufacturers in the world. The facility will provide the aviation industry with the required environmental conditions (by virtue of its location), and capability to meet the growing demands for icing certifications and other adverse cold weather conditions. It will also cater to other performance, endurance and specialty testing outside of the icing season. As a generic engine test facility, it includes the infrastructure and test systems necessary for the introduction of both current and future gas turbine engines. The facility is operated by MDS AeroTest which is a subsidiary of MDS Aero Support, while the icing technology and hardware that is part of the entire GLACIER facility is supplied, owned and operated by NRC on a full cost recovery basis. This paper describes the new icing facility and provides insight into the design criteria used to create the unique icing spray system developed to meet the large engine testing requirements. Copyright © 2011 SAE International., SAE 2011 International Conference on Aircraft and Engine Icing and Ground Deicing, 13 June 2011 through 17 June 2011, Chicago, IL