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Six types of matrices of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers were prepared from different epoxies, amines, and thermoplastics at different curing conditions. Dynamic mechanical analysis measurements were performed to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of storage modulus E′, loss modulus E″, damping factor tan δ, and complex viscosity |η*|. Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectroscopy was carried out to evaluate each size and fraction of free-volume holes in the sample. The correlations between the dynamic mechanical properties and relative free-volume fraction were studied by using the Williams–Landel–Ferry equation. With increasing relative free-volume fraction, regular changes of dynamic mechanical properties are revealed: log[E′(T)] and log[|η*|(T)] decrease linearly in the temperature range of Tg(PAL) < T < Trub(E′) (Tg(PAL) is the glass transition temperature determined by PAL measurements; Trub(E′) is the lowest temperature where E′(T) curve coincides with its fitting line in the rubber...

Mott insulators sometimes show dramatic changes in their electronic states after photoirradiation, as indicated by photoinduced Mott-insulator-to-metal transition. In the photoexcited states of Mott insulators, electron wavefunctions are more delocalized than in the ground state, and long-range Coulomb interactions play important roles in charge dynamics. However, their effects are difficult to discriminate experimentally. Here, we show that in a one-dimensional Mott insulator, bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene-difluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (ET-F2TCNQ), long-range Coulomb interactions stabilize not only excitons, doublon-holon bound states, but also biexcitons. By measuring terahertz-electric-field-induced reflectivity changes, we demonstrate that odd- and even-parity excitons are split off from a doublon-holon continuum. Further, spectral changes of reflectivity induced by a resonant excitation of the odd-parity exciton reveals that an exciton-biexciton transition appears just below the exciton-transition peak. Theoretical simulations show that long-range Coulomb interactions over four sites are necessary to stabilize the biexciton. Such information is indispensable for understanding the non-equilibrium dynamics of photoexcited Mott insulators., Comment: 30 pages including 4 figures and 1 table (Supplementary Informations: 8 pages including 5 figures)

High-resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) was applied to Ti-deposited Si(0 0 1) surfaces, which were structurally characterized by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Negative chemical shift of Si due to Ti deposition was assigned to the distorted Ti Si bonds formed on the surface. The shift was reduced when a Ti sank beneath a Si dimer. Silicidation resulted in a positive shift to the Ti Si bonding. The charge on the Si atoms near Ti was estimated through preliminary natural bonding orbital (NBO) calculation. We show that the shifts can be explained in terms of the sensitivity of charges of Si near Ti to the local structure near the dimer.

The greater omentum of the cats is said to have a lace-like structure. However, there are only a few descriptions on whether pores exist, and there are not many morphological studies on this meshwork. In this study, the greater omentum of the cats was observed at each age of development using a scanning electron microscope. The greater omentum of the cats immediately after birth was found to be continuous, and no pores were observed. Also, development of microvilli was observed in the mesothelial cells on the surface of the greater omentum. In young cats at 3 months of age, small pores were sporadically observed, and at the ages of 6-12 months, there were more and larger pores. It was estimated that the pores on the greater omentum are formed in the process of moving from the movement of organs, such as the stomach, intestines and diaphragm, and the presence of these pores enables the passage of ascites between the omental bursa, the greater omentum and the serosal cavity of the wall without flowing through the omental foramen.

Background Lung resection after induction chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for down-staging of locally advanced lung cancer can be complicated with lethal interstitial pneumonia. We studied the effects of pneumonectomy on bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis in mice. Methods The mice underwent left pneumonectomy or a sham thoracotomy after intratracheal administration of saline or bleomycin. Lung permeability index, wet-to-dry weight ratio, histological changes, collagen contents, and concentrations of inflammatory mediators and cell counts in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were assessed in the residual right lung 7 d after surgery. Results The index of capillary permeability, lung water content, and inflammatory cell counts in BAL fluid were significantly increased by pneumonectomy. These measurements were highest in the mice with both pneumonectomy and intratracheal administration of bleomycin. Similarly, fibrotic change in lung pathology, as well as an increase in lung collagen content, was most prominent in the mice exposed to both interventions. The BAL fluid concentrations of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, RANTES, and high mobility group box 1 were significantly increased by pneumonectomy and enhanced by the additional administration of bleomycin. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that pneumonectomy alone causes noncritical lung injury, which amplifies the inflammatory response to bleomycin and promotes lung fibrosis. Several inflammatory mediators appear to be involved in the exacerbation of bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis.

