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Summary Makatinus ukrainicus sp. n. and a population of M. aquaticus, both from Ukraine, are described and illustrated using morphological, morphometric and molecular (28S rDNA) data. The new species is characterised by its 2.17-2.70 mm long body, 20-23 μm broad lip region, odontostyle 20.5-25 μm long at its ventral side and 23-27 μm long at its dorsal side, 591-672 μm long neck, uterus simple and 163-174 μm long or 2.0-4.7 corresponding body diam. long, V = 49.5-52.8, tail convex-conoid (29-39 μm, c = 61-86, c′ = 0.6-0.9), spicules 86-93 μm long, two pairs of adcloacal supplements, and 17-21 closely and regularly spaced ventromedian supplements without an hiatus. In general, the Ukrainian population of M. aquaticus fits well those previously known from Spain and Hungary, and its study confirms the identity of this species. The morphological and molecular data of the Ukrainian populations reveal an interesting diversity within the genus, which might not be a monophyletic taxon.

Two new species of Parkellus (Jairajpuri et al., 2001) from Vietnam and a population of Parkellus zschokkei (Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 2010; Menzel, 1913) from Ukraine are described, illustrated and their phylogenetic position among the Mononchida is presented. The molecular data (18S and 28S rDNA) are given for the three investigated species – first time for the genus Parkellus. Parkellus hagiangensis sp. nov. is characterized by a medium-sized buccal cavity, posterior position of the dorsal tooth located below the beginning of the pharynx, males having the ventromedian cuticular pores above and below the excretory pore, short spicules with conical proximal part; females with very faint pars refringens vaginae and small teardrop-shaped pieces, short pars distalis vaginae, the presence of small ventromedian vulval papillae. Parkellus tuyenquangensis sp. nov. is characterized by a medium-sized buccal cavity, posterior position of the dorsal tooth located above the beginning of the pharynx, males having the ventromedian cuticular pores above and below the excretory pore, medium-sized spicules with a cylindrical proximal part, very short lateral guiding pieces, females with very strongly sclerotized pars refringens vaginae, medium size teardrop-shaped pieces, short pars distalis vaginae thickened at the junction with pars refringens vaginae. The newly described species are morphologically most similar to P. parkus and P. zschokkei. An identification key to Parkellus species is presented.

Females and juveniles from a population of Xiphinema ifacolum from Sri Lanka are described based on morphology, morphometrics and molecular analyses. Morphologically, females and juveniles from Sri Lanka are similar to original descriptions and other reports from Brazil, Cameroon, Liberia, and São Tomé and Príncipe. The identity of the species was also confirmed by 18S rRNA gene sequences deposited in NCBI from Brazil (AY297826). Integrative diagnosis was completed with molecular data using D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, ITS1 region, partial 18S-rRNA and the partial mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (coxI). This is the third molecular characterisation for a species of the X. non-americanum Group 4, after X. oleae and X. tica. The use of different ribosomal and mitochondrial markers in this study, particularly, D2-D3, ITS1 and partial coxI, provided a precise and unequivocal tool for the identification of X. ifacolum and contributes to a better knowledge of the diversity within Xiphinema. Morphospecies Group 4 appears to be a paraphyletic group within the X. non-americanum assemblage.

Two Metaporcelaimus species, one new and one known, are described from Ukraine. Metaporcelaimus petrophilus sp. n. is characterized by its 1.30–1.58 mm long body, lip region offset by deep constriction and 16–18 µm broad, odontostyle 15–17 µm long, neck 360–413 µm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 47–54% of total neck length, uterus simple and 83–125 µm long or 1.6–2.7 times the corresponding body diameter, uterine eggs with granulate shell, V = 51–55%, tail conical (35–40 µm, c = 33–42, c’ = 1.4–1.8 in females), spicules 43–50 µm long, and 9–13 spaced ventromedian supplements with hiatus. New data, including the first description of male specimens and SEM study, are provided for M. ovogranulosus, the Ukrainian populations of which are nearly identical to the type population from California.

Metaporcelaimus declivicaudatus sp. n. (Figs 4 & 5) Material examined: Eight females and seven males from a single location; in good state of preservation. Measurements: See Table 1. Description. Adult: Slender (a = 30–38) nematodes of medium to large size, 2.8–3.7 mm long. Body cylindrical, slightly tapering towards both extremities, but more so towards the posterior end as the tail is conical. Habitus curved ventrad after fixation, especially in posterior body region, C-shaped. Cuticle two-layered, 2.5–3.5 µm thick at anterior region, 5–6 µm at midbody and 8–10 µm on tail; outer layer thin and with constant thickness throughout body and bearing fine transverse striation; inner layer visibly thicker than the outer one. Cervical lacunae absent. Lateral chord 21–28 µm wide, occupying 24–29% of mid-body diameter, with gland bodies perceptible in some specimens. Two ventral and one or two dorsal pores are distinct at level of odontophore. Lip region sharply offset by deep constriction, 3–3.5 times as broad as high and one-fourth to one-third (25–31%) of body diameter at neck base; lips moderately separate from each other, rounded; labial and cephalic papillae hardly protruding. Amphid fovea funnel-shaped, its aperture 10–11.5 µm or less than one-half (38–47%) of lip region diameter. Cheilostom nearly cylindrical, lacking any differentiation. Odontostyle robust, 3.7–4.4 times as long as wide, nearly as long (1.0–1.1 times) as lip region diameter, and 0.7–0.9% of body length; its aperture 16.5–19.5 µm long, occupying up to three-fourths (69–75%) its length. Guiding ring plicate. Odontophore linear, rod-like, 1.6– 2.1 times the odontostyle length. Pharynx consisting