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1. Desmethyl butenolides are optimal ligands for karrikin receptor proteins

Author

Aino Komatsu, Aashima Khosla, Mark T. Waters, Gavin R. Flematti, Jiaren Yao, Junko Kyozuka, Yongjie Meng, David C. Nelson, Adrian Scaffidi, and Kim T. Melville

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, Stereochemistry, Hydrolases, Strigolactone, Plant Science, Ligands, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Marchantia polymorpha, Lactones, Selaginella moellendorffii, 4-Butyrolactone, Plant Growth Regulators, Butenolide, biology, Chemistry, Arabidopsis Proteins, Desmethyl, biology.organism_classification, Karrikin, 030104 developmental biology, Plant hormone, 010606 plant biology & botany, Methyl group
Abstract

Strigolactones and karrikins are butenolide molecules that regulate plant growth. They are perceived by the α/β-hydrolase DWARF14 (D14) and its homologue KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), respectively. Plant-derived strigolactones have a butenolide ring with a methyl group that is essential for bioactivity. By contrast, karrikins are abiotic in origin, and the butenolide methyl group is nonessential. KAI2 is probably a receptor for an endogenous butenolide, but the identity of this compound remains unknown. Here we characterise the specificity of KAI2 towards differing butenolide ligands using genetic and biochemical approaches. We find that KAI2 proteins from multiple species are most sensitive to desmethyl butenolides that lack a methyl group. Desmethyl-GR24 and desmethyl-CN-debranone are active by KAI2 but not D14. They are more potent KAI2 agonists compared with their methyl-substituted reference compounds both in vitro and in plants. The preference of KAI2 for desmethyl butenolides is conserved in Selaginella moellendorffii and Marchantia polymorpha, suggesting that it is an ancient trait in land plant evolution. Our findings provide insight into the mechanistic basis for differential ligand perception by KAI2 and D14, and support the view that the endogenous substrates for KAI2 and D14 have distinct chemical structures and biosynthetic origins.

Published
2020

2. An allelic series at theKARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2locus ofArabidopsis thalianadecouples ligand hydrolysis and receptor degradation from downstream signalling

Author

Yu Morimoto, Kiyoshi Mashiguchi, Kim T. Melville, Mark T. Waters, Gavin R. Flematti, Tomoki Akatsu, Jiaren Yao, Ryo Morita, Adrian Scaffidi, Shinjiro Yamaguchi, Steven M. Smith, and Yoshiya Seto

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Hydrolases, Mutant, Arabidopsis, Strigolactone, Receptors, Cell Surface, Plant Science, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Receptor, Alleles, Butenolide, chemistry.chemical_classification, Arabidopsis Proteins, Hydrolysis, food and beverages, RNA 3' Polyadenylation Signals, Cell Biology, Protein superfamily, Ligand (biochemistry), Karrikin, 030104 developmental biology, Enzyme, chemistry, Biochemistry
Abstract

Karrikins are butenolide compounds present in post-fire environments that can stimulate seed germination in many species, including Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants also produce endogenous butenolide compounds that serve as hormones, namely strigolactones (SLs). The receptor for karrikins (KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2; KAI2) and the receptor for SLs (DWARF14; D14) are homologous proteins that share many similarities. The mode of action of D14 as a dual enzyme receptor protein is well established, but the nature of KAI2-dependent signalling and its function as a receptor are not fully understood. To expand our knowledge of how KAI2 operates, we screened ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS)-mutagenized populations of A. thaliana for mutants with kai2-like phenotypes and isolated 13 new kai2 alleles. Among these alleles, kai2-10 encoded a D184N protein variant that was stable in planta. Differential scanning fluorimetry assays indicated that the KAI2 D184N protein could interact normally with bioactive ligands. We developed a KAI2-active version of the fluorescent strigolactone analogue Yoshimulactone Green to show that KAI2 D184N exhibits normal rates of ligand hydrolysis. KAI2 D184N degraded in response to treatment with exogenous ligands, suggesting that receptor degradation is a consequence of ligand binding and hydrolysis, but is insufficient for signalling activity. Remarkably, KAI2 D184N degradation was hypersensitive to karrikins, but showed a normal response to strigolactone analogues, implying that these butenolides may interact differently with KAI2. These results demonstrate that the enzymatic and signalling functions of KAI2 can be decoupled, and provide important insights into the mechanistic events that underpin butenolide signalling in plants.

Published
2018
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3. Divergent receptor proteins confer responses to different karrikins in two ephemeral weeds

Author

Sabrina F. Davies, Gavin R. Flematti, Jiaren Yao, Adrian Scaffidi, Yueming K. Sun, Charles S. Bond, Steven M. Smith, Mark T. Waters, and Kim T. Melville

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Hydrolases, Arabidopsis, General Physics and Astronomy, Plant Weeds, 01 natural sciences, Wildfires, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Sequence Analysis, Protein, Magnoliopsida, Catalytic Domain, Arabidopsis thaliana, lcsh:Science, Receptor, Plant Proteins, chemistry.chemical_classification, Multidisciplinary, biology, Noxious weed, Small molecules, food and beverages, Ligand (biochemistry), Amino acid, Karrikin, Germination, Seeds, Plant genetics, Science, Brassica, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Fires, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Botany, Plant hormones, Furans, Pyrans, Arabidopsis Proteins, General Chemistry, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Seedlings, Plant signalling, lcsh:Q, Carrier Proteins, Transcriptome, Brassica tournefortii, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Wildfires can encourage the establishment of invasive plants by releasing potent germination stimulants, such as karrikins. Seed germination of Brassica tournefortii, a noxious weed of Mediterranean climates, is strongly stimulated by KAR1, the archetypal karrikin produced from burning vegetation. In contrast, the closely-related yet non-fire-associated ephemeral Arabidopsis thaliana is unusual because it responds preferentially to KAR2. The α/β-hydrolase KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) is the putative karrikin receptor identified in Arabidopsis. Here we show that B. tournefortii expresses three KAI2 homologues, and the most highly-expressed homologue is sufficient to confer enhanced responses to KAR1 relative to KAR2 when expressed in Arabidopsis. We identify two amino acid residues near the KAI2 active site that explain the ligand selectivity, and show that this combination has arisen independently multiple times within dicots. Our results suggest that duplication and diversification of KAI2 proteins could confer differential responses to chemical cues produced by environmental disturbance, including fire., Karrikins are germination stimulants perceived by KAI2 in Arabidopsis. Here the authors show that Brassica tournefortii, a close relative to Arabidopsis, has multiple copies of KAI2 with amino acid substitutions that confer responsiveness to the specific karrikin compounds found in wildfire smoke.