Background: Several clinical trials have compared chemotherapy alone and chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) treatment. However, predictive biomarkers for optimal therapy of LAPC remain to be identified. We retrospectively estimated amplification of the ACTN4 gene to determine its usefulness as a predictive biomarker for LAPC. Methods: The copy number of ACTN4 in 91 biopsy specimens of LAPC before treatment was evaluated using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS) of LAPC between patients treated with chemotherapy alone or with CRT. In a subgroup analysis of patients treated with CRT, patients with a copy number increase (CNI) of ACTN4 had a worse prognosis of OS than those with a normal copy number (NCN) of ACTN4 (P=0.0005, log-rank test). However, OS in the subgroup treated with chemotherapy alone was not significantly different between patients with a CNI and a NCN of ACTN4. In the patients with a NCN of ACTN4, the median survival time of PFS in CRT-treated patients was longer than that of patients treated with chemotherapy alone (P=0.049). Conclusions: The copy number of ACTN4 is a predictive biomarker for CRT of LAPC.

Summary Mesentery samples obtained from 13 mixed breed cats were stereoscopically and microscopically examined and yielded the following results. In the mesentery, lamellar corpuscles were densely distributed around blood vessels, with a mean number of 182.2 ± 20.9 and mean maximum and minimum diameters of 0.98 ± 0.18 mm and 0.54 ± 0.08 mm, respectively. While most lamellar corpuscles were isolated, some complex lamellar corpuscles were found in the mesentery. Lamellar corpuscles in the mesentery appear to serve more as internal receptors that detect changes in the internal environment than as external receptors. In addition, those found around blood vessels in the mesentery are likely to be involved in blood pressure regulation.

We experienced an extremely rare case of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung metastasizing to the tonsil. A 66-year-old woman who had been undergone radical hysterectomy and radiated on whole pelvis in June, 2006, was pointed out 2 cm diameter abnormal shadow at the right S8 of the lung by computed tomography (CT) in May, 2007. In June, 2007, the right lower lobectomy with lymphandenectomy was done by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). The pathological diagnosis was stage IA LCNEC of the lung. In April, 2008, multiple metastases to the brain appeared, and the patient unederwent gamma knife treatment. In addition, metastases to the liver, lymphnode of abdomen, left adrenal and bone followed in 1 month. Although we considered a chemotherapy, her general condition deteriorated rapidly with development of right tonsil metastasis and died as lasly as 3 months later.

We investigated the efficacy of intraoperative fluorescent imaging system for the assessment of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We used SPY imaging system in 100 CABG (57 off-pump and 43 on-pump CABG), totalling 287 distal anastomoses. The total graft patency rate on postoperative angiography in this series was 96.2% (276/287). Graft revision was done in 10 cases (10.0%) and 13 anastomoses (4.5%) by SPY imaging, which all resulted in good patency at postoperative angiography. On the other hand, 7 distal anastomoses and 1 mammary graft (2.8%) appeared to be successful on intraoperative SPY imaging, but were revealed to be occluded by postoperative angiography. SPY imaging system is useful for graft validation, and may contribute to improvement of coronary bypass graft patency.

