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This study was conducted on the association of terrestrial insect herbivore communities with flora and plant communities in the riparian zone of an urban river in Daejeon, Korea. The survey was conducted in May, August, and October on three sites that are composed typical habitat diversity in the river. As a result of the analysis, the highest matching rate of insect herbivore host plant and flora of the site was site 1 with 93%. In addition, the dominant and subdominant species of the terrestrial insect herbivores showed a very close association with the dominant plant species that make up the plant community. As a result of analysis of similarity among the sites, the most heterogeneous group of terrestrial insect herbivore communities were in May, which presumed to be affected by changes in biomass of host plants before and after the rainy season. The results of this study can be used as data necessary for the conservation of biodiversity in riparian zone in the future.

One of the most cited limitations of capillary and microchip electrophoresis is the poor sensitivity. This review continues to update this series of biannual reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, on developments in the field of online/in‐line concentration methods in capillaries and microchips, covering the period July 2016–June 2018. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field‐amplified sample stacking and large‐volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction, and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or in‐line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The purpose of this study was to use the same ice temperature and air temperature as the Pyeongchang Curling Stadium by using an Ice Chamber. Then, launch the stone at the same speed, and move according to the sweeping conditions (perpendicular to the axis of motion, along the axis of motion) of male and female elite curlers. The aim is to provide sports science information required for curling athletes by analyzing the distance of the stone, the change in the speed of a moved stone, the change in broom acceleration, and athletes&rsquo, muscle activity. The results of experiments conducted on four male and four elite female curlers are as follows. Under gender, the stone&rsquo, s movement distance was long after the sweeping of male athletes, and the speed of the stone was not different according to the conditions. The broom&rsquo, s acceleration did not show a difference in both the sweeping condition and the athlete&rsquo, s gender condition, and the muscle activity did not show a significant difference in both the sweeping condition and the gender condition. In summary, it is thought that male athletes moved the stone farther by raising the ice surface temperature by vertical load than female athletes. Also, there was no statistically significant difference in muscle activity results, but it was found that there was a specific pattern of muscle activity in the pushing and pulling motions during the sweeping of male and female athletes. It is expected to be used as primary data.

Derivatization is a frequently used sample preparation procedure applicable to the enhancement of analyte detection sensitivity. Amino acids mostly require derivatization prior to electrophoretic or chromatographic analysis, especially if spectrophotometric detection is used. This study presents an on-line preconcentration technique for derivatized amino acids. The sensitivity of the method was improved by the utilization of the proposed acid-induced pH-mediated stacking mechanism. The method is demonstrated by preconcentration of amino acids labeled with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Use of optimized conditions for a large sample volume injection (40 s, 13.8 kPa) followed by electrokinetic injection of 0.1 M HCl (20 s, 10 kV) gave a 20- to 30-fold enhancement of sensitivity. The significance of the sweeping mechanism and pseudo-isotachophoresis for the on-line sample focusing and the influence of parameters on the preconcentration process were discussed. The applicability of the elaborated method was demonstrated using human urine samples. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00216-014-8104-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Forest road aggregate changes due to traffic. The physical processes that cause these aggregate changes need to be understood for more effective road management that can help reduce maintenance costs and efforts, and negative environmental impacts of forest roads. This study modeled three processes that could change the particle size distribution (PSD) of forest road aggregate: crushing (breaking down the surfacing material), subgrade mixing (moving upward of fine-grained, roadbed sediment), and sweeping (migration of loose aggregate particles to the shoulder and roadside by tire action). There are two types of sweeping: sweeping-out (dislodging large-size particles from tire tracks) and sweeping-in (accumulating large-size particles near the roadside and shoulder). Our study modeled the expected traffic-induced processes based on theoretical concepts and literature to examine how these processes change forest road aggregate PSD. Then the modeled results were compared with the observed PSDs from cross-sectional locations where traffic-induced processes likely occurred. Based on these comparisons, we enhanced the modeling and inferred how much the crushing, subgrade mixing, and sweeping-in processes changed the PSDs, but could not infer the sweeping-out process due to the difficulty in separating the sweeping-out from crushing. This study demonstrates that the traffic-induced processes could be modeled and quantified using the following assumptions: crushing was estimated by assuming a half logarithmic normal distribution with a mean of the crushed particle diameter and higher crushing rates for large-size particles, subgrade mixing was estimated by assuming the move-in of fine-grained subgrade soils from the road bed, and sweeping-in was estimated by assuming the move-in of large-size particles with a logarithmic normal distribution. Our modeling approach can offer insights on how traffic-induced processes affect road aggregate under various road and traffic conditions. This information can be useful in developing cost-effective road maintenance strategies and implementation plans.

CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Il tatto assume un'importanza fondamentale nella vita quotidiana, in quanto ci permette di discriminare le caratteristiche fisiche di un oggetto specifico, di identificarlo e di eventualmente integrare le suddette informazioni tattili con informazioni provenienti da altri canali sensoriali. Questa è la componente sensoriale-discriminativa del tatto. Tuttavia quotidianamente il tatto assume un ruolo fondamentale durante le diverse interazioni sociali, positive, come quando abbracciamo o accarezziamo una persona con cui abbiamo un rapporto affettivo e negative, per esempio quando allontaniamo una persona estranea dal nostro spazio peri-personale. Questa componente è la cosiddetta dimensione affettiva-motivazionale, la quale determina la codifica della valenza emotiva che l'interazione assume. Questa componente ci permette di creare, mantenere o distruggere i legami sociali in relazione al significato che il tocco assume durante l'interazione. Se per esempio riceviamo una carezza da un familiare, questa verrà percepita come piacevole e assumerà un significato affiliativo. Questo tipo di tocco è comunente definito come Tocco Sociale (Social Touch). Gli aspetti discriminativi del tatto sono stati ben caratterizzati, in quanto storicamente, il ruolo del tatto è stato considerato quello di discriminare le caratteristiche di ciò che viene toccato, mentre gli aspetti affettivi sono stati solo recentemente indagati considerando la loro importanza nelle interazioni sociali. Il tocco statico responsabile dell'aspetto discriminante attiva a livello della pelle le grandi fibre mieliniche (Aβ), modulando a livello del sistema nervoso centrale le cortecce sensoriali, sia primarie che secondarie. Questo permette la codifica a livello del sistema nervoso centrale delle caratteristiche fisiche oggettive degli oggetti toccati. Studi riguardanti le caratteristiche del tocco affiliativo sociale hanno messo in evidenza che suddetta stimolazione tattile 1) è un particolare tocco dinamico che avviene sul lato peloso delle pelle con una velocità di 1-10 cm/sec; 2) attiva le fibre amieliniche (fibre CT o C-LTMRs); 3) induce positivi effetti autonomici, ad esempio la diminuzione della frequenza cardiaca e l'aumento della variabilità della frequenza cardiaca; e 4) determina la modulazione di regioni cerebrali coinvolte nella codifica del significato affiliativo dello stimolo sensoriale periferico, in particolare la corteccia insulare. Il senso del tatto, con le sue due dimensioni discriminativa e affiliativa, è quotidianamente usato non solo negli esseri umani, ma anche tra i primati non umani. Infatti, tutti i primati non umani utilizzano la componente discriminativa del tatto per identificare gli oggetti e il cibo e l'aspetto emotivo durante le interazioni sociali, sia negative come durante un combattimento, che positive, come durante i comportamenti affiliativi tra cui il grooming. I meccanismi di codifica della componente discriminativa dei primati non umani sono simili a quelli umani. Tuttavia, si conosce ben poco dei meccanismi alla base della codifica del tocco piacevole affiliativo. Pur essendo ben noto che i meccanorecettori amilienici C-LTMRs sono presenti anche sul lato peloso della pelle dei primati non umani, attualmente non ci sono studi riguardanti la correlazione tra il tocco piacevole e la loro modulazione, come invece è stato ampiamente dimostrato nell'uomo. Recentemente è stato ipotizzato (Dunbar, 2010) il ruolo delle fibre C-LTMRs durante il grooming, in particolare durante il cosiddetto swepping. Il grooming è costituito da due azioni motorie, lo sweeping e il picking che vengono eseguite in modo ritmico. Durante lo sweeping la scimmia agente muove il pelo della scimmia ricevente con un movimento a mano aperta, per poter vedere il preciso punto della pelle dove eseguire il picking, ovvero dove prendere la pelle a livello della radice del pelo con le unghie dell'indice e del pollice e tirare per rimuovere parassiti o uova di parassiti e ciò che è rimasto incastrato nel pelo. Oltre il noto ruolo igenico, il grooming sembra avere anche una importante funzione sociale affiliativa. Come la carezza nella società umana, cosi il grooming tra i primati non umani è considerato un comportamento. Secondo l'ipotesi di Dunbar l'attivazione delle C-LTMRs avverrebbe durante lo sweeping e questo porta a supporre che lo