Published
2019

4. POSTER SESSIONS SCHEDULE

Author

C Hinkin, M Cuevas, A Rauscher, W Kim, T Fogel, G Walls, M Heran, L Drag, S Akeson, K An, Mark T. Barisa, J Cantor, R Pella, C Ward, D Terry, E Parke, I Grant, K Blackstone, David B. Salisbury, P Davidson, G McDonald, C Strongin, Sudhin A. Shah, R Kim, A Miele, K Carlson, N Cadavid, J Donders, S Mahal, T Feaster, K Griffits, J Mayfield, T Brand, A Vernon, Scott R. Miller, C Price, C Vickery, L Carrion, J Beaute, L Weigand, G Crucian, A Tan, M Shuman, Talin Babikian, T Van Vleet, D La, I Thiruselvam, N Nemanim, L Baum, L Loneman, A Schmitt, R Hoadley, J Keller, J Kim, Bonnie M. Scott, M Edwards, M Rohling, B Palmer, G Godoy-Garcete, Ana Rosario, M Taylor, S Letendre, I Sanchez, A Harmell, David L. McArthur, S Greco, M O'Neil, H Yoshida, Jerome H. Carter, Marie N. Dahdah, E Jeffay, L McCutcheon, E Stambrook, A Rach, A Minassian, S Vinogradov, R Akarakian, S Khen, D Schiehser, M Young-Bernier, B Roberg, P Marchetti, L Kenworthy, P Ross, N Didehbani, M Lally, T Brickell, G Vasilev, D Kansagara, Glen A. Palmer, Amanda R. Rabinowitz, A Bedard, Desiree Byrd, K daCruz, A Torstrick, T Nguyen, M Solomon, E Hanson, S Turecka, J Moskowitz, Catherine Stasio, J Kenton, E Call, J McLeod, H Rossetti, Paula I. Martin, J Wasisco, C Depp, Sunni A. Barnes, R Lange, T Lotze, S Erikson, Samantha E. John, K Gulliver, Daniel N. Allen, M Schoenberg, M Joan, S Hass, D Munic-Miller, N Grant, M Weiner, S. DeBoard Marion, C Waksmunski, H Muetze, K Brady, P Roskos, Cynthia Dunklin, N Puente, K Russler, M Salzberg, I Neeland, J McKeever, A Fonteh, J Peer, M Choe, K Russ, C Marini, E Hui, C Kimmel, N Kecala, L. Schwent Shultz, Shelley Peery, R Gonzalez, C Spickler, E Lanni, L Flaro, E Talbot, E Giese, A Davis, Sam Vogel, D Hachey, W Mittenberg, Kenneth L. Jones, S Mahdavi, V. Alipio Jocson, M Marquine, B Ivins, S Paisley, E Weber, G Silk-Eglit, R Singer, K Barnes, A Ghias, J Sordahl, M Spiers, J Anderson, C Mathiowetz, S Fritz, R Fazio, E Miles-Mason, M Glusman, Octavio A. Santos, Jessica A. Kaczorowski, T Dugbartey, K Burns, A Gottuso, Nicholas J. Pastorek, Shahid Shafi, Librada Callender, R Dean, M Thomas, S Schleicher-Dilks, C Bermudez, J Muir, E Van Ness, R Odom, R Dye, F van der Fluit, C Lindbergh, J Grups, Monica U. Ellis, M Coe, M Schmitter-Edgecombe, S Lanting, Rosemary Dubiel, Katherine W Sullivan, A Bonner-Jackson, A Lyon, Daniel J. Schwartz, M Pachalska, S Hibyan, J Long, S Watson, N Nardi, L Pinto, Claudia Kernan, F Thomas, J Messerly, B Walsh, A Daros, S Margolis, M Cullum, B Rainwater, K Baerresen, M Steenari, M Vertinski, P Klas, A Harrison, J Stewart, R Carrasco, D Storzbach, E VonDran, K Carter, M Baldassarre, R Fares, A Freeman, J Barnett, Maggie C. Happe, M Harrington, D D'Argenio, J Piehl, Jacob Sheynin, C Young, A Anum, W Garmoe, T Barker, O Selnes, C Lobue, J Gray, A Rossi, B Stephens, M Jarrett, G Gilbert, A Graefe, J Gfeller, M Murphy, R Perna, B Gouaux, C Leibson, M Heinly, A Allart, Joshua Harrison, M Dudley, B Henry, S O'Bryan, D Miller, J Kennedy, B Edner, M Curri, F Tremblay, T Becker, J Neff, K Gillis, M Poon, C Ukpabi, J Hall, Victoria C. Merritt, D Nemeth, K Tyson, L Glukhovsky, P Vik, Karen K. Miller, R Schroeder, Christopher C. Giza, Benjamin Jurek, M Dawson, T Susmaras, K Rajendran, T Swirsky-Sacchetti, Joseph DeGutis, K Isham, P