Recent lower hybrid current drive (LHCD), and heating (LHH) experiments on JT-60 are reported. The current drive product of neRpIRF approximately 12.5*1019 m-2 MA was achieved at the LH power of approximately 4.5 MW, and the CD efficiency, the energy confinement, the global power balance and the heat load on divertor plates were investigated in high power LHCD plasmas. Nearly steady state H-mode discharges were found during LHCD with two different frequency injections. Sawtooth suppression in NB heated plasmas by LHCD have shown an improvement in confinement near the plasma center. Parametric instabilities in LH heating experiments were significantly reduced by increasing the plasma current, and the stored energy increased linearly with heating power of up to approximately 9 MW at ne approximately 7*1019 m-3 and Ip=2.75 MA. Parametric instabilities near the plasma edge in the ion heating regime were also reduced in peaked density plasmas produced by pellet injection and LH waves increased the central plasma pressure at ne(0) > 1.4*1020 m-3.

Aim: Monitoring of tumor biology provides pivotal information for suitable therapy. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) released into the blood stream from primary tumor and metastases may reflect current tumor status. The ClearCell FX system (Clearbridge Biomedics, Singapore), which uses a label-free inertial microfluidics approach based on biomechanical properties, is able to capture CTCs independent of EpCAM expression. We investigated the tumor biology by performing genomic profiling of CTCs using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methods: Patients with advanced gastric and colorectal cancer were enrolled in this study. We collected 10mL of blood from each patient. CTCs were extracted by using the Clearcell FX system. DNA was prepared immediately after isolation, after a week's culture with RepCellTM (CellSeed) which was a temperature-responsive cell cultureware. Whole genome amplification (WGA) was performed by using REPLI-g Single Cell Kit (Qiagen), and NGS was performed by using Ion Ampliseq (LifeTechnology). Cells were enumerated using cytokeratin staining and immunocytochemical analysis. At the same time, we prepared DNA not only from peripheral blood mononuclear cells but also from plasma (cell-free DNA). Results: 8 patients were enrolled; 6 had colorectal cancer and 2 had gastric cancer. Median of CTC count was 6/mL (ranges 3 to 14). On the other hand, the number of CTCs collected by CellSearch ranged from 0 to 1/7.5mL. In these 8 cases, either right after isolation or after 1 week of culture, DNA derived from CTCs was successfully prepared by WGA. NGS was successfully performed with WGA treated DNA from CTCs and related materials. Conclusions: By using ClearCell FX System's label-free technology, we were able to capture a larger number of CTCs from patients with gastric and colorectal cancer than with using the CellSearch system. NGS from CTCs and related materials can be performed successfully. Disclosure: A. Kakimoto: I am a employee of SRL Inc.; T. Sakuma: I am a employee of Mitsui Knowledge Industry Co and Ltd.; S. Fang: I am a employee of Clearbridge Accelarator; A. Wu: I am a employee of Clearbridge Bio Medics; C.T. Lim: I have stock of Clearbridge Biomedics Pte Ltd. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

A 42-year-old man without symptoms was admitted to the hospital because of a well-circumscribed mass in his left upper lung field, which was found on a routine chest X-ray film. CT of the chest revealed a well-defined homogeneous mass in the left upper lobe. Bronchial biopsy yielded material unsatisfactory for diagnosis. On thoracotomy a tumor, entirely within the lung parenchyma, was found to occupy S3. Due to its size and location left upper lobectomy was done. Histologically, the tumor contained interlacing bundles of spindle cells compatible with fibroma, with no indicators of malignancy. Intrapulmonary fibromas are rare and only one report could be found in the Japanese literature.

An experimental study was conducted to investigate whether a segment of autogenous esophagus with its lumen supported by an expandable metallic stent (EMS) could be successfully used as a tracheal substitute. Seven rings of the cervical trachea were circumferentially removed and reconstructed by interposing a pedicled segment of the esophagus with an EMS in six mongrel dogs. The interposed esophagus was observed endoscopically at various stages after the operation. By 1 month, the EMS was found to be buried under the esophageal mucosa, and the lumen was patent. The dogs died 5, 17, 61, 92, 210, and 478 days after the operation, but the cause of death could not be determined by postmortem examination and no respiratory tract complications were detected. The results of this study indicated that a segment of the esophagus with its lumen supported by an EMS could work as a reliable tracheal substitute, though its practical use is not clinically feasible. Nevertheless, we conclude that some autogenous material other than the esophagus with its lumen supported by an EMS could provide a feasible method for tracheal replacement.