sweeping, come la carezza umana, costituisca una componente affiliativa del grooming, determinando quindi a contribuire alla sua codifica come comportamento sociale. Fino ad ora non vi è però alcuna prova diretta a sostegno di questa ipotesi. In particolare, 1) la velocità cui viene eseguito lo sweeping è compatibile con la velocità di attivazione delle fibre CT nell'uomo e quindi con la velocità tipica della carezza piacevole di carattere sociale affiliativo (1-10 cm/sec)?; 2) lo sweeping induce la stessa modulazione del sistema nervoso autonomo in direzione della modulazione del sistema vagale, come il tocco piacevole nell'uomo, attraverso l'attivazione delle fibre CT?; 3) lo sweeping modula la corteccia insulare, cosi come il tocco piacevole viene codificato come affiliativo nell'uomo mediante le proiezioni delle fibre CT a livello dell'insula posteriore? Lo scopo del presente lavoro è quella di testare l'ipotesi di Dunbar sopra citata, cercando quindi di rispondere alle suddette domande. Le risposte potrebbero consentire di ipotizzare la somiglianza tra lo sweeping, caratteristico del comportamento affiliativo di grooming tra i primati non umani e la carezza. In particolare, abbiamo eseguito 4 studi pilota. Nello Studio 1 abbiamo valutato la velocità con cui viene eseguito lo sweeping tra scimmie Rhesus, mediante una analisi cinematica di video registrati tra un gruppo di scimmie Rhesus. Negli Studi 2 e 3 abbiamo valutato gli effetti sul sistema nervoso autonomo dello sweeping eseguito dallo sperimentatore su una scimmia Rhesus di sesso maschile in una tipica situazione sperimentale. La stimolazione tattile è stata eseguita a diverse velocità, in accordo con i risultati dello Studio 1 e degli studi umani che hanno dimostrato la velocità ottimale e non ottimale per l'attivazione delle C-LTMRs. In particolare, nello Studio 2 abbiamo misurato la frequenza cardiaca e la variabilità di questa, come indice della modulatione vagale, mentre nello Studio 3 abbiamo valutato gli effetti dello sweeping sul sistema nervoso autonomo in termini di variazioni di temperatura del corpo, nello specifico a livello del muso della scimmia. Infine, nello Studio 4 abbiamo studiato il ruolo della corteccia somatosensoriale secondaria e insulare nella codifica dello sweeping. A questo scopo abbiamo eseguito registrazioni di singoli neuroni mentre la medesima scimmia soggetto sperimentale dello Studio 2 e 3, riceveva lo sweeping a due velocità, una ottimale per l'attivazione delle C-LTMRs secondo gli studi umani e i risultati dei tre studi sopra citati, ed una non ottimale. I dati preliminari ottenuti, dimostrano che 1) (Studio 1) lo sweeping tra scimmie Rhesus viene eseguito con una velocità media di 9.31 cm/sec, all'interno dell'intervallo di attivazione delle fibre CT nell'uomo; 2) (Studio 2) lo sweeping eseguito dallo sperimentatore sulla schiena di una scimmia Rhesus di sesso maschile in una situazione sperimentale determina una diminuzione della frequenza cardiaca e l'aumento della variabilità della frequenza cardiaca se eseguito alla velocità di 5 e 10 cm/sec. Al contrario, lo sweeping eseguito ad una velocità minore di 1 cm/sec o maggiore di 10 cm/sec, determina l'aumento della frequenza cardiaca e la diminuzione della variabilità di questa, quindi il decremento dell'attivazione del sistema nervoso parasimpatico; 3) (Studio 3) lo sweeping eseguito dallo sperimentatore sulla schiena di una scimmia Rhesus di sesso maschile in una situazione sperimentale determina l'aumento della temperatura corporea a livello del muso della scimmia se eseguito alla velocità di 5-10 cm/sec. Al contrario, lo sweeping eseguito ad una velocità minore di 5 cm/sec o maggiore di 10 cm/sec, determina la diminuzione della temperatura del muso; 4) (Studio 4) la corteccia somatosensoriale secondaria e la corteccia insulare posteriore presentano neuroni selettivamente modulati durante lo sweeping eseguito ad una velocità di 5-13 cm/sec ma non neuroni selettivi per la codifica della velocità dello sweeping minore di 5 cm/sec. Questi risultati supportano l'ipotesi di Dunbar relativa al coinvolgimento delle fibre CT durante lo sweeping. Infatti i dati mettono in luce che lo sweeping viene eseguito con una velocità (9.31 cm/sec), simile a quella di attivazione delle fibre CT nell'uomo (1-10 cm/sec), determina gli stessi effetti fisiologici positivi in termini di frequenza cardiaca (diminuzione) e variabilità della frequenza cardiaca (incremento) e la modulazione delle medesime aree a livello del sistema nervoso centrale (in particolare la corteccia insulare). Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato per la prima volta che suddetta stimolazione tattile determina l'aumento della temperatura del muso della scimmia. Il presente studio rappresenta la prima prova indiretta dell'ipotesi relativa alla modulazione del sistema delle fibre C-LTMRs durante lo sweeping e quindi della codifica della stimolazione tattile piacevole affiliativa a livello del sistema nervoso centrale ed autonomo, nei primati non umani. I dati preliminari qui presentati evidenziano la somiglianza tra il sistema delle fibre CT dell'uomo e del sistema C-LTMRs nei primati non umano, riguardanti il Social Touch. Nonostante ciò abbiamo riscontrato alcune discrepanze tra i risultati da noi ottenuti e quelli invece ottenuti dagli studi umani. La velocità media dello sweeping è di 9.31 cm / sec, rasente il limite superiore dell’intervallo di velocità che attiva le fibre CT nell'uomo. Inoltre, gli effetti autonomici positivi, in termini di battito cardiaco, variabilità della frequenza cardiaca e temperatura a livello del muso, sono stati evidenziati durante lo sweeping eseguito con una velocità di 5 e 10 cm/sec, quindi al limite superiore dell’intervallo ottimale che attiva le fibre CT nell’uomo. Al contrario, lo sweeping eseguito con una velocità inferiore a 5 cm/sec e superiore a 10 cm/sec determina effetti fisiologici negativo. Infine, la corteccia insula sembra essere selettivamente modulata dallo stimolazione eseguita alla velocità di 5-13 cm/sec, ma non 1-5 cm/sec. Quindi, gli studi sul sistema delle fibre CT nell’uomo hanno dimostrato che la velocità ottimale è 1-10 cm/sec, mentre dai nostri risultati la velocità ottimale sembra essere 5-13 cm / sec. Quindi, nonostante l'omologia tra il sistema delle fibre CT nell'umano deputato alla codifica del tocco piacevole affiliativo ed il sistema delle fibre C-LTMRs nei primati non umani, ulteriori studi saranno necessari per definire con maggiore precisione la velocità ottimale di attivazione delle fibre C-LTMR e per dimostrare direttamente la loro attivazione durante lo sweeping, mediante la misurazione diretta della loro modulazione. Studi in questa direzione potranno confermare l'omologia tra lo sweeping in qualità di tocco affiliativo piacevole tra i primati non umani e la carezza tra gli uomini. Infine, il presente studio potrebbe essere un importante punto di partenza per esplorare il meccanismo evolutivo dietro la trasformazione dello sweeping tra primati non umani, azione utilitaria eseguita durante il grooming, a carezza, gesto puramente affiliativo tra gli uomini. The sense of touch assumes a critical importance in daily life, since allow us to discriminate and to haptically explore and identify objects, integrating or not with other sensory information. This is the sensory-discriminative aspect of the touch. Nevertheless we also used the sense of touch during many social interactions, both positive, e.g. to caress a familiar person, and negative, e.g. to move away a stranger person. This aspect of the touch is the motivational-affective dimension, that determines the codification of the emotional valence and the meaning of the tactile interaction. This component allow us to create and maintain social bonds in relation to the meaning that the touch assumes. If a familiar person caress us we perceive this touch as pleasant and encode it as affiliative. This positive affective touch is commonly define as Social Touch. The discriminative aspects of touch have been well-studied, since historically, the role of the touch has been consider discriminative, while the affective aspects have only recently been investigated, even its importance in the social interaction. The static touch responsible of the discriminative aspect activates the large myelinated low threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) and modulates both primary and secondary sensory cortices. This allows the codification at level of the central nervous system of the touched objects characteristics. Instead, the affiliative touch in humans is a dynamic touch occurred on the hairy side of the skin with a velocity of 1-10 cm/sec and activates the C unmyelinated low threshold mechanoreceptors (CT fibers or C-LTMRs). This dynamic tactile stimulation