Massman, M Collier, L Klimik, D Moore, C Baum, J DiGangi, J Francis, B Baughman, A Patel, D Zink, V Carrión, Claire D. Coles, Sarah N. Mattson, A Reveles, T Novakovic-Agopian, D Drasnin, G Sutton, K Jacquin, J Tsou, John D. Medaglia, C Kane, A Starza-Smith, G Lafleche, M Bidzan, J Stenclik, C Smith, J Spat, G Mucci, M Legarreta, Frank G. Hillary, A Mouanoutoua, I Armstrong, C Isaacs, K Beene, C Songy, A Steed, R McCaffrey, J Loftis, A Levan, J Marcinak, Lisa Delano-Wood, C Draffkorn, A Harley, J Shewchuk, J Lynch, P Lebby, Preeti Sunderaraman, R Verbiest, E Stranks, B Hill, A Zisk, L Bolshin, P Stolberg, J Zamzow, V Culotta, J Gross, J Davis, M Fisher, S Mohammed, D Rosario, L Baade, J Fischer, M Muniz, M Kaminetskaya, W Gomes, J Park, K Netson, M Fanning, G Wallace, Nicholas S. Thaler, C Ayers, R Ellis, J Gonzalez, L Zhao, J Thelen, J Kiefel, J Halperin, J Uderman, R Stephan, L Sweet, K Whithers, F Fonseca, A Fedio, D Cooper, Jessica E. Meyer, J Capps, G Getz, M Palewjala, E Rinehardt, A Fernandez, S Tanner, J Ang, Audrey M. Carson, W Finch, S Evans, Gray Vargas, Ellen B. Braaten, J Murry, B Klein-Tasman, M Adler, E Culnan, G Richardson, A Dominska, T Olivier, A Dedmon, E Lane, C Prince, A Mannarino, B Casto, J Calloway, J Mackillop, C Garrett, John F. Linck, A Parks, S Sorg, W Andrew, G Fong, W Gouvier, L Lacritz, Jennifer Romesser, G Small, L Lashley, James B. Hoelzle, Predict-Hd Investigators, M Sakamoto, A Hart, F Dadis, D Pina, J Paulsen, N Stricker, G Iverson, R Macher, A Stringer, C Saucier, J Gallegos, P Andrews, A Chappell, D Jeste, K Mulligan, Pouneh K. Fazeli, D Harrison, R Romero, D Maricle, Joshua D. Miller, S Patel, Jeffrey M. Robbins, S Mansinghani, W Hoffman, K Espinoza, R Roberts, N Londono, M Douangratdy, K Kelley, O Alhassoon, A Quinones, J Taylor, E Ringdahl, A Ness, N DeFilippis, K Marshall, S Jaehnert, R Vergara, P Harvey, J Iudicello, C Ellis, S Tun, Thomas D. Parsons, Amanda E. Hahn-Ketter, C McAlister, T Patterson, R Gomez, K Kloezeman, J Wingo, C Barrio, Michael B. Reid, M Vasserman, Jacob Cohen, C Golden, C Ciobanu, F Carla, D Dinishak, Louis M. French, E Scharaga, Kirsten A. Schohl, A Newman, A Gold, J Bunting, A Puente, R Heaton, A Boettcher, D Wolff, R Baek, T Giovannetti, B Hummer, A Loughan, Ryan J. McKindles, M Bunner, M Kral, W Cole, C Love, E Corley, A Zomet, F Loya, K Young, P May, K Constantine, A Duhig, V Pankratz, J Tam, Maria T. Schultheis, A Junod, K Wyman-Chick, A Houshyarnejad, A Kent, J Wall, D Gansler, M Bens, M Jerram, C Dombrowski, J Segovia, J Hoblyn, M Geyer, N Pliskin, J Strang, B Fuller, J Kloss, J Paxton, J Chow, L Guatney, K Smith, F Foley, Elizabeth R. Sowell, L Brenner, M Rivera Mindt, A Levine, C Irwin, S Rome, J Neiman-Kimel, L Segalà, G Saini, Scott A. Loe, P Vekaria, H Woolery, M Francis, S Newton, Daniel J. Heyanka, J Link, Stephen G. West, T Ala, W Burns, H Pedersen, M Norman, L Delgaty, C Mihailescu, S Cowad, T Melville, Leila Glass, Nathan D. Doty, E Simco, A Holland, R Robbs, Warren T. Jones, S Banks, X Bonilla, R McCue, C Ramirez, M Phoong, N Upshaw, H England, S Woods, K Whigham, L Miller, J Etherton, S Rolin, Sawsan Dabit, S Kohlrus, S Thomlinson, Ryan Olmstead, A Chen, S Mahmoud, S Mauro, B Greenberg, B Lukaszewska, C Brown, R Moore, B Freer, W MacAllister, S Schaffer, R Fontanetta, J Vassileva, J Fine, Amy Wilson, C