An asymptomatic 26-year-old male was admitted to our hospital for examination of an abnormal mediastinal shadow on chest X-ray. Chest CT showed a large mass in the anterior mediastinum with marked para-aortic lymph node enlargement. The mass consisted mostly of multiloculated low-density areas surrounded by a rim of enhancing parenchymal tissue. Both the cystic tumor and surrounding lymph nodes were resected. The tumor measured 18 x 10 x 2 cm and contained about 450 ml of straw colored fluid. Pathological examination revealed a thymic cyst, the wall of which was composed of Hodgkin's lymphoma cells and nodular sclerotic lesions containing many lacunar cells and Reed-Sternberg cells.

A 65-year-old male complaining dyspnea on exertion and epigastric discomfort was diagnosed to have left traumatic diaphragmatic hernia elsewhere and referred to Keio university Hospital for treatment. He had thoracicio-abdominal trauma which was conservatively treated, 40 years ago. Because he was symptomatic and the possibility of future strangulation could not be denied, surgical repair of the hernia was performed. The defect in the diaphragm was too large to be directly sutured and it was repaired with GORE-TEX patch. The gastric fundus partially prolapsed in the paraesophageal region, but the diaphragm was repaired quite satisfactorily otherwise. Pulmonary function and dyspnea on exertion improved.

The authors report a rare complication during aspiration of a brain abscess. A 23 year-old man who had undergone surgery for empyema two months previously presented himself at our hospital complaining of headache, deterioration of activity and conscious level. An emergency computed tomography demonstrated a left frontal brain abscess. Aspiration and drainage were performed. However, this resulted in massive hematoma in and around the abscess capsule. Following craniotomy and excision of the abscess, the patient was cured. Microscopic examination of the abscess revealed the formation of a complete capsule consisting of fibroblasts and collagen fiber. In addition to this, significant neovascularization with inflammatory cells was apparent around the capsule. These findings suggest that profuse hemorrhage may occur in aspiration and drainage surgery.

Two types of totally artificial oxygen carriers were produced (1)by embedding synthetic lipidhemes (as oxygen carriers) in bilayers of liposomes as vehicles of lipidhemes (L/H) and (2)by covering clinically available fat droplets (triglyceride microspheres) with synthetic lipidhemes (LHM). Fat droplets were used as vehicles of lipidhemes. Their oxygen carrying ability in vivo was examined in beagles undergoing hemorrhagic shock. L/H delivered 15.7 to 19.2% of total oxygen delivery. From 12.7 to 24.4% of total oxygen consumption was from L/H. LHM delivered 11.6 to 7.3% of total oxygen delivery. From 13.1 to 16.4% of total oxygen consumption was from LHM. These totally synthetic red blood cell substitutes can be candidates for future clinical testing.

We have succeeded in synthesizing a new type of totally artificial oxygen carrier which was produced by covering oil droplets (microsphere) with synthetic hemes (LH-M). We studied its oxygen-transporting ability in hemorrhagic dogs. Four beagles weighing about 8 kg were studied. Under controlled ventilation, exchange-transfusion of 30 ml/kg was carried out. Cardiac output, hemoglobin and LH-M concentration in the blood, and blood gas were measured to 5 hours after intravenous injection of LH-M solution. LH-M delivered 15.7 to 22.3 ml/min (11 to 16%) of oxygen to the tissue and 5.5 to 8.2 ml/min (11 to 17%) of oxygen was consumed from LH-M to 5 hours after intravenous injection. Its half-life time in the blood stream was about 12 hours. It was confirmed that LH-M transported oxygen and released it to the tissue in vivo.