determines positive physiological effects, e.g. decrement of heart rate (HR) and increment of heart rate variability (HRV), and the modulation of brain regions involved in the coding of the affiliative valence of the sensory peripheral stimulation. In particular, the posterior insular cortex has a central role in processing gentle touch following activation of CT fibers. The sense of touch with its two dimensions is present not just among humans, but also among non-human primates. In fact, all non-human primates used the discriminative aspect of the touch to identify objects and food and the emotional aspect during the social interactions, both negative as fight and positive, as grooming. The mechanisms of the codification of the discriminative component in non-human primates are similar to the humans ones. Nevertheless, the state of art related the mechanisms behind the codification of pleasant touch in non-human primates is very poor. It is well known that the C-LTMRs are present also in the hairy side of the skin of non-human primates, but nowadays there are any studies related the correlation between the C-LTMRs and the pleasantness, as in humans. Recently it was proposed (Dunbar, 2010) the role of C-LTMRs during the sweeping occurred during allogrooming. Like gentle caress for humans, in the same way allogrooming, is a social affiliative behavior for non-human primates. The sweeping is the hand action that the agent monkey perform during grooming to move the fur of the receipt monkey in order to see the site of skin to be picked and remove ectoparasites and vegetation trapped in the fur. The sweeping is therefore similar to the human caress, but performed with the unique aim to move the fur and clean it. Instead, the human caress is an affiliative gesture. According to the hypothesis of the C-LTMRs’ role in the sweeping, this action should have not just hygienic function but also an affiliative meaning, as caress in human. Nevertheless, up to now there is no direct evidence in support of this hypothesis, therefore 1) is the velocity of the sweeping among monkeys inside the optimal range of 1-10 cm/sec that activate the CT fibers, as affiliative caress in humans?; 2) are the effects of autonomous nervous system of the sweep similar to those of human caress?; 3) is insular cortex modulated and involved in the codification of the affiliative aspect of the sweep, as during pleasant touch in humans? The aim of the present work was to answer to those questions, investigating different aspects of the sweeping in non-human primates, in particular in Rhesus monkeys. The answers could allow to speculate the similarity of the monkeys pleasant sweeping and the humans gentle caress. In particular, we investigated the following aspects. In the Study 1 we evaluated the velocity of real sweeping with a preliminary kinematic analysis from videotapes recording in a group of free ranging Rhesus monkeys. In the Studies 2 and 3, we investigated the autonomic effects of the sweep while in the Study 4 the codification of sweeping at central nervous system level. In the Studies 2, 3 and 4 the sweep was performed by experimenter with different speeds to a male Rhesus monkey in a typical experimental situation, i.e. in the laboratory, seated in the primate chair with the head fixed. The speeds were chosen in relation to the optimal and non-optimal velocities of the activation of CT fibers in humans and taking into account also the results of Study 1 therefore the velocity of real sweep that should be pleasant for the monkey. In particular, we tested the autonomic responses in term of HR and HRV, as index of vagal modulation (Study 2), and in term of nose skin temperature (Study 3). Finally, in the Study 4 we studied the role of the secondary somatosensory cortex and of the disgranular and granular insular cortex in the codification of the sweeping. The preliminary data here presented show that 1) (Study 1) the velocity of sweeping grooming touch among free ranging monkeys is in the range of the optimal velocity (1-10 cm/sec) to activate the CT fibers in humans (9.31 cm/sec); 2) (Study 2) a sweep on the back of a male Rhesus monkey performed with velocities of 5 cm/sec and 10 cm/sec determined a decrement of the HR and increment of the HRV; 3) (Study 3) the sweep on the back of a male Rhesus monkey occurred with a velocity in the range of 5-10 cm/sec determined the increment