of a muscular anterior region enlarging very gradually, basal expansion 318–406 µm long, occupying 48–56% of total neck length; gland nuclei located as follows (n = 5): DO = 50–51%, DN = 53–56%, S1N1 = 63–67%, S1N2 = 73–77%, S2N = 85–89%. Nerve ring at 192–231 µm or 28–33% of total neck length from the anterior end. Cardia conoid, 22–40 × 20–31 µm. Pharyngo-intestinal junction surrounded by a delicate ring-like structure, which appears visibly asymmetrical as its dorsal side is more developed and forming a lobe. A dorsal cell mass is perceptible in several specimens at level of anterior end of intestine. Female: Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, with both branches equally developed, anterior 356–480 µm or 11–14% of body length, and posterior 442–505 µm or 14–15% of body length. Ovaries reaching the uterusoviduct junction, anterior 213–227 µm, posterior 202–211 µm long; oocytes arranged first in two or more rows, then in a single row. Oviduct consisting of slender part made of prismatic cells and moderately developed pars dilatata with visible lumen. A marked narrowing, surrounded by a muscular sphincter, separates oviduct and uterus. Uterus 276–320 µm long or 3.0–3.4 times the corresponding body diameter, and tripartite, that is consisting of a spheroidal distal portion close to sphincter, a more slender intermediate section with narrow lumen, and a thicker proximal portion with wide lumen inside. Abundant sperm cells present in both distal and proximal uterine regions. Vagina extending inwards 52–63 µm, occupying one-half to two-thirds (54–65%) of body diameter: pars proximalis 38–47 × 19–28 µm, with somewhat sigmoid walls and surrounded by weak musculature, pars refringens with two adjacent trapezoidal pieces measuring 10.5–14 × 10–13.5 µm, and a combined width of 23–28 µm, pars distalis 4–5 µm long. Two cells, one anterior and other posterior, present at both sides of vagina. Vulva a slightly post-equatorial, transverse slit. Prerectum 2.4–3.1, rectum 0.8–0.9 times the anal body diameter long. Tail conical with rounded tip, ventrally straight, dorsally regularly convex; inner core very slightly notched at the end of its dorsal side; hyaline portion 9.5–17.5 µm; inner cuticle layer showing a terminal discontinuity at tail end; caudal pores two pairs, both sub-dorsal, in posterior half of tail. Male: Genital system diorchic, with opposed testes. Sperm cells 3.5–4 × 6.5–9 µm, oval in shape. In addition to the ad-cloacal pair, there is a series of 12–14, somewhat irregularly spaced, ventromedian supplements, 10–21 µm apart, two or three of them lying within the range of spicules, the posteriormost situated 48–57 µm from the cloacal aperture. Spicules dorylaimid, their total length along the arc 1.2–1.3 times that at the chord, 6.3–7.5 times longer than wide and 2.0–2.3 times longer than body diameter at the cloacal aperture: dorsal side regularly convex and ventral contour strongly concave with slightly or not expressed hump and almost median hollow; curvature 106–116°; head 15–24 µm, occupying 14–21% of spicule total length, its dorsal side strongly curved at anterior end and 1.5–1.8 times longer than the ventral one, which is almost straight; median pieces 14–18 times as long as wide, occupying 29–41% of spicule maximum width, reaching the tip of the spicule; posterior end of spicules 6–7.5 µm broad. Lateral guiding pieces with straight edges, 20–24 µm long, deeply bifurcate distally. Tail similar in shape to that of female, but appreciably more curved ventrad. Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by its 2.88–3.66 mm long body, lip region offset by deep constriction and 23–28 µm broad, odontostyle 24–26 µm long with aperture occupying 69–75% of its length, neck 634–788 µm long, pharyngeal expansion 318–406 µm long or 48–56% of total neck length, uterus tripartite and 276–320 µm long or 3.0–3.4 times the corresponding body diameter, pars refringens vaginae with two adjacent trapezoidal sclerotized pieces, vulva transverse (V = 51–55), tail conical (45–65 µm, c = 53–63, c’ = 1.0–1.2) with rounded terminus and appreciably more curved ventrad in males, spicules 102–113 µm long, and 12–14 spaced ventromedian supplements without hiatus. Relationships. In having comparatively large size (body length> 2.5 mm) and odontostyle (length> 20 µm), distinct pars refringens vaginae, and tail with rounded terminus, M. declivicaudatus sp. n. resembles M. digitalis, M. parmus (Thorne, 1974) Álvarez-Ortega & Peña-Santiago, 2013 and M. placus (Thorne, 1974) Álvarez-Ortega & Peña-Santiago, 2013. It differs from M. digitalis in its comparatively shorter female tail (c = 53–61 vs c = 47–53) with regular (vs notched) posterior part of its inner core and without (vs with) a perceptible posterior dorsal concavity, and males as frequent as females (vs male absent). From M. parmus and M. placus, both only known to occur in the USA, in its less slender body (a = 30–38 vs a > 40), broader lip region (23–27 vs 16–18 µm), longer odontostyle (24–26 vs up to 22 µm), and longer neck (634–788 vs less than 560 µm). Besides, it can be easily distinguishable from M. parmus by its much longer spicules (102–113 vs 50 µm) and higher number (12–14 vs 6) of ventromedian supplements without (vs with) hiatus, and from M. placus in its larger general size (body length 2.80–3.71 vs 2.58–2.78 mm). The new species also resembles M. romanicus, but it differs in its broader lip region (23–27 vs 16–18 µm), longer (24–26 vs 17–19 µm) and more robust odontostyle, longer spicules (102–113 vs 84–93 µm), and tail without (vs with) an appreciable dorsal concavity at the end of its dorsal side. Type locality and habitat. Ukraine, Lviv region, Krupske village (N 49°27'13.01", E 24°02'20.18"), in a meadow on the bank of Dnister river. Type material. Female holotype, four female and four male paratypes deposited in the nematode collection of the State Museum of Natural History, NASU, Lviv, Ukraine. Three female and three male paratypes at the Museum and Institute of Zoology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland. Etymology. The specific name is a compound Latin term referring to tail morphology that characterizes the new species.