O'Shea, L Barker, Joseph J. Graca, Anthony C. Ruocco, E Schulze, Brian I. Miller, A Kaup, K Julie, A Nolty, P Siddarth, Jeffrey S. Karst, B Rabinovitz, S Yudovin, C Faraco, M Raymond, Anita H. Sim, I Kunkes, J Kamm, K Zakzanis, R Petersen, A Rudd-Barnard, N Fritz, A Bozorg, R Wellington, R Naslednikova, R Nogin, J Moses, L Tiersky, T Lee, L Cooper, M Smith, A Papadakis, L Hoskins, L Ashendorf, Caitlin Miranda, J Sexton, S Barney, M Le, M Putnam, Lillie Weiss, D Baldock, D Grimm, H Westervelt, M Mattingly, Yelena Bogdanova, C Hopewell, J Kahne, C Moore, B Mausbach, Robert F. Asarnow, Peter A. Arnett, Michael M. Merzenich, R Remel, S Coad, J Hertza, C Romers, L Harrison, M Daniel, J Clark, A Rowden, B Bristow-Murray, A Reyes, C Noggle, D Yeh, Bridget K. Dolan, Keith D. Cicerone, G Goodman, D Haberman, Mary K. Colvin, M Noback, Hasan Ayaz, B Natalie, M Cohen, Mary F. Musso, G Abrams, Seth A. Gale, J McGinley, E Bene, Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, S Benbadis, S Northington, S O'Neill, R Ruchinskas, M Hall, B Saffer, L Miarmi, F Webbe, Dobrivoje S. Stokic, C Bowie, B Duda, J Bravo, S Taylor, L Wilson, Henry W. Mahncke, R Scott, Ashita S. Gurnani, K Eichstaedt, H Soper, A Andrews, B Evans, J Bailie, R Poulin, K Evankovich, R Relova, A Gremillion, S Hunter, B Lee, M Beier, Edward P. Riley, S Edmed, M Wills, Sarah M. Kark, E Quasney, K Barrera, Yelena Goldin, Kimberley R. Monden, A Barker, V Sterk, J Fink, J Ikanga, Will Lindstrom, B Hunter, D Denney, S Huberman, C Williams, T Otero, K Spengler, A Pulver, Kathryn L Schmidt, J Meyers, E Gutierrez, V Wheaton, K Downing, A Bhagwat, Stephen A. Olson, E Lande, R Lee, F Vale, F Barwick, Mirella Díaz-Santos, C Mosti, Daniel S. Brown, M Benners, L Horne-Moyer, K Johnson, V Vargas, P Sylvester, E Shapiro, Sarah DeBoard Marion, J Poole, E Strongin, K Fields, M Basso, R Lawson, D Brinckman, E Morgan, A Simone, I Raynov, A Matevosyan, J Emerson, M Motu'apuaka, S Heverly-Fitt, Alexandra L. Clark, E March, B Roper, N Dezhkam, N Dasher, V Patt, Sheryl Stevens, A Choi, S Sautter, A Van Hecke, J. Travis Seidl, T Raines, W Perry, L Moss, M Macaluso, G Carlin, S Sisk, B Bowman, John Hart, Elisabeth M. Vogt, Michael D. Ensley, B Schilling, L Ercoli, M Zupanc, V D'Orio, A Bure-Reyes, L Rabin, J Nunan-Saah, N Rodgers-Neame, Jared M. Bruce, E Crouse, C Boys, H Kletter, T Lo, Brandon E. Gavett, A Sherzai, N Bott, K Walker, J Brubacher, Tanya M. Brown, F Ahmed, Dede M. Ukueberuwa, L Etcoff, K Chu, B Schweinsburg, Y Demsky, K Vitelli, M Huckans, L Nakhutina, A Ghelani, C Higginson, R Zec, A Curiel, David C. Osmon, S Crowe, K Phelps, O Prokhorenko, M Koehle, C Morse, Alice Cronin-Golomb, E Batchelor, J Lum, G Brown, L Silva, M Freeman, C Babika, Janine M. Paxson, P Pimental, W Buddin, J Baker, J Kline, F Hays, M Pollock, M Oganes, Armando Fuentes, M Ring, B Thieme, A Psihogios, A Zimmer, J Thompson, Hannah M. Lindsey, O Graham, Christina L. Casnar, M Arce Rentería, A Rooney, K Bozgunov, M Welch, M Lipowska, M Earleywine, S Lewis, T Floyd, A Tanguay, Yongming Li, C Tai, N Fromm, N Luc, K Barchard, K Musielak, Amir Poreh, R Heinrichs, C Boyd, K Schwab, A Lynch, R Wanlass, K Janke, S Bullard, S Hughes, K Hanson, C Holder, A Legenkaya, J Siegel, S Gold, C Evans, F Hill, Caryn R. Harper, D Binder, S Gill, M Bruhns, E Singer, Sidney O'Bryant, and J Atkinson

Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Schedule, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, business.industry, Medicine, Operations management, General Medicine, business
Published
2013
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5. Grand Rounds

Author

G. Fayolle, W. Levick, R. Lajiness-O'Neill, P. Fastenau, S. Briskin, N. Bass, M. Silva, E. Critchfield, R. Nakase-Richardson, J. Hertza, A. Loughan, R. Perna, S. Northington, S. Boyd, A. Anderson, S. Peery, M. Chafetz, M. Maris, A. Ramezani, C. Sylvester, K. Goldberg, M. Constantinou, M. Karekla, J. Hall, M. Edwards, V. Balldin, A. Strutt, V. Pavlik, C. Marquez de la Plata, M. Cullum, l. lacritz, J. Reisch, P. Massman, D. Royall, R. Barber, S. Younes, A. Wiechmann, S. O'Bryant, K. Patel, J. Suhr, S. Chari, J. Yokoyama, B. Bettcher, A. Karydas, B. Miller, J. Kramer, R. Zec, S. Fritz, S. Kohlrus, R. Robbs, T. Ala, K. Gifford, N. Cantwell, R. Romano, A. Jefferson, A. Holland, S. Newton, J. Bunting, M. Coe, J. Carmona, D. Harrison, A. Puente, D. Terry, C. Faraco, C. Brown, A. Patel, A. Watts, A. Kent, J. Siegel, S. Miller, W. Ernst, G. Chelune, J. Holdnack, J. Sheehan, K. Duff, O. Pedraza, J. Crawford, L. Miller, V. Hobson Balldin, H. Benavides, L. Johnson, L. Tshuma, N. Dezhkam, L. Hayes, C. Love, B. Stephens, F. Webbe, K. Mulligan, K. Dunham, S. Shadi, C. Sofko, R. Denney, S. Rolin, J. Sibson, S. Ogbeide, M. Glover, A. Warchol, B. Hunter, C. Nichols, C. Riccio, M. Cohen, A. Dennison, T. Wasserman, S. Schleicher-Dilks, M. Adler, C. Golden, T. Olivier, B. LeMonda, J. McGinley, A. Pritchett, L. Chang, C. Cloak, E. Cunningham, G. Lohaugen, J. Skranes, T. Ernst, E. Parke, N. Thaler, L. Etcoff, D. Allen, P. Andrews, S. McGregor, R. Daniels, N. Hochsztein, E. Miles-Mason, Y. Granader, M. Vasserman, W. MacAllister, B. Casto, K. Patrick, F. Hurewitz, D. Chute, A. Booth, C. Koch, G. Roid, N. Balkema, J. Kiefel, L. Bell, A. Maerlender, T. Belkin, J. Katzenstein, C. Semerjian, V. Culotta, E. Band, R. Yosick, T. Burns, A. Arenivas, D. Bearden, K. Olson, K. Jacobson, S. Ubogy, C. Sterling, E. Taub, A. Griffin, T. Rickards, G. Uswatte, D. Davis, K. Sweeney, A. Llorente, A. Boettcher, B. Hill, D. Ploetz, J. Kline, M. Rohling, J. O'Jile, K. Holler, V. Petrauskas, J. Long, J. Casey, T. Duda, S. Hodsman, S. Stricker, S. Martner, R. Hansen, F. Ferraro, R. Tangen, A. Hanratty, M. Tanabe, E. O'Callaghan, B. Houskamp, L. McDonald, L. Pick, D. Guardino, T. Pietz, K. Kayser, R. Gray, A. Letteri, A. Crisologo, G. Witkin, J. Sanders, M. Mrazik, A. Harley, M. Phoong, T. Melville, D. La, R. Gomez, L. Berthelson, J. Robbins, E. Lane, P. Rahman, L. Konopka, A. Fasfous, D. Zink, N. Peralta-Ramirez, M. Perez-Garcia, S. Su, G. Lin, T. Kiely, A. Schatzberg, J. Keller, J. Dykstra, M. Feigon, L. Renteria, M. Fong, L. Piper, E. Lee, J. Vordenberg, C. Contardo, S. Magnuson, N. Doninger, L. Luton, D. Drane, A. Phelan, W. Stricker, A. Poreh, F. Wolkenberg, J. Spira, J. DeRight, R. Jorgensen, L. Fitzpatrick, S. Crowe, S. Woods, K. Doyle, E. Weber, M. Cameron, J. Cattie, C. Cushman, I. Grant, K. Blackstone, D. Moore, B. Roberg, M. Somogie, J. Thelen, C. Lovelace, J. Bruce, A. Gerstenecker, B. Mast, I. Litvan, D. Hargrave, R. Schroeder, W. Buddin, L. Baade, R. Heinrichs, J. Boseck, K. Berry, E. Koehn, A. Davis, B. Meyer, B. Gelder, Z. Sussman, P. Espe-Pfeifer, M. Musso, A. Barker, G. Jones, W. Gouvier, V. Johnson, L. Zaytsev, M. Freier-Randall, G. Sutton, E. Ringdahl, J. Olsen, D. Byrd, M. Rivera-Mindt, R. Fellows, S. Morgello, V. Wheaton, S. Jaehnert, C. Ellis, H. Olavarria, J. Loftis, M. Huckans, P. Pimental, J. Frawley, M. Welch, K. Jennette, E. Rinehardt, M. Schoenberg, L. Strober, H. Genova, G. Wylie, J. DeLuca, N. Chiaravalloti, E. Ibrahim, A. Seiam, S. Bohlega, H. Lloyd, M. Goldberg, J. Marceaux, R. Fallows, K. McCoy, N. Yehyawi, E. Luther, R. Hilsabeck, R. Fulton, P. Stevens, S. Erickson, P. Dodzik, R. Williams, J. Dsurney, L. Najafizadeh, J. McGovern, F. Chowdhry, A. Acevedo, A. Bakhtiar, N. Karamzadeh, F. Amyot, A. Gandjbakhche, M. Haddad, M. Johnson, J. Wade, L. Harper, A. Barghi, V. Mark, G. Christopher, D. Marcus, M. Spady, J. Bloom, A. Zimmer, M. Miller, D. Schuster, H. Ebner, B. Mortimer, G. Palmer, M. Happe, J. Paxson, B. Jurek, J. Graca, J. Meyers, R. Lange, T. Brickell, L. French, G. Iverson, J. Shewchuk, B. Madler, M. Heran, J. Brubacher, B. Ivins, M. Baldassarre, T. Paper, A. Herrold, A. Chin, D. Zgaljardic, K. Oden, M. Lambert, S. Dickson, R. Miller, P. Plenger, E. Sutherland, C. Glatts, P. Schatz, K. Walker, N. Philip, S. McClaughlin, S. Mooney, E. Seats, V. Carnell, J. Raintree, D. Brown, C. Hodges, E. Amerson, C. Kennedy, J. Moore, C. Ferris, T. Roebuck-Spencer, A. Vincent, C. Bryan, D. Catalano, A. Warren, K. Monden, S. Driver, P. Chau, R. Seegmiller, M. Baker, S. Malach, J. Mintz, R. Villarreal, A. Peterson, S. Leininger, C. Strong, J. Donders, V. Merritt, G. Vargas, A. Rabinowitz, P. Arnett, E. Whipple, M. Schultheis, K. Robinson, D. Iacovone, R. Biester, D. Alfano, M. Nicholls, P. Klas, E. Jeffay, K. Zakzanis, M. Vandermeer, M. Womble, E. Corley, C. Considine, N. Fichtenberg, J. Harrison, M. Pollock, A. Mouanoutoua, A. Brimager, P. Lebby, K. Sullivan, S. Edmed, K. Kieffer, M. McCarthy, L. Wiegand, H. Lindsey, M. Hernandez, Y. Noniyeva, Y. Lapis, M. Padua, J. Poole, B. Brooks, C. McKay, W. Meeuwisse, C. Emery, A. Mazur-Mosiewicz, E. Sherman, M. Kirkwood, J. Gunner, A. Miele, G. Silk-Eglit, J. Lynch, R. McCaffrey, J. Stewart, J. Tsou, D. Scarisbrick, R. Chan, A. Bure-Reyes, L. Cortes, S. Gindy, C. Biddle, D. Shah, P. Jaberg, R. Moss, M. Horner, K. VanKirk, C. Dismuke, T. Turner, W. Muzzy, M. Dunnam, G. Warner, K. Donnelly, J. Donnelly, J. Kittleson, C. Bradshaw, M. Alt, S. Margolis, E. Ostroy, K. Higgins, K. Eng, S. Akeson, J. Wall, J. Davis, J. Hansel, B. Wang, R. Gervais, M. Greiffenstein, J. Denning, E. VonDran, E. Campbell, C. Brockman, G. Teichner, R. Waid, B. Buican, P. Armistead-Jehle, J. Bailie, A. Dilay, M. Cottingham, C. Boyd, S. Asmussen, J. Neff, S. Schalk, L. Jensen, J. DenBoer, S. Hall, E. Holcomb, B. Axelrod, G. Demakis, C. Rimland, J. Ward, M. Ross, M. Bailey, A. Stubblefield, J. Smigielski, J. Geske, V. Karpyak, C. Reese, G. Larrabee, L. Allen, M. Celinski, J. Gilman, C. LaDuke, D. DeMatteo, K. Heilbrun, T. Swirsky-Sacchetti, A. Dedman, K. Withers, T. Deneen, J. Fisher, B. Spray, R. Savage, H. Wiener, J. Tyer, V. Ningaonkar, B. Devlin, R. Go, V. Sharma, R. Fontanetta, C. Calderon, S. Coad, R. Fontaneta, M. Vertinski, R. Verbiest, J. Snyder, J. Kinney, A. Rach, J. Young, E. Crouse, D. Schretlen, J. Weaver, A. Buchholz, B. Gordon, S. Macciocchi, R. Seel, R. Godsall, J. Brotsky, A. DiRocco, E. Houghton-Faryna, E. Bolinger, C. Hollenbeck, J. Hart, B. Lee, G. Strauss, J. Adams, D. Martins, L. Catalano, J. Waltz, J. Gold, G. Haas, L. Brown, J. Luther, G. Goldstein, E. Kelley, C. Raba, L. Trettin, H. Solvason, R. Buchanan, D. Baldock, J. Etherton, T. Phelps, S. Richmond, B. Tapscott, S. Thomlinson, L. Cordeiro, G. Wilkening, M. Parikh, L. Graham, M. Grosch, L. Hynan, M. Weiner, C. Cullum, C. Menon, L. Lacritz, M. Castro-Couch, F. Irani, A. Houshyarnejad, M. Norman, F. Fonseca, B. Browne, J. Alvarez, Y. Jiminez, V. Baez, C. Resendiz, B. Scott, G. Farias, M. York, V. Lozano, M. Mahoney, M. Hernandez Mejia, E. Pacheco, A. Homs, R. Ownby, J. Nici, J. Hom, J. Lutz, R. Dean, H. Finch, S. Pierce, J. Moses, S. Mann, J. Feinberg, A. Choi, M. Kaminetskaya, C. Pierce, M. Zacharewicz, B. Gavett, J. Horwitz, J. Ory, K. Carbuccia, L. Morra, S. Garcon, M. Lucas, P. Donovick, K. Whearty, K. Campbell, S. Camlic, D. Brinckman, L. Ehrhart, V. Weisser, J. Medaglia, A. Merzagora, G. Reckess, T. Ho, S. Testa, H. Woolery, C. Farcello, N. Klimas, J. Meyer, F. Barwick, K. Drayer, J. Galusha, A. Schmitt, R. Livingston, R. Stewart, L. Quarles, M. Pagitt, C. Barke, A. Baker, N. Baker, N. Cook, D. Ahern, S. Correia, L. Resnik, K. Barnabe, D. Gnepp, M. Benjamin, Z. Zlatar, A. Garcia, S. Harnish, B. Crosson, L. Vaughan, A. Fedio, J. Sexton, S. Cummings, A. Logemann, N. Lassiter, P. Fedio, A. Gremillion, D. Nemeth, T. Whittington, J. Reckow, C. Lewandowski, J. Cole, A. Lewandowski, J. Spector, L. Ford-Johnson, J. Lengenfelder, J. Sumowski, C. Morse, J. McKeever, L. Zhao, T. Leist, J. Marcinak, K. Piecora, K. Al-Khalil, P. Martin, L. Thompson, W. Kowalczyk, S. Golub, E. Lemann, J. Piehl, N. Rita, L. Moss, R. Nogin, C. Drapeau, S. Malm, L. Armstrong, R. Glidewell, W. Orr, G. Mears, C. Allen, E. Pierson, B. Kavanaugh, F. Tayim, S. Llanes, K. Poston, J. Beathard, P. Stolberg, W. Jones, J. Mayfield, J. Weller, P. Demireva, K. McInerney, T. Riddle, M. Primus, J. Highsmith, D. Everhart, K. Lehockey, S. Sullivan, S. Mandava, B. Murphy, L. Lalwani, M. Rosselli, R. Carrasco, S. Zuckerman, J. Brand, M. Rivera Mindt, S. Schaffer, K. Alper, O. Devinsky, W. Barr, K. Langer, J. Fraiman, J. Scagliola, E. Roman, A. Martinez, K. Konopacki, A. Juliano, D. Whiteside, G. Widmann, M. Franzwa, B. Sokal, E. Morgan, M. Bondi, L. Delano-Wood, R. Cormier, N. Cumley, M. Elek, M. Green, A. Kruger, L. Pacheco, G. Robinson, H. Welch, D. Parriott, S. Loe, L. Hughes, L. Natta, W. Quenicka, K. McGoldirck, T. Bennett, H. Soper, S. Collier, M. Connolly, M. Di Pinto, E. Handel, K. Davidson, E. Livers, S. Frantz, J. Allen, T. Jerard, S. Sakhai, S. Barney, K. McGoldrick, J. Sordahl, N. Torrence, and S. John

Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, General Medicine
Published
2012
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6. Hydrophobic silica aerogels prepared via rapid supercritical extraction

Author

Emily C. Green, Jason T. Melville, Ann M. Anderson, Mary K. Carroll, and Michael S. Bono

Subjects
Chromatography, Materials science, Extraction (chemistry), Supercritical fluid extraction, Aerogel, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Catalysis, Biomaterials, Contact angle, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Methanol, Sol-gel, Hydrophobic silica
Abstract

Hydrophobic silica aerogels have been prepared using the rapid supercritical extraction (RSCE) technique. The RSCE technique is a one-step methanol supercritical extraction method for producing aerogel monoliths in 3 to 8 h. Standard aerogels were prepared from a tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) recipe with a molar ratio of TMOS:MeOH:H2O:NH4OH of 1.0:12.0:4.0:7.4 × 10−3. Hydrophobic aerogels were prepared using the same recipe except the TMOS was replaced with a mixture of TMOS and one of the following organosilane co-precursors: methytrimethoxysilane (MTMS), ethyltrimethoxysilane (ETMS), or propyltrimeth-oxysilane (PTMS). Results show that, by increasing the amount of catalyst and increasing gelation time, monolithic aerogels can be prepared out of volume mixtures including up to 75% MTMS, 50% ETMS or 50% PTMS in 7.5–15 h. As the amount of co-precursor is increased the aerogels become more hydrophobic (sessile tests with water droplets yield contact angles up to 155°) and less transparent (transmission through a 12.2-mm thick sample decreases from 83 to 50% at 800 nm). The skeletal and bulk density decrease and the surface area increases (550–760 m2/g) when TMOS is substituted with increasing amounts of MTMS. The amount of co-precursor does not affect the thermal conductivity. SEM imaging shows significant differences in the nanostructure for the most hydrophobic surfaces.

Published
2009
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7. Equilibration of plain carbon and alloy steels with endothermic carburizing atmospheres: Part I. Activity of carbon in plain carbon steels

Author

Jong-il Hwang, Taegoo Jhee, Andrew T. Melville, and Young-Kyu Kim

Subjects
Materials science, Carbon steel, Alloy, Metallurgy, Metals and Alloys, chemistry.chemical_element, engineering.material, Condensed Matter Physics, Endothermic process, Carburizing, High carbon, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Metallic materials, Materials Chemistry, engineering, Carbon, FOIL method
Abstract

Experimental data on the activity of carbon in commercial plain carbon steel, AISI type 1010, common shim-stock material, at 871 °C, 927 °C, 1000 °C, and 1038 °C, equilibrated with common endothermic carburizing atmospheres, were found to be generally in agreement at relatively high carbon concentrations with previously published data on pure iron equilibrated with CO-CO2 mixtures. However, noticeable differences were found at low carbon concentrations. The carbon contents of type 1010 steel were generally higher compared to those of previously published data regarding pure iron except at very high activities of carbon. The carbon contents of type 1010 steel foil specimens by weight gain were generally higher than or equal to those chemically analyzed; however, they corresponded with each other within 0.02 wt.% except at very low carbon potentials.

Published
2009
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8. Choosing and evaluating sites for tidal current development

Author

Ian Bryden and G. T. Melville

Subjects
Hydrology, Engineering, Wind power, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Energy source, business, Tidal current, Energy (signal processing), Renewable energy, Marine engineering
Abstract

Tidal energy has been used since Roman times, although the use of tidal currents as a possible industrial energy source is a more modern concept. Unlike wind power, however, there is still no consensus on the most appropriate technology for resource exploitation. Similarities with wind power can cause errors of interpretation, especially when attempting to assess resource potential. The energy availability estimates that have been produced have, until now, only taken account of the apparent current flow speeds before the extraction of energy. As demonstrated in this paper, this may not be appropriate, especially for large energy extraction rates, which alter the underlying hydraulic nature of the flow environment. In a simple hypothetical channel linking two infinite oceans, a maximum extraction of 10 per cent of the apparent raw kinetic flux would appear to be acceptable. The limitations on sea loch type environments may, however, be less restrictive.