Thirty-six patients underwent tracheobronchoplastic procedures for treatment of tuberculous tracheobronchial stenosis. The modes of operations were left upper sleeve lobectomy in 13 patients, sleeve resection of the left main bronchus in 12 patients (two underwent concomitant left upper lobectomy), right upper sleeve lobectomy in five patients, sleeve resection of the right intermediate bronchus in two patients, right sleeve superior segmentectomy of the lower lobe in one patient, sleeve resection of the trachea with concomitant left pneumonectomy in one patient, carinal resection with right upper sleeve lobectomy and middle lobectomy in one patient, and dilatation of the left main bronchus with a free skin graft reinforced with a steel wire in one patient. One patient died of pulmonary edema of unknown cause on the first postoperative day. Anastomotic stenosis occurred in seven patients. One of these patients underwent reoperation and six underwent endoscopic dilatation. One patient died in the hospital of massive bleeding during endoscopic dilatation 4 months after operation. Slight to moderate stenosis resulted in the remaining patients. Although there are some complications, we believe bronchoplastic operation is worthwhile for restoring pulmonary function in patients with tuberculous tracheobronchial stenosis.

Cervical teratomas are rare neoplasms in adults. A 21-year-old male was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of a cervical tumor. CT scan and MRI showed the tumor extended into the mediastinum and not invaded to surrounding tissue. 201T1 scintigram showed increased uptake in the tumor. The tumor was resected with coller incision and median sternotomy. Histological examination revealed mature teratoma. The patient remains free of disease one year and seven months after operation.

Thirty-seven patients with tracheobronchial lesions by malignant tumor were treated with Nd-YAG laser. Thirty-seven patients were twenty-three males and fourteen females and ages ranged from 34 to 79 years. Diseases included were primary tracheal tumor in 3 cases, lung cancer in 16 (8 squamous cell carcinoma, 5 adenocarcinoma, 2 large cell carcinoma, 1 small cell carcinoma), cancer of adjacent organs in 9 (5 thyroid cancers, 4 esophageal cancers), and metastatic cancer to the lung or mediastinal lymph nodes in 9 (4 renal cell carcinoma, 2 thyroid cancer, one patient respectively, colon cancer and breast cancer). Intermittent irradiation of YAG laser was done for 0.5 second at 30-40 Watt through flexible bronchoscope under local anesthesia. It was repeated 1 to 41 times (mean 4.1 times) and energy amount was 148 Joules to 18,513 Joules (mean 3,305 J). The result was; stenosis disappeared in 22 cases (59.4%), improved in 14 (37.8%), and in one case YAG laser therapy discontinued due to intractable bleeding. The Nd-YAG laser therapy for tracheobronchial lesions by malignant tumor is very useful to improve dyspnea or atelectasis.

A 42″ diagonal PALC display with VGA resolution has been developed. The new display shows the suitability of the PALC technology for large area flat panel displays. An advanced ASM mode has been developed and applied, resulting in a wide viewing angle. LCD technology has an intrinsic high daylight contrast and the display brightness can be independently adjusted by the backlight. By these properties the new 42″ PALC display can be effectively applied as wall-hanging TV, or other applications where a combination of high brightness, large viewing angle, and daylight contrast is required.

— A 25-in. PALC display having 768 × 448 full-color triads has been developed. It utilizes screen-printed plasma channels as line-selective electrical switches to actively address liquid-crystal cells. A large-panel-display design, plasma-switch operation, and prototype characteristics are described.