Metaporcelaimus concinnus sp. n. (Figs 2 & 3) Material examined: Nine females and nine males from three locations in Lviv, in good state of preservation. Morphometrics: See Table 2. Description. Adult: Slender to very slender (a = 43–55) nematodes of large size, 3.1–4.6 mm long. Body cylindrical, tapering towards both extremities, but more so towards posterior end as the tail is conical. Habitus curved ventrad after fixation, especially in posterior body region, J-shaped. Cuticle two-layered, 2 µm thick at anterior region, 3.5–5 µm along most of the body and 7–7.5 µm on tail; outer layer thin, with constant thickness throughout the body and bearing fine transverse striation; inner layer thicker than the outer one. Cervical lacunae absent. Lateral chord 15–23 µm broad, occupying 23–29% of mid-body diameter. One or two ventral and one or two dorsal pores are often present at level of odontophore. Lip region offset by deep constriction, angular and sharply broader than the adjacent body, 2.7–3.3 times as broad as high, and up to one-third (22–32%) of body diameter at neck base; lips distinctly separate, with slightly protruding labial and cephalic papillae. Amphid fovea funnel-shaped, its aperture 6.5–8 µm or less than one-half (35–48%) of lip region diameter. Cheilostom nearly cylindrical, lacking any differentiation. Odontostyle typical of the genus, 4.1–4.8 times as long as wide, 0.9–1.1 times as long as lip region diameter, and 0.4–0.6% of body length; its aperture 13.5–14.5 µm long or occupying 74–84% of odontostyle length. Guiding ring plicate. Odontophore linear, rod-like, 1.6–1.9 times the odontostyle length. Anterior region of pharynx enlarging very gradually, basal expansion 470–574 µm, occupying 62–66% of total neck length; gland nuclei located as follows (n = 4): DO = 40–45%, DN = 44–49%, S1N1 = 52–55%, S1N2 = 64–68%, S2N = 83–87%. Nerve ring at 174–201 µm or 22–25% of total neck length from anterior end. Cardia conoid, 16–28 × 16–28 µm. Pharyngo-intestinal junction surrounded by a delicate ring-like structure, which appears visibly asymmetrical as its dorsal side is more developed and forming a lobe. A dorsal cell mass is perceptible in several specimens at level of anterior end of intestine. Tail conical with rounded tip, ventrally nearly straight or slightly convex, dorsally convex and with a weak but noticeable concavity at the end; inner core nearly reaching the tail tip, dorsally visibly notched; hyaline terminal portion 6.5–11 µm long; inner cuticle layer with a gap (discontinuity) at tail terminus; caudal pores two pairs, one subdorsal at the middle of tail, another sublateral in posterior half of tail. Female: Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, with both branches equally developed, anterior 481–594 µm or 12–16% of body length, and posterior 491–678 µm or 13–18% of body length. Ovaries almost reaching the uterus-oviduct junction, anterior 111–214 µm, posterior 111–168 µm long; oocytes arranged first in two or more rows, then in a single row. Oviduct consisting of a slender part with prismatic cells and a moderately developed pars dilatata with distinct lumen. A marked narrowing surrounded by a muscular ring (sphincter) separates oviduct and uterus. Uterus 317–458 µm long or 3.9–5.7 times the corresponding body diameter, and tripartite, that is consisting of a spheroidal distal portion close to the sphincter, a more slender intermediate section with narrow lumen, and a thicker proximal portion with wide lumen. Abundant sperm cells present in both distal and proximal uterine regions. Uterine egg ovoid, 124 × 55 µm, 2.3 times longer than wide. Vagina extending inwards 39–46 µm, occupying ca one-half (49–57%) of body diameter: pars proximalis 29–36 × 16–20 µm, with somewhat sigmoid walls and surrounded by weak musculature, pars refringens (lateral view) with two rounded triangular pieces measuring 7.5–10 × 7–9.5 µm, separated by a less refringent intermediate area, and with a combined width of 17– 20 µm, pars distalis 2.5–4 µm long. Vulva a short, nearly equatorial, longitudinal slit. Prerectum 3.7–5.8, rectum 1.3–1.5 times the anal body diameter long. Male: Genital system diorchic, with opposed testes. Sperm cells 3–3.5 × 7.5–10 µm, oval in shape. In addition to the ad-cloacal pair, there is a series of 10–14, somewhat irregularly spaced, ventromedian supplements, 11–21 µm apart, one or two of them lying within the range of spicules, with the posteriormost situated at 41–53 µm from the cloacal aperture. Spicules dorylaimid, their total length along the arc 1.1–1.2 times that at the chord, 5.1–6.1 times longer than wide and 1.8–2.2 times longer than body diameter at the cloacal aperture: dorsal side regularly convex and ventral side with moderately expressed hump and hollow, the former located at 36–43% of spicule total length from the anterior end; curvature 122–134°; head 11–21 µm, occupying 13–25% of spicule total length, its dorsal side conspicuously curved at its anterior end and 1.4–2.0 times longer than the ventral one, which is nearly straight; median pieces 16–19 times as long as wide, occupying 23–28% of spicule maximum width, reaching the posterior end of the spicule and with visibly furcated tip; posterior end of spicules 7.5–8 µm broad. Lateral guiding pieces with slightly sigmoid edges, 20–26 µm long, distally with shallow depression. Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by its 3.09–4.58 mm long body, lip region offset by deep constriction and 16.5–19.5 µm broad, visibly wider than the adjacent body, odontostyle 17–19 µm long with aperture occupying 74–84% of its length, neck 745–865 µm long, pharyngeal expansion 470–574 µm long or 62– 66% of total neck length, uterus tripartite and 317–458 µm long or 3.9–5.7 times of corresponding body diameter, pars refringens vaginae with two separate triangular sclerotised pieces, vulva longitudinal (V = 49–53%), tail conical (44–54 µm, c = 67–94, c’ = 1.0– 1.3 in females), spicules 79–86 µm long with strongly bifurcate distal end, and 10–14 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements without hiatus. Relationships. The new species is easily recognizable and distinguishable from its congeners—except perhaps M. silvanus (Vinciguerra & Giannetto, 1983) Álvarez-Ortega & Peña-Santiago, 2013, see remarks—by its longitudinal (vs transverse) vulva, with pars refringens vaginae consisting of two separate (vs close together) pieces. In having comparatively large size (body more than 2.5 mm long), odontostyle less than 20 µm long, welldeveloped pars refringens vaginae, and tail with rounded terminus, M. concinnus sp. n. is very similar to M. digitalis (Loos, 1949) Andrássy, 2001, M. romanicus and M. sublabiatus (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Andrássy, 2001. Nevertheless, it differs from M. digitalis, only known to occur in Sri Lanka, in its more slender body (a = 43– 55 vs a = 33), much shorter odontostyle (16.5–19.5 vs 24 µm), shorter female tail (44–54 vs 62–65 µm, c = 67–94 vs c = 47–53), and male as frequent as female (vs male absent). From M. romanicus, the most similar species, it differs in its relatively more slender body (a = 43–55 vs a = 38–47), comparatively broader lip region (conspicuously broader than vs nearly equal to adjacent body), and structure of spicules (distally strongly bifurcate vs not furcated). From M. sublabiatus, a poorly known species from the USA, but also recorded in Poland and Spain, in its comparatively more slender body (a = 44–54 vs a = 33–43), shorter caudal region (40–54 vs 58–59 µm, c = 67–93 vs c = 52–56, c’ = 1.0–1.3 vs c’ = 1.4–1.6), and irregularly spaced (vs nearly contiguous) ventromedian supplements lacking (vs having) hiatus. The new species also resembles M. labiatus (de Man, 1880) Andrássy, 2001, but differs in its broader lip region (17–19 vs 15–16 µm), longer odontostyle (17–19 vs 14–16 µm), neck morphology (regularly tapering vs distinctly narrowing at level of odontophore base), shorter tail (44–54 vs 61–98 µm, c’ = 1.0–1.3 vs c’ = 1.4–1.9), and higher number (10–14 vs 7) of ventromedian supplements without (vs with) hiatus. Type locality and habitat. Lviv, Ukraine: Lychakiv Park (N 49°50'06.59", E 24°03'54.08"), in soil around roots of grasses. Other localities and habitats. Two localities and habitats also in Lviv, Ukraine, near the type one: Circus garden square (N 49°50'21.06", E 24°00'47.96"), in soil around roots of Acer platanoides L. (Population 1 in Table 2); and Nischynskogo garden square (N 49°50'26.26", E 24°03'55.96"), in soil around roots of Acer platanoides L. (Population 2 in Table 2). Type material. Female holotype, one female and three male paratypes deposited in the nematode collection of the State Museum of Natural History, NASU, Lviv, Ukraine. One female and three male paratypes at the Museum and Institute of Zoology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland. Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin term meaning ‘neat, elegant or pretty’ and reflects the graceful general appearance of the new species. Remarks. One male paratype bears a second, non-functional odontostyle embedded within pharyngeal tissue at 98 µm from the anterior end. It is 17 µm long and 3.5 µm wide, and its aperture measures 12.5 µm long. As mentioned, the most relevant diagnostic feature of M. concinnus sp. n. is its longitudinal vagina, with pars refringens vaginae consisting of two separate sclerotized pieces, indeed a remarkable character in Metaporcelaimus as other representatives of the genus, except M. silvanus from Italy, present a transverse vulva, with contiguous sclerotized pieces in their pars refringens vaginae. Nevertheless, there are very significant differences between the Italian species and M. concinnus sp. n., for instance, a much larger general size in the Ukrainian species (body length 3.5–4.7 vs 1.6–1.8 mm), more slender body (a = 43–52 vs 28–34), more anterior vulva (V = 49–53 vs 54–59%), tail with rounded (vs acute) tip, longer spicules (79–86 vs 30 µm), and hiatus present (vs absent).

One known ( M. romanicus ) and two new species of the genus Metaporcelaimus , collected in natural and semi-natural habitats of Ukraine, are described and illustrated. Metaporcelaimus concinnus sp. n. is characterized by its 3.09–4.58 mm long body, lip region 16.5–19.5 µm broad and visibly wider than the adjacent body, odontostyle 17–19 µm long, neck 745–865 µm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 62–66% of total neck length, uterus tripartite and 3.9–5.7 times the corresponding body diameter, vulva longitudinal ( V = 49–53%), tail conical (44–54 µm, c = 67–94, c’ = 1.0–1.3 in females), spicules 79–86 µm long with strongly bifurcate distal end, and 10–14 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements without hiatus. Metaporcelaimus declivicaudatus sp. n. is characterized by its 2.88–3.66 mm long body, lip region 23–28 µm broad, odontostyle 24–26 µm long, neck 634–788 µm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 48–56% of total neck length, uterus tripartite and 3.0–3.4 times the corresponding body diameter long, vulva transverse ( V = 51–55%), tail conical (45–65 µm, c = 53–63, c’ = 1.0–1.2) with rounded terminus, spicules 102–113 µm long, and 12–14 spaced ventromedian supplements without hiatus. New information about M. romanicus is also provided, confirming available data about this species.

Metaporcelaimus declivicaudatus sp. n. (Figs 4 & 5) Material examined: Eight females and seven males from a single location; in good state of preservation. Measurements: See Table 1. Description. Adult: Slender (a = 30���38) nematodes of medium to large size, 2.8���3.7 mm long. Body cylindrical, slightly tapering towards both extremities, but more so towards the posterior end as the tail is conical. Habitus curved ventrad after fixation, especially in posterior body region, C-shaped. Cuticle two-layered, 2.5���3.5 ��m thick at anterior region, 5���6 ��m at midbody and 8���10 ��m on tail; outer layer thin and with constant thickness throughout body and bearing fine transverse striation; inner layer visibly thicker than the outer one. Cervical lacunae absent. Lateral chord 21���28 ��m wide, occupying 24���29% of mid-body diameter, with gland bodies perceptible in some specimens. Two ventral and one or two dorsal pores are distinct at level of odontophore. Lip region sharply offset by deep constriction, 3���3.5 times as broad as high and one-fourth to one-third (25���31%) of body diameter at neck base; lips moderately separate from each other, rounded; labial and cephalic papillae hardly protruding. Amphid fovea funnel-shaped, its aperture 10���11.5 ��m or less than one-half (38���47%) of lip region diameter. Cheilostom nearly cylindrical, lacking any differentiation. Odontostyle robust, 3.7���4.4 times as long as wide, nearly as long (1.0���1.1 times) as lip region diameter, and 0.7���0.9% of body length; its aperture 16.5���19.5 ��m long, occupying up to three-fourths (69���75%) its length. Guiding ring plicate. Odontophore linear, rod-like, 1.6��� 2.1 times the odontostyle length. Pharynx consisting of a muscular anterior region enlarging very gradually, basal expansion 318���406 ��m long, occupying 48���56% of total neck length; gland nuclei located as follows (n = 5): DO = 50���51%, DN = 53���56%, S1N1 = 63���67%, S1N2 = 73���77%, S2N = 85���89%. Nerve ring at 192���231 ��m or 28���33% of total neck length from the anterior end. Cardia conoid, 22���40 �� 20���31 ��m. Pharyngo-intestinal junction surrounded by a delicate ring-like structure, which appears visibly asymmetrical as its dorsal side is more developed and forming a lobe. A dorsal cell mass is perceptible in several specimens at level of anterior end of intestine. Female: Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, with both branches equally developed, anterior 356���480 ��m or 11���14% of body length, and posterior 442���505 ��m or 14���15% of body length. Ovaries reaching the uterusoviduct junction, anterior 213���227 ��m, posterior 202���211 ��m long; oocytes arranged first in two or more rows, then in a single row. Oviduct consisting of slender part made of prismatic cells and moderately developed pars dilatata with visible lumen. A marked narrowing, surrounded by a muscular sphincter, separates oviduct and uterus. Uterus 276���320 ��m long or 3.0���3.4 times the corresponding body diameter, and tripartite, that is consisting of a spheroidal distal portion close to sphincter, a more slender intermediate section with narrow lumen, and a thicker proximal portion with wide lumen inside. Abundant sperm cells present in both distal and proximal uterine regions. Vagina extending inwards 52���63 ��m, occupying one-half to two-thirds (54���65%) of body diameter: pars proximalis 38���47 �� 19���28 ��m, with somewhat sigmoid walls and surrounded by weak musculature, pars refringens with two adjacent trapezoidal pieces measuring 10.5���14 �� 10���13.5 ��m, and a combined width of 23���28 ��m, pars distalis 4���5 ��m long. Two cells, one anterior and other posterior, present at both sides of vagina. Vulva a slightly post-equatorial, transverse slit. Prerectum 2.4���3.1, rectum 0.8���0.9 times the anal body diameter long. Tail conical with rounded tip, ventrally straight, dorsally regularly convex; inner core very slightly notched at the end of its dorsal side; hyaline portion 9.5���17.5 ��m; inner cuticle layer showing a terminal discontinuity at tail end; caudal pores two pairs, both sub-dorsal, in posterior half of tail. Male: Genital system diorchic, with opposed testes. Sperm cells 3.5���4 �� 6.5���9 ��m, oval in shape. In addition to the ad-cloacal pair, there is a series of 12���14, somewhat irregularly spaced, ventromedian supplements, 10���21 ��m apart, two or three of them lying within the range of spicules, the posteriormost situated 48���57 ��m from the cloacal aperture. Spicules dorylaimid, their total length along the arc 1.2���1.3 times that at the chord, 6.3���7.5 times longer than wide and 2.0���2.3 times longer than body diameter at the cloacal aperture: dorsal side regularly convex and ventral contour strongly concave with slightly or not expressed hump and almost median hollow; curvature 106���116��; head 15���24 ��m, occupying 14���21% of spicule total length, its dorsal side strongly curved at anterior end and 1.5���1.8 times longer than the ventral one, which is almost straight; median pieces 14���18 times as long as wide, occupying 29���41% of spicule maximum width, reaching the tip of the spicule; posterior end of spicules 6���7.5 ��m broad. Lateral guiding pieces with straight edges, 20���24 ��m long, deeply bifurcate distally. Tail similar in shape to that of female, but appreciably more curved ventrad. Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by its 2.88���3.66 mm long body, lip region offset by deep constriction and 23���28 ��m broad, odontostyle 24���26 ��m long with aperture occupying 69���75% of its length, neck 634���788 ��m long, pharyngeal expansion 318���406 ��m long or 48���56% of total neck length, uterus tripartite and 276���320 ��m long or 3.0���3.4 times the corresponding body diameter, pars refringens vaginae with two adjacent trapezoidal sclerotized pieces, vulva transverse (V = 51���55), tail conical (45���65 ��m, c = 53���63, c��� = 1.0���1.2) with rounded terminus and appreciably more curved ventrad in males, spicules 102���113 ��m long, and 12���14 spaced ventromedian supplements without hiatus. Relationships. In having comparatively large size (body length> 2.5 mm) and odontostyle (length> 20 ��m), distinct pars refringens vaginae, and tail with rounded terminus, M. declivicaudatus sp. n. resembles M. digitalis, M. parmus (Thorne, 1974) ��lvarez-Ortega & Pe��a-Santiago, 2013 and M. placus (Thorne, 1974) ��lvarez-Ortega & Pe��a-Santiago, 2013. It differs from M. digitalis in its comparatively shorter female tail (c = 53���61 vs c = 47���53) with regular (vs notched) posterior part of its inner core and without (vs with) a perceptible posterior dorsal concavity, and males as frequent as females (vs male absent). From M. parmus and M. placus, both only known to occur in the USA, in its less slender body (a = 30���38 vs a > 40), broader lip region (23���27 vs 16���18 ��m), longer odontostyle (24���26 vs up to 22 ��m), and longer neck (634���788 vs less than 560 ��m). Besides, it can be easily distinguishable from M. parmus by its much longer spicules (102���113 vs 50 ��m) and higher number (12���14 vs 6) of ventromedian supplements without (vs with) hiatus, and from M. placus in its larger general size (body length 2.80���3.71 vs 2.58���2.78 mm). The new species also resembles M. romanicus, but it differs in its broader lip region (23���27 vs 16���18 ��m), longer (24���26 vs 17���19 ��m) and more robust odontostyle, longer spicules (102���113 vs 84���93 ��m), and tail without (vs with) an appreciable dorsal concavity at the end of its dorsal side. Type locality and habitat. Ukraine, Lviv region, Krupske village (N 49��27'13.01", E 24��02'20.18"), in a meadow on the bank of Dnister river. Type material. Female holotype, four female and four male paratypes deposited in the nematode collection of the State Museum of Natural History, NASU, Lviv, Ukraine. Three female and three male paratypes at the Museum and Institute of Zoology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland. Etymology. The specific name is a compound Latin term referring to tail morphology that characterizes the new species., Published as part of Krainer, Liubomyr, Susulovsky, Andrij & Pe��a-Santiago, Reyes, 2018, The genus Metaporcelaimus Lordello, 1965 (Nematoda, Dorylaimida, Aporcelaimidae) in Ukraine: Description of one known and two new species without hiatus, pp. 127-140 in Zootaxa 4497 (1) on pages 136-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/1451132, {"references":["Thorne, G. (1974) Nematodes of the Northern Great Plains. Part II. Dorylaimoidea in part (Nemata: Adenophorea). South Dakota State University Agriculture Experimental Station Technical Bulletin, n ° 41, 1 - 120."]}

Metaporcelaimus concinnus sp. n. (Figs 2 & 3) Material examined: Nine females and nine males from three locations in Lviv, in good state of preservation. Morphometrics: See Table 2. Description. Adult: Slender to very slender (a = 43���55) nematodes of large size, 3.1���4.6 mm long. Body cylindrical, tapering towards both extremities, but more so towards posterior end as the tail is conical. Habitus curved ventrad after fixation, especially in posterior body region, J-shaped. Cuticle two-layered, 2 ��m thick at anterior region, 3.5���5 ��m along most of the body and 7���7.5 ��m on tail; outer layer thin, with constant thickness throughout the body and bearing fine transverse striation; inner layer thicker than the outer one. Cervical lacunae absent. Lateral chord 15���23 ��m broad, occupying 23���29% of mid-body diameter. One or two ventral and one or two dorsal pores are often present at level of odontophore. Lip region offset by deep constriction, angular and sharply broader than the adjacent body, 2.7���3.3 times as broad as high, and up to one-third (22���32%) of body diameter at neck base; lips distinctly separate, with slightly protruding labial and cephalic papillae. Amphid fovea funnel-shaped, its aperture 6.5���8 ��m or less than one-half (35���48%) of lip region diameter. Cheilostom nearly cylindrical, lacking any differentiation. Odontostyle typical of the genus, 4.1���4.8 times as long as wide, 0.9���1.1 times as long as lip region diameter, and 0.4���0.6% of body length; its aperture 13.5���14.5 ��m long or occupying 74���84% of odontostyle length. Guiding ring plicate. Odontophore linear, rod-like, 1.6���1.9 times the odontostyle length. Anterior region of pharynx enlarging very gradually, basal expansion 470���574 ��m, occupying 62���66% of total neck length; gland nuclei located as follows (n = 4): DO = 40���45%, DN = 44���49%, S1N1 = 52���55%, S1N2 = 64���68%, S2N = 83���87%. Nerve ring at 174���201 ��m or 22���25% of total neck length from anterior end. Cardia conoid, 16���28 �� 16���28 ��m. Pharyngo-intestinal junction surrounded by a delicate ring-like structure, which appears visibly asymmetrical as its dorsal side is more developed and forming a lobe. A dorsal cell mass is perceptible in several specimens at level of anterior end of intestine. Tail conical with rounded tip, ventrally nearly straight or slightly convex, dorsally convex and with a weak but noticeable concavity at the end; inner core nearly reaching the tail tip, dorsally visibly notched; hyaline terminal portion 6.5���11 ��m long; inner cuticle layer with a gap (discontinuity) at