Published
2004
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9. Assessing the potential of a simple tidal channel to deliver useful energy

Author

T. Grinsted, Ian Bryden, and G. T. Melville

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Hydraulics, Flow (psychology), Flux, Energy flux, Ocean Engineering, Open-channel flow, law.invention, law, Extraction (military), business, Process engineering, Energy (signal processing), Simulation, Communication channel
Abstract

This paper briefly outlines the principles of energy extraction from tidal currents and develops a simple model, based upon open channel flow, for the assessment of the influence of such extraction upon the underlying hydraulics. It is shown that energy extraction does alter the flow within a simple channel. Extraction of 10% of the energy flux in a natural, undisturbed channel would produce a flow speed reduction of under 3% rising to 6% for the extraction of 20% of the natural flux. The authors suggest that 10% extraction could be considered as a guideline for developers wishing to make a conservative estimate of the extractable resource in a simple channel.

Published
2004
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10. Optical time domain reflectometer

Author

R T Melville, M. D. Rourke, S. M. Jensen, and M. K. Barnoski

Subjects
Materials science, Optical fiber, Backscatter, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Attenuation, Optical time-domain reflectometer, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Light scattering, law.invention, Optics, law, Fiber laser, Attenuation coefficient, Insertion loss, Business and International Management, business
Abstract

By using an optical time domain reflectometer a new measurement technique which allows displaying the length dependence of the fiber attenuation by analyzing backscattered light has been developed. This paper compares the backscatter and insertion-loss techniques. In addition, results of several experiments which illustrate the versatility of an optical time domain reflectometer are described.

Published
2010

12. Fracture Resistance of Wire-Wrapped Cylinders

Author

A. K. Shoemaker, J. E. Steiner, and T. Melville

Subjects
Stress (mechanics), Phase transition temperature, Brittleness, Materials science, business.industry, Ultimate tensile strength, Fracture (geology), Displacement (orthopedic surgery), Structural engineering, Fracture process, business, Ductility
Abstract

Steel cylinders wrapped with steel wire have the capability of offering not only an economical high-strength structure, but also a structure with improved fracture resistance compared with that of an unwrapped cylinder of equivalent strength. Accordingly, 2000-psi-pressure hydraulic burst tests were therefore conducted to determine the fracture resistance of 36-in-dia, 60-ksi yield-strength, 1000-psi-pressure wire-wrapped cylinders at different levels of shell notch ductility, which was varied by testing at different temperatures. The cylinders were prestressed with 1/4-in-dia cold-drawn wire, and the shells contained part-through-wall flaws. A similarly flawed unwrapped cylinder was tested for comparison. The working-stress level was 72 percent of the specified minimum yield strength in the shell and 60 percent of the minimum tensile strength in the wire. The results showed that at a pressure double that of the unwrapped shell, no crack extension occurred at a temperature at which the steel exhibited fully ductile shell behavior (+110 deg F). A 2-ft crack extension occurred at a temperature (+10 deg F) at which the steel was still in the transition temperature range from ductile-to-brittle behavior (about 20 percent shear fracture), but a brittle crack (−70 deg F) propagated to the end of the wire-wrapped shell. Except for the brittle propagating crack, wire wrapping appears to provide sufficient constraint of a shell defect or propagating crack to limit bulging and crack-opening displacement. A model based on the compatibility in displacements between the crack opening and the local wire strain is presented for calculating the arrest conditions of the propagating crack in the test at 10 deg F. The same flaw size was critical at the constant failure pressure for all test temperatures, and showed that, as predicted, ductile initiation occurs even at the −70 deg F temperature in both the wrapped and unwrapped-cylinder tests. A circumferential flaw was shown to be less critical than a longitudinal flaw of the same size.

Published
1973
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13. Preparation of Thin Sections by Ion Bombardment for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Author

P. H. Wackman, W. M. Hirthe, and A. T. Melville

Subjects
Conventional transmission electron microscope, Argon, Materials science, Scanning confocal electron microscopy, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, law.invention, chemistry, law, Transmission electron microscopy, Scanning transmission electron microscopy, Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy, Electron microscope, Atomic physics, Electron beam-induced deposition, Instrumentation
Abstract

The apparatus and technique for preparing thin sections of nonmetals suitable for transmission electron microscopy are described. The last stage of the thinning process involves bombardment with argon ions. The optimum operating conditions of the discharge tube were established for near stoichiometric rutile (TiO2), and the quality of the sections evaluated by observation at 100 kV in an electron microscope. Specimens having (001), (110), and (100) surfaces were successfully prepared, and no damage was in evidence as a result of the nature of the preparation. It is believed the technique can be extended to the preparation of thin sections suitable for transmission electron microscopy of metals, as well as other nonmetals.

Published
1967
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16. Switching of GaAs IMPATT diode oscillator by optical illumination

Author

R. G. Hunsperger, M. K. Barnoski, H. W. Yen, and R. T. Melville

Subjects
Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Oscillation, Physics::Optics, Schottky diode, Microwave oscillators, Power (physics), Intensity (physics), Optics, IMPATT diode, Optoelectronics, business, Microwave, Diode
Abstract

A study was made of the microwave oscillaton characteristics of GaAs IMPATT diodes under external optical illumination. It was found that depending on the diode’s bias condition, the frequency of oscillation and the intensity of illumination, the IMPATT microwave output power can be either enhanced or reduced.

Published
1977
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17. Caring for adolescents

Author

A W T Melville

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Physician-Patient Relations, Adolescent, Primary Health Care, business.industry, Primary health care, United Kingdom, Adolescent medicine, Adolescent Medicine, Family medicine, Medicine, Humans, Female, Family Practice, business
Published
1989

24. PROGRESS IN OTOLOGY

Author

T. Melville Hardie

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Otology, General surgery, Medicine, General Medicine, business
Published
1899
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25. AUXILIARY WORKERS

Author

N T Melville, W A Kerr, and E J Kelleher

Subjects
Nursing, business.industry, Medicine, Medical emergency, business, medicine.disease, General Nursing
Published
1969
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