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Additional file 1.

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is one of important phenolic antioxidants and its fate in the environment has attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, the initial reactions of BHA with OH radicals, including 8 abstraction reactions and 6 addition reactions, were calculated. The lowest energy barrier of 3.20 kcal mol−1 was found from the abstraction reaction on phenolic hydroxyl group. The reaction barriers of addition paths are in the range of 5.48–9.28 kcal mol−1, which are lower than those of the abstraction paths. The reaction rate constants were calculated by using transition state theory, and the rate constants are 8.12 × 107 M−1 s−1 and 4.76 × 107 M−1 s−1 for the H-abstraction and OH-addition reactions, respectively. Through the calculation of the subsequent reactions of the abs-H0-TS1 and add-C4-M1 it was found that BHA would be further transformed into 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TBQ), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) etc. in the aqueous phase, and the eco-toxicities of these transformed products of BHA in the aqueous phase were significantly increased comparing with that of the BHA and they are toxic to aquatic organism.

Two novel IS CR1 -associated dfr genes, dfrA42 and dfrA43 , were identified from trimethoprim (TMP)-resistant Proteus strains and were shown to confer high levels of TMP resistance (MIC, ≥1,024 mg/liter) when cloned into Escherichia coli isolates. These genes were hosted by complex class 1 integrons, suggesting their potential for dissemination.

Groundwater is the major source for resident drinking, industrial development, and agricultural irrigation in the Huai River Basin (HRB). With the development of industry and agriculture, exploitation of the deep groundwater increases dramatically in the HRB in recent years. Therefore, analysis and evaluation the renewability of the deep groundwater in the HRB is critical. In our study, a total of 390 groundwater samples were collected along four profiles in 35 cities and counties within the HRB to obtain their hydrochemical characteristics and isotopic data. Based on the isotopic data of these samples, three deep groundwater subsystems: the Shaying River System, the Guohe River System, and the Ancient Yellow River System were identified. The further comparison indicates that the deep and shallow groundwater systems of Guohe River System and Shaying River System have good differentiation. While, the connection of deep and shallow aquifer of Ancient Yellow River System is strong. According to the calculation results based on the combination of stable isotopes and water chemistry, the renewable ability of deep groundwater of Ancient Yellow River, Shaying river, and Guo river are 36%, 22%, and 12%, respectively, which implies faster renewal rate and greater exploitation potential.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Combined effects of stressful life events and stress management skills in southern urban Chinese allergy study.

Additional file 3: Questionnaire 1. Life Events and Allergic Disease Survey Scale.

Additional file 2: Appendix Table 2. A table showing the percentage of surgical procedures. Partial nephrectomy: Partial or subtotal nephrectomy (kidney or renal pelvis) or partial ureterectomy; RNU:Complete/total/simple nephrectomy - for kidney parenchyma Nephroureterectomy; Any nephrectomy: Any nephrectomy (simple, subtotal, complete, partial, total, radical) PLUS an en bloc:resection of other organ(s) (colon, bladder); Nephrectomy, NOS:Nephrectomy, NOS;Ureterectomy, NOS.

Additional file 3: Questionnaire 1. Life Events and Allergic Disease Survey Scale.

Additional file 4: Questionnaire 2. Lifestyle Profile II.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Stress management scale items and scoring methods.

Additional file 4: Questionnaire 2. Lifestyle Profile II.

Land surface models range in complexity of terrestrial evapotranspiration, yet it is unknown how model complexity translates to accuracy of modeled evapotranspiration estimates. Here, we use the International Land Model Benchmarking system to assess ET estimates from three models of varying complexity driven by the same forcing datasets: an earth system model, a terrestrial biosphere model, and a stand-alone ET model. The performance assessment includes both temporal and spatial evaluation, and different plant functional types across China. Our results indicate that the most complex model