tail terminus; caudal pores two pairs, one subdorsal at the middle of tail, another sublateral in posterior half of tail. Female: Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, with both branches equally developed, anterior 481���594 ��m or 12���16% of body length, and posterior 491���678 ��m or 13���18% of body length. Ovaries almost reaching the uterus-oviduct junction, anterior 111���214 ��m, posterior 111���168 ��m long; oocytes arranged first in two or more rows, then in a single row. Oviduct consisting of a slender part with prismatic cells and a moderately developed pars dilatata with distinct lumen. A marked narrowing surrounded by a muscular ring (sphincter) separates oviduct and uterus. Uterus 317���458 ��m long or 3.9���5.7 times the corresponding body diameter, and tripartite, that is consisting of a spheroidal distal portion close to the sphincter, a more slender intermediate section with narrow lumen, and a thicker proximal portion with wide lumen. Abundant sperm cells present in both distal and proximal uterine regions. Uterine egg ovoid, 124 �� 55 ��m, 2.3 times longer than wide. Vagina extending inwards 39���46 ��m, occupying ca one-half (49���57%) of body diameter: pars proximalis 29���36 �� 16���20 ��m, with somewhat sigmoid walls and surrounded by weak musculature, pars refringens (lateral view) with two rounded triangular pieces measuring 7.5���10 �� 7���9.5 ��m, separated by a less refringent intermediate area, and with a combined width of 17��� 20 ��m, pars distalis 2.5���4 ��m long. Vulva a short, nearly equatorial, longitudinal slit. Prerectum 3.7���5.8, rectum 1.3���1.5 times the anal body diameter long. Male: Genital system diorchic, with opposed testes. Sperm cells 3���3.5 �� 7.5���10 ��m, oval in shape. In addition to the ad-cloacal pair, there is a series of 10���14, somewhat irregularly spaced, ventromedian supplements, 11���21 ��m apart, one or two of them lying within the range of spicules, with the posteriormost situated at 41���53 ��m from the cloacal aperture. Spicules dorylaimid, their total length along the arc 1.1���1.2 times that at the chord, 5.1���6.1 times longer than wide and 1.8���2.2 times longer than body diameter at the cloacal aperture: dorsal side regularly convex and ventral side with moderately expressed hump and hollow, the former located at 36���43% of spicule total length from the anterior end; curvature 122���134��; head 11���21 ��m, occupying 13���25% of spicule total length, its dorsal side conspicuously curved at its anterior end and 1.4���2.0 times longer than the ventral one, which is nearly straight; median pieces 16���19 times as long as wide, occupying 23���28% of spicule maximum width, reaching the posterior end of the spicule and with visibly furcated tip; posterior end of spicules 7.5���8 ��m broad. Lateral guiding pieces with slightly sigmoid edges, 20���26 ��m long, distally with shallow depression. Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by its 3.09���4.58 mm long body, lip region offset by deep constriction and 16.5���19.5 ��m broad, visibly wider than the adjacent body, odontostyle 17���19 ��m long with aperture occupying 74���84% of its length, neck 745���865 ��m long, pharyngeal expansion 470���574 ��m long or 62��� 66% of total neck length, uterus tripartite and 317���458 ��m long or 3.9���5.7 times of corresponding body diameter, pars refringens vaginae with two separate triangular sclerotised pieces, vulva longitudinal (V = 49���53%), tail conical (44���54 ��m, c = 67���94, c��� = 1.0��� 1.3 in females), spicules 79���86 ��m long with strongly bifurcate distal end, and 10���14 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements without hiatus. Relationships. The new species is easily recognizable and distinguishable from its congeners���except perhaps M. silvanus (Vinciguerra & Giannetto, 1983) ��lvarez-Ortega & Pe��a-Santiago, 2013, see remarks���by its longitudinal (vs transverse) vulva, with pars refringens vaginae consisting of two separate (vs close together) pieces. In having comparatively large size (body more than 2.5 mm long), odontostyle less than 20 ��m long, welldeveloped pars refringens vaginae, and tail with rounded terminus, M. concinnus sp. n. is very similar to M. digitalis (Loos, 1949) Andr��ssy, 2001, M. romanicus and M. sublabiatus (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Andr��ssy, 2001. Nevertheless, it differs from M. digitalis, only known to occur in Sri Lanka, in its more slender body (a = 43��� 55 vs a = 33), much shorter odontostyle (16.5���19.5 vs 24 ��m), shorter female tail (44���54 vs 62���65 ��m, c = 67���94 vs c = 47���53), and male as frequent as female (vs male absent). From M. romanicus, the most similar species, it differs in its relatively more slender body (a = 43���55 vs a = 38���47), comparatively broader lip region (conspicuously broader than vs nearly equal to adjacent body), and structure of spicules (distally strongly bifurcate vs not furcated). From M. sublabiatus, a poorly known species from the USA, but also recorded in Poland and Spain, in its comparatively more slender body (a = 44���54 vs a = 33���43), shorter caudal region (40���54 vs 58���59 ��m, c = 67���93 vs c = 52���56, c��� = 1.0���1.3 vs c��� = 1.4���1.6), and irregularly spaced (vs nearly contiguous) ventromedian supplements lacking (vs having) hiatus. The new species also resembles M. labiatus (de Man, 1880) Andr��ssy, 2001, but differs in its broader lip region (17���19 vs 15���16 ��m), longer odontostyle (17���19 vs 14���16 ��m), neck morphology (regularly tapering vs distinctly narrowing at level of odontophore base), shorter tail (44���54 vs 61���98 ��m, c��� = 1.0���1.3 vs c��� = 1.4���1.9), and higher number (10���14 vs 7) of ventromedian supplements without (vs with) hiatus. Type locality and habitat. Lviv, Ukraine: Lychakiv Park (N 49��50'06.59", E 24��03'54.08"), in soil around roots of grasses. Other localities and habitats. Two localities and habitats also in Lviv, Ukraine, near the type one: Circus garden square (N 49��50'21.06", E 24��00'47.96"), in soil around roots of Acer platanoides L. (Population 1 in Table 2); and Nischynskogo garden square (N 49��50'26.26", E 24��03'55.96"), in soil around roots of Acer platanoides L. (Population 2 in Table 2). Type material. Female holotype, one female and three male paratypes deposited in the nematode collection of the State Museum of Natural History, NASU, Lviv, Ukraine. One female and three male paratypes at the Museum and Institute of Zoology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland. Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin term meaning ���neat, elegant or pretty��� and reflects the graceful general appearance of the new species. Remarks. One male paratype bears a second, non-functional odontostyle embedded within pharyngeal tissue at 98 ��m from the anterior end. It is 17 ��m long and 3.5 ��m wide, and its aperture measures 12.5 ��m long. As mentioned, the most relevant diagnostic feature of M. concinnus sp. n. is its longitudinal vagina, with pars refringens vaginae consisting of two separate sclerotized pieces, indeed a remarkable character in Metaporcelaimus as other representatives of the genus, except M. silvanus from Italy, present a transverse vulva, with contiguous sclerotized pieces in their pars refringens vaginae. Nevertheless, there are very significant differences between the Italian species and M. concinnus sp. n., for instance, a much larger general size in the Ukrainian species (body length 3.5���4.7 vs 1.6���1.8 mm), more slender body (a = 43���52 vs 28���34), more anterior vulva (V = 49���53 vs 54���59%), tail with rounded (vs acute) tip, longer spicules (79���86 vs 30 ��m), and hiatus present (vs absent)., Published as part of Krainer, Liubomyr, Susulovsky, Andrij & Pe��a-Santiago, Reyes, 2018, The genus Metaporcelaimus Lordello, 1965 (Nematoda, Dorylaimida, Aporcelaimidae) in Ukraine: Description of one known and two new species without hiatus, pp. 127-140 in Zootaxa 4497 (1) on pages 131-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/1451132, {"references":["Vinciguerra, M. T. & Giannetto, L. (1983) Three new species of Dorylaimida (Nematoda) from Italian terrestrial ecosystems. Animalia, 10, 283 - 289.","Loos, C. A. (1949) Notes on free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes of Ceylon. 6. Journal of the Zoological Society of India, 1, 30 - 36.","Andrassy, I. (2001) A taxonomic review of the genera Aporcelaimus Thorne & Swanger, 1936 and Metaporcelaimus Lordello, 1965 (Nematoda, Aporcelaimidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapestinensis, 33, 7 - 47.","Thorne, G. & Swanger, H. H. (1936) A monograph of the nematode genera Dorylaimus Dujardin, Aporcelaimus n. gen., Dorylaimoides n. gen., and Pungentus n. gen. Capita Zoologica, 6, 1 - 223.","Man, J. G. de (1880) Die einheimischen, frei in der reinen Erde und im sussen Wasser lebenden Nematoden. Tijdschrift Nederlandsche dierkundige Lereeniging, 5, 1 - 104."]}

Metaporcelaimus romanicus (Popovici, 1978) Andr��ssy, 2001 (Fig. 1) Material examined: Fifteen females and eight males from a single location, in good state of preservation. Morphometrics. See Table 1. Description. Adult: Slender (a = 38���46) nematodes of medium to large size, 2.82���3.83 mm long. Body cylindrical, tapering towards both extremities, but more so towards posterior end as tail is conical. Habitus curved ventrad after fixation, especially in posterior body region, J- or C-shaped. Cuticle two-layered, 2���2.5 ��m thick at anterior region, 4���4.5 ��m at mid-body, and 9���10.5 ��m on tail; outer layer thin, with constant thickness throughout body and fine but distinct transverse striation; inner layer thicker than outer one. Cervical lacunae absent. Lateral chord 18���24 ��m wide, occupying 23���31% of mid-body diameter. Lip region offset by deep constriction, 2.6���3.1 times as broad as high and less than one-third (21���28%) of body diameter at neck base; lips separate, angular, with weakly protruding labial and cephalic papillae. Amphid fovea funnel-shaped, its aperture 8���10 ��m or ca one-half (47���58%) of lip region diameter. Cheilostom nearly cylindrical, lacking any differentiation. Odontostyle typical of the genus, 4.3���5.1 times as long as wide, nearly equal (1.0���1.1 times) to lip region diameter, and 0.5���0.7% of body length; aperture 10���13.5 ��m long or occupying up to three-fourths (56���74%) its length. Guiding ring plicate. Odontophore linear, rod-like, 1.5���1.9 times the odontostyle length. Anterior region of pharynx enlarging very gradually, basal expansion 401���535 ��m, occupying up to two-thirds (53���64%) of total neck length; gland nuclei located as follows (n = 1): DO = 46%, DN = 51%, S1N1 = 61%, S1N2 = 72%, S2N = 79%. Nerve ring at 186���219 ��m or 24���28% of total neck length from the anterior end. Cardia conical, 25���34 �� 14���27 ��m. Pharyngo-intestinal junction surrounded by a delicate ring-like structure, which appears visibly asymmetrical as its dorsal side is more developed and forms a lobe. A dorsal cell mass is perceptible in several specimens at level of anterior end of intestine. Tail conical with rounded tip, ventrally nearly straight, dorsally convex with a very weak but perceptible terminal concavity in some specimens; inner core nearly reaching the tail tip and visibly notched at its dorsal side; terminal hyaline portion 7���12.5 ��m long; inner cuticle layer bearing a gap (discontinuity) at tail end; caudal pores two pairs, one subdorsal and one sublateral, both in posterior half of tail. Female: Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, with both branches equally developed, anterior 399���641 ��m or 13���18% of body length, and posterior 404���674 ��m or 13���19% of body length. Ovaries large, anterior 137���336 ��m, posterior 74���370 ��m long, with oocytes arranged first in two or more rows, then in a single row. Oviduct consisting of slender part consisting of prismatic cells and moderately developed pars dilatata with distinct lumen. A distinct narrowing with muscular sphincter separates oviduct and uterus. Uterus 281���397 ��m long or 3.8���4.8 times of corresponding body diameter, and tripartite, that is consisting of a nearly spheroidal distal portion, a slender intermediate section with narrower lumen, and a thicker proximal portion with wide lumen. Abundant sperm cells observed in both distal and proximal uterine sections. Uterine egg ovoid, 85���114 �� 37���50 ��m (n = 16), ca 2.3 times longer than wide. Vagina extending inwards 36���45 ��m, to ca one-half (45���58%) of body diameter: pars proximalis 27���34 �� 14���21 ��m, with somewhat sigmoid walls and surrounded by weak musculature, pars refringens with two adjacent trapezoidal pieces measuring 7���10 �� 7���8 ��m and a combined width of 15���19 ��m, pars distalis 2.5���4.5 ��m long. Vulva a nearly equatorial, transverse slit. Prerectum 3.1���5.3, rectum 1.2���1.6 anal body diameters long. Male: Genital system diorchic, with opposed testes. Sperm cells 7���8.5 �� 3���3.5 ��m, oval in shape. In addition to the ad-cloacal pair, there is a series of 9���12, more or less regularly spaced, 14���21 ��m apart, ventromedian supplements, one or two of them lying within the range of spicules, with the most posterior of them situated at 45���57 ��m from the cloacal aperture. Spicules dorylaimid, their total length along the arc 1.2���1.3 times that at the chord, 4.6���5.8 times longer than wide and 1.9���2.3 times longer than body diameter at cloacal aperture: dorsal side regularly convex and ventral contour bearing prominent hump and hollow, the former located at 33���40% of spicule total length from its anterior end; curvature 116���120��; head well developed, 12���16 ��m long, occupying 13���18% of total spicule length, its dorsal side conspicuously curved at its anterior end and 1.4���1.7 times longer than the ventral one, which is almost straight; median pieces 12���16 times as long as wide, occupying 25���33% of spicule maximum width, reaching the tip of the spicule; posterior end of spicules 6.5���8 ��m wide. Lateral guiding pieces with slightly sigmoid edges, 24���26 ��m long, distally slightly bifurcate. Locality and habitat. Ukraine, Uzhhorod (N 48��38'39.52", E 22��18'11.73"), in soil around roots of Quercus robur L. Remarks. The Ukrainian population of M. romanicus is nearly identical to previously reported populations from Romania and Switzerland (Popovici 1978, Andr��ssy 2001, ��lvarez-Ortega & Pe��a-Santiago 2010), with no remarkable differences, either morphological or morphometric. This report suggests that the species might be widely spread in soils of Central and Eastern Europe., Published as part of Krainer, Liubomyr, Susulovsky, Andrij & Pe��a-Santiago, Reyes, 2018, The genus Metaporcelaimus Lordello, 1965 (Nematoda, Dorylaimida, Aporcelaimidae) in Ukraine: Description of one known and two new species without hiatus, pp. 127-140 in Zootaxa 4497 (1) on pages 128-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/1451132, {"references":["Popovici, P. (1978) New nematodes species (Dorylaimoidea) from Romania. Nematologica, 24, 404 - 411. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529278 X 00533","Andrassy, I. (2001) A taxonomic review of the genera Aporcelaimus Thorne & Swanger, 1936 and Metaporcelaimus Lordello, 1965 (Nematoda, Aporcelaimidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapestinensis, 33, 7 - 47.","Alvarez-Ortega, S. & Pena-Santiago, R. (2010) Studies on the genus Aporcelaimellus Heyns, 1965 (Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae) - material studied by Thorne and Swanger in 1936 but not named. Russian Journal of Nematology, 18, 69 - 84."]}

Paralongidorus rex was found for the first time in Poland and Ukraine. This paper describes females and juveniles from four populations of this species on the basis of morphology and morphometrics and provides molecular characterization using 18S, ITS1 and D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequences. Morphometrically, females from these populations differed slighty in V ratio (means in four populations: 41.9; 42.7; 46.1; 46.8) and odontostylet length (166.6; 170.6; 191.5; 193.2). Phylogenetic analysis showed that P. rex had a sister relationship with P. iranicus. PCR-D2-D3 of 28S-RFLP diagnostic profiles with five enzymes are given. Additionally, information on new host plants and map of distribution for P. rex are provided. The new record of this nematode species, previously identified as Paralongidorus sp. (GenBank: AY601582) from Slovakia, is defined based on comparison of sequences of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene. Finally, remarks on the potential importance of this species in grapevine production are given.

Tigronehoides andrassyi sp. nov. from Baltic coastal dune in Poland is described and illustrated. New species is characterized by medium body length (females 2.25–2.65 mm, males 2.27–2.72 mm), spacious buccal cavity (females 57.1-60.0 × 49.3-53.9 µm, males 49.5-52.4 × 41.2-43.3 µm), relatively high position of teeth apices (females 29.2–33.6%, males 39.9–42.5% ), longitudinal vulva with clearly separated sclerotizations, short and evenly tapered tail with cone-shaped posterior part.

Two species of the genus Chiloplectus are described from Ukraine. Detailed studies by light and scanning electron microscopy were made to differentiate between C. andrassyi, a new senior synonym of Plectus telekii, and C. loricatus. Some previously unknown characters like the shape of the excretory gland duct, the number and position of somatic setae, and the epiptygmata are introduced for this differentiation. C. loricatus is found to be a junior synonym of Plectus cancellatus, which is transferred to Chiloplectus. An emended diagnosis and a revised classification of Chiloplectus are proposed, and a key to the species of the genus is provided. Plectus globilabiatus Kirjanova, 1958 and P.annulatus Maggenti, 1961 are regarded as species inquirendae. Description de deux espèces de Chiloplectus Andrássy, 1984 (Nematoda: Plectidae) d'Ukraine et une classification nouvelle pour le genre - Deux espèces du genre Chiloplectus sont décrites d'Ukraine. Des études détaillées en microscopie optique et électronique à balayage ont été conduites pour différencier C. andrassyi, un nouveau synonyme majeur de Plectus telekii, et C.loricatus. Quelques caractères jusqu'à présent inconnus comme la forme du canal de la glande excrétrice, le nombre et la position des soies céphaliques et les epiptygmes ont été utilisés pour cette différentiation. C. loricatus est considéré comme un synonyme mineur de Plectus cancellatus, lequel est transféré au genre Chiloplectus. Sont proposées une diagnose amendée et une classification révisée du genre Chiloplectus; une clef des espèces du genre est proposée. Plectus globilabiatus Kirjanova, 1958 et P.annulatus Maggenti, 1961 sont considérés comme species inquirendae.