of the nose skin temperature, and 4) (Study 4) the sweep performed with a velocity in range 5-13 cm/sec, but not 1-5 cm/sec, determined the modulation of both insular and secondary somatosensory cortices. These results support the Dunbar’s hypothesis above mentioned related the involvement of CT fibers during sweeping grooming. In fact, this motion is performed at similar velocity of pleasant human touch that activates CT fibers (1-10 cm/sec), determines the same positive physiological effects in terms of HR (decrement) and HRV (increment) and the modulation of same brain regions (the insular cortex). Furthermore for the first times we investigated the effect of pleasant touch on the body temperatures, underlined that the pleasant sweep determines the increment of the monkey’s nose skin temperature. The present study represents the first indirect evidence of the hypothesis related the modulation of CT fibers system during pleasant sweeps, and of the representation of the affiliative gentle sweeping at both autonomic and central nervous system in non-human primates. These preliminary data highlight the similarity between human and non-human primates social touch system. Nevertheless, we found some discrepancy with human studies. In fact, the mean velocity of the real sweeping is of 9.31 cm/sec, almost the upper limit (10 cm/sec) of range of speed that activates human CT fibers. Moreover, the positive autonomic effects, in terms of HR, HRV and nose skin temperature was obtained during the human sweep performed with velocities of 5 and 10 cm/sec, therefore at the upper limit of the optimal range that activates the human CT fibers. On the contrary, the sweep performed with velocities lower than 5 and higher than 10 cm/sec determined negative physiological effect. At central nervous system level, the insular cortex was selectively modulated during the sweep performed with velocity in the range 5-13 cm/sec. Human studies demonstrated that the optimal velocity to activate CT fibers, to determine the positive autonomic effects and to modulate the insular cortex is 1-10 cm/sec. Our results underscore instead that the optimal velocity seems to be 5-13 cm/sec. Taken together the results and the highlight discrepancies, underscore the homology between human and human CT system, and the necessity of further studies in order to deeply investigate the real sweep among monkeys, to more precisely determine the optimal velocity of the C-LTMR modulation and to directly demonstrate their activation during sweeping by means of direct measurement of their activity. Studies in that direction will confirm the homology between human and non-human primate affective systems mediated by the CT fibers. Finally, the present study could be an important starting point to explore the evolutionary mechanism behind the transformation of the sweeping among non-human primates, utilitarian action performed during grooming to clean others, to the caress, affiliative gesture among humans.

Traffic can alter forest road aggregate material in various ways, such as by crushing, mixing it with subgrade material, and sweeping large-size, loose particles (gravel) toward the outside of the road. Understanding the changes and physical processes of the aggregate is essential to mitigate sediment production from forest roads and reduce road maintenance efforts. We compared the particle-size distributions of forest road aggregate from the Clearwater National Forest in Idaho, USA in three vertical layers (upper, middle, and bottom of the road aggregate), three horizontal locations (tire track, shoulder, and half-way between them), and three traffic uses (none, light (no logging vehicles), and heavy (logging vehicles and equipment)) using Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Light traffic appears to cause aggregate crushing where vehicle tires passed and caused sweeping on the road surface. Heavy traffic caused aggregate crushing at all vertical and horizontal locations, and subgrade mixing with the bottom layer at the shoulder location. Logging vehicles and heavy equipment with wide axles drove on the shoulder and exerted enough stress to cause subgrade mixing. These results can help identify the sediment source and define adequate mitigation measures to reduce sediment production from forest roads and reduce road maintenance efforts by providing information for best management practices.