A rat model of cortical vein occlusion by the photochemical thrombotic technique was used to evaluate whether monitoring the change in the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) could predict brain damage after cortical vein occlusion. The cortical vein occlusion was attained by using the photochemical thrombotic technique, and the sequential LCBF was measured by using a laser Doppler flowmeter positioned over the middle frontal cortex between two adjacent dorsal veins for 120 minutes after the start of the irradiation to the cortical vein. Rats were assigned to one of three experimental groups. In Group A (n = 10), one dorsal cerebral vein was occluded; in Group B (n = 10), two adjacent dorsal cerebral veins were occluded; and in a sham-operated group (n = 5), the rats also underwent craniotomy and light exposure but received injections of saline rather than the rose bengal dye. After 24 hours, the rats were submitted to perfusion fixation and were examined histopathologically. After irradiation-induced cortical vein occlusion, a gradual and significant decrease of the LCBF was observed in both Group A (significantly different from the LCBF of the sham-operated group after 90 min, P0.05, and 120 min, P0.01) and Group B (significantly different from the LCBF of the sham-operated group at 30 min, P0.05, and at 60, 90, and 120 min, P0.01). Significant differences (P0.01) in the LCBF were also seen between the two experimental groups at 90 and 120 minutes after the start of the irradiation and the subsequent brain damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Emphases in JT-60 experiments are placed on (1) lower-hybrid (LH) current drive characteristics with a multi-junction type launcher, and (2) the confinement study with combination of neutral beam injection LH current drive and pellet injection. The new multi-junction LH launcher provides a sharp N/sub /// spectrum with high directivity for N/sub ///=1-3.4. The current drive efficiency and the radial distribution of high energy electron production show clear correlation with injected N/sub ///: the current drive efficiency has the maximum at low N/sub ///( approximately 1.3) while flattening of plasma current is more effective in large N/sub ///. A broad radial distribution of high energy electron current and approximately 30% reduction in sawtooth inversion radius were obtained by high N/sub /// ( approximately 2.5) LH injection. To fully suppress the sawtooth activity, low N/sub /// ( approximately 1.3) injection was found to be more effective. Improved energy confinement has been obtained with hydrogen pellet injection. Energy confinement time was enhanced up to 40% relative to usual gas fuelled discharges. The discharge has a strongly peaked electron density profile with ne(0)/(ne) approximately 5 and ne(0) approximately 2.0*1020 m-3. The improved discharges are characterized by a strongly peaked pressure profile within the q=1 magnetic surface, and degrades when a large sawtooth recovers or the pressure gradient may reach a critical value. When large (3 mm, 4 mm) and fast (2.2 km/s) pellets were injected, 30% energy confinement improvement was obtained even during the NB heating of 14 MW. Further investigations of IDC characteristics have been made. The oxygen impurity lines from the main plasma and the main radiative loss drop first. Then the plasma stored energy starts to rise. The particle recycling is reduced around the main plasma, and is localized in the neighborhood of the X-point with a time lag of approximately 0.2 sec. Eventually the discharge shows a significant remote radiative cooling power at the divertor region.

Essential divertor functions — density and energy control — have been investigated in the JT-60 divertor with metal walls. Neutral pressure in the divertor chamber increases in proportion to n2e and high recycling state for particle exhaust is realized. At ne ≤ 6 × 1019m−3, wall pumping by the divertor plates is dominant in particle exhaust. However, at ne ≥ 6 × 1019m−3, particle exhaust by active divertor pumping systems becomes essential. Because of the effectiveness of the divertor, radiation loss in the main plasma is reduced to 5–10% of the absorbed power and impurity concentrations are significantly suppressed at very low level (Zeff = 1.5-2.0). In the experiments with graphite walls, short periods of H-mode phases were found in the outside X-point divertor discharges although improvement in energy confinement is limited to within 10%. In limiter discharges, combination of high vessel temperature (210–300 °C) and low current limiter discharges (1.5 MA) without gas puffing is effective as a wall conditioning in obtaining reproducible high density discharges. The maximum parameters, Ip = 3.2 MA, ne = 1.2 × 1020m−3, qeff = 2.2 at Bt = 4.8T, a Murakami parameter of 7.5, and a stored energy of 3.1 MJ have been attained. The maximum density is limited by the occurence of the MARFE. During high power neutral beam heating, enhanced carbon influx was observed possibly due to chemical sputtering. The wall pumping by the inner wall is still effective in decreasing the electron density from the high density region of ne ~ 1 × 1020m−3. An empirical energy confinement scaling of JT-60 has been drawn in terms of an offset linear function as τE = 0.19 I1.9PPabs + 0.062 a1.8p