Searching a network for intruders is an interesting and often difficult problem. Sweeping (or edge searching) is one such search model, in which intruders may exist anywhere along an edge. It was conjectured that graphs exist for which the connected sweep number is strictly less than the monotonic connected sweep number. We prove that this is true, and the difference can be arbitrarily large. We also show that the clique number is a lower bound on the sweep number.

Microchip electrophoresis (MCE) has been advanced remarkably by the applications of several separation modes and the integration with several chemical operations on a single planer substrate. MCE shows superior analytical performance, e.g., high-speed analysis, high resolution, low consumption of reagents, and so on, whereas low-concentration sensitivity is still one of the major problems. To overcome this drawback, various online sample preconcentration techniques have been developed in MCE over the past 15 years, which have successfully enhanced the detection sensitivity in MCE. This review highlights recent developments in online sample preconcentration in MCE categorized on the basis of "dynamic" and "static" methods. The dynamic techniques including field amplified stacking, ITP, sweeping, and focusing have been easily applied to MCE, which provide effective enrichments of various analytes. The static techniques such as SPE and filtration have also been combined with MCE. In the static techniques, extremely high preconcentration efficiency can be obtained, compared to the dynamic methods. This review provides comprehensive tables listing the applications and sensitivity enhancement factors of these preconcentration techniques employed in MCE.

The paper presents the current density peaks during the heating-up phase for different kind of quartzes: clear natural from Brazil, smoky natural, and synthetic quartz from Sawyer Research Product (Electronic and Premium Q), Toyo, romanian and polish ones, and compares the phenomenon in vacuum and in air for the same applied electric field and gives a model, with which the process could be described. Die Arbeit stellt fur verschiedene Arten von Quarzkristallen (durchsichtiger Quarz von Brasilien, Rauchquarz und synthetischer Quarz von Sawyer Research Product, Toyo, rumanischer und polnischer Quarz), die Maxima der Stromdichte wahrend der Erwarmungsphase der Elektrodiffusion dar und unter denselben Bedingungen des angewandten Stromfeldes das im Vakuum durchgefuhrte Phanomen - dem in Luft durchgefuhrten gegenuber und schlagt ein Modell vor, das den Vorgang beschreiben kann.

L'objectiu principal d'aquestaTesi Doctoral és el desenvolupament de diferents estratègies per disminuir els límits de detecció de l’electroforesicapil•lar per a la determinació de compostos farmacèutics i els productes de cura personal. Aquestes estratègies es basen en les tècniques de preconcentració electroforètiques i cromatogràfiques, i l'ús de l’espectrometria de masses com a sistema de detecció. Com a tècniques de preconcentració electroforètiques s'han estudiat les tècniques de samplestacking i sweeping, i com a tècnica de preconcentració cromatogràficas’ha avaluat l'acoblament en línia entre l'extracció en fase sòlida i l'electroforesicapil•lar (In-line SPE-CE). Entre elsPPCPs, aquesta tesi doctoral es centra específicament en els antiinflamatoris no esteroïdals(AINE), els parabens i els filtres ultraviolats. Un altre dels objectius d'aquestaTesi Doctoral és estudiarl’aplicabilitat de les metodologies desenvolupades per a l'anàlisi de mostres ambientals per determinar PPCP., The main objective of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of different strategies to decrease the detection limits of capillary electrophoresis for the determination of pharmaceutical and personal care products. These strategies are based on electrophoretic and chromatographic preconcentration techniques, and the use of mass spectrometry as a detection system. The electrophoretic preconcentration techniques studied included sample stacking techniques and sweeping while the chromatographic preconcentration technique evaluated was in-line coupling between solid phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis. With respect to PPCPs, this Doctoral Thesis focuses specifically on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), parabens and UV-filters. Another objective of this Doctoral Thesis is to study the suitability of the developed methodologies for the determination of PPCPs in environmental samples.

The use of an inorganic layered compound as a pseudostationary phase (PSP) in EKC was investigated. A synthetic smectite, which is the most typical swellable clay mineral, with an average diameter of 130 nm was selected as the PSP. The retention characteristics of the smectite and on-line sample concentration by sweeping were examined for the analysis of polyoxyethylene mono phenyl ethers (PPEs) with different degrees of ethoxylation. The retention factor was increased with increase in the number of ethylene oxide groups and a good separation of the PPE homologs was achieved by smectite-EKC. The RSD of the migration time, plate number, and peak area were 0.60, 8.3, and 2.7% (n = 5), respectively. The developed method can be applied to the analysis of PPEs in commercially available consumer products without any sample pretreatments. In addition, ca. 100-fold sensitivity enhancements for the PPEs with high retention factors were obtained by sweeping.

Straipsnyje, pasitelkus sakytinį lietuvių folklorą, dainas ir papročius, kuriuose figūruoja šluota, šlavimas ir šiukšlės, siekiama atskleisti, kokios antrinės simbolinės reikšmės šiems objektams priskiriamos tradiciniame liaudies pasaulėvaizdyje. Tiriami buities objektai susiję ne tik funkciniu požiūriu, bet daugelyje apeiginių kontekstų yra susieti ir semantiniais ryšiais. Kiekvienas iš jų gali turėti savitą, tik jam būdingą simboliką. Ypač daug simbolinių reikšmių kuria pagrindinis su šluota ir šiukšlėmis atliekamas veiksmas – šlavimas, į kurio semantikos sferą įtraukiamos ir abi pirmosios. Šluota čia laikytina pagrindiniu, kitas dvi realijas susiejančiu objektu. Tautosakoje, liaudies tikėjimuose ir papročiuose šluota, šiukšlės ar šlavimas traktuojami prieštaringai ir jiems priskiriamos tiek neigiamos, žmogui pavojingos, tiek teigiamos, žmogui naudingos ar jį apsaugančios simbolinės savybės. Toks šluotos prieštaringumas pirmiausia, ko gero, sietinas su šluotos kaip šlavimo priemonės, taigi tiek su švara, švarinimusi, tiek su nešvara, šiukšlėmis susijusio įnagio, utilitarinėmis ypatybėmis. Kartu reikšminga yra skirtis tarp šlavimo, kaip valymo, darymo švariu, taigi šlavimo teigiama prasme, ir šlavimo, kaip naikinimo, darymo, kad nebūtų, išnyktų, tai yra šlavimo neigiama prasme. Tokią keleriopą semantiką turi ir šiukšlės. Ši simbolika gali išryškėti ne tik produkuojamosios ar apotropėjinės, bet ir kenkiamosios magijos kontekste ir pasireikšti tiek kas dieną, tiek ir rituališkai išskirtiniu metu: per kalendorines šventes ar šeimai svarbias apeigas. Based on the Lithuanian oral folklore, songs and customs, in which broom, sweeping and litter appear, the paper attempts to reveal the secondary symbolic meanings attributed to these objects in the traditional folk worldview. The household objects under discussion are not only functionally interrelated, but also semantically connected against numerous ritual backgrounds. Each of them may be endowed with peculiar individual symbolism. Particularly numerous symbolical meanings are generated by the main action performed with the broom and litter – sweeping, and the two former objects are also incorporated in its semantic field. The broom is considered the main object, connecting the other two realia together. Broom, litter and sweeping receive ambivalent interpretations in Lithuanian oral folklore, popular beliefs and customs: both negative, or dangerous, and positive, or useful and protective symbolic qualities are ascribed to them. Such ambivalence of broom is perhaps primarily related to utilitarian character as a sweeping tool, thus being associated with cleansing and cleanliness as well as with dirt and litter. The difference between perception of sweeping as a way of making something clean (thus a positive sense) and its perception as destruction, making something to disappear (thus a negative sense) is significant. Similarly ambivalent semantics is attributed to litter. This symbolism may become relevant against the backgrounds of both the productive and apotropaic and the damaging magic, being realized both every day and in the course of the ritually marked periods of time, e.g. during the calendar festivals or important family rites.

In contrast to most other building materials the strength of glass is not a material parameter, but rather a combination of the material treatment and the load position effects. Structural glass elements are produced with heat treatment when compressive residual stresses are created on the surface. The loading position of glass specimen is also significant due to variations in material quality. These two parameters have an effect on the failure stress of glass specimens tested in bending. In this study, the importance of these two parameters is analyzed using a series of experimental data that was previously published. The data is utilized as a source for statistical analysis using the method of sweeping, least square algorithm and finally analysis of variance.