With the use of a calculating work tester, a paced calculating task consisting of addition or subtraction of two 2-digit numbers was imposed for five minutes at each of eight grades of workload upon 24 healthy male students. The subject's scalp EEG was recorded for 10 s at the occipital midline (Oz) during rest and task performance, and the average amplitude was obtained for each of the five spectral bands. The subjective rating of the hardness of each task was adopted as a subjective measure of mental task strain. The logarithm of percentage of errors, the amplitudes of the alpha, beta 1, and beta 2 bands and the subjective ratings of hardness of the task increased in linear proportion to the workloads of the task. The highest correlation was found between the subjective ratings and the percentage increases of the Oz beta 2 amplitude over the resting level. It was suggested that these two measures would be useful for the measurement of mental task strain. In addition, it was judged that workloads of more than 90% of capacity induce excessive mental task strain in the subject.

From June to October 1987, JT-60 achieved fusion product (ne(0). tau E*.Ti(0)) of 6*1019 m-3.keV.s with hydrogen plasma at plasma current of 2.8 to 3.1 MA with neutral beam power of approximately 20 MW. The central electron density of 1.3*1020 m-3 was obtained at plasma current of 3 MA with 13 approximately 20 MW neutral beam power and the confinement time reached 0.14-0.18 s. An offset linear scaling law like the Shimomura-Odajima scaling on confinement time will be able to reproduce experimental data better than that of the Goldston type scaling. With low beam energy injection approximately 40 keV, confinement degradation was found. Many short periods (0.05 approximately 0.1 s) of H-mode phase were found in outside X-point divertor discharges with NB or NB+RF(LH or IC) heating power above 16 MW. However, improvement in energy confinement time was limited to 10 %. The ballooning/interchange stability analyses were also made for the outside X-point divertor equilibrium in connection with H0-phase capability. Heating powers of 9.5 MW and 1.9 MW were obtained by LHRF, ICRF injection, respectively. In combined LHRF and NB heating, the incremental energy confinement time of 0.064 s was obtained, which is the same level of that of NB heating only. In combined NB and on-axis ICRF heating of low ne discharge, an incremental energy confinement time of 0.21 s was obtained, which is three times as long as those of NB or ICRF heating only. High energy beam ions were accelerated by ICRF in the central region of the plasma.

Two cases of internal carotid aneurysms, trapped and bypassed, by means of radial artery grafts are discussed. Neither case has permanent neurological deficit possibly because of an adequate blood supply via the radial artery graft bypass. Although the radial artery graft has been in common use among cardiac surgeons, it is still rare in the neurosurgical field. The advantage of the radial artery is discussed with comparison to other graft materials such as the saphenous vein and the superficial temporal artery. In properly selected cases, the radial artery graft is useful in preventing the ischemic damage caused by an aneurysm being trapped at the main arterial trunk.

Occipital midline beta-2 (Oz beta 2) amplitudes and subjective ratings of task difficulty were measured in 24 healthy male students, aged 19-23 years, performing four kinds of mental task (transcribing, cancelling, adding, and calculating) at two grades of self-pace (maximum workload and moderate workload) for 5 min each. Significant differences in Oz beta 2 amplitudes were observed between the tasks at either workload, except between the adding task and the calculating task. However no significant difference in the subjective ratings was observed between the tasks at either workload, except between the adding task and the calculating task or the cancelling task at maximum workload. Thus the Oz beta 2 amplitude was more sensitive to differentiation of task strain between the mental tasks, than the subjective rating. In comparison with the critical levels deduced previously, it was estimated from the Oz beta 2 amplitudes that all the tasks at either workload could induce heavy task strain in the subject, except for the cancelling task at moderate workload. From the subjective ratings, however, it was estimated that no task could induce heavy task strain in the subject. It was, moreover, suggested that the Oz beta 2 amplitudes reflected the difference in the quality of cortical functions and that the subjective ratings of task difficulty were associated with time pressure rather than the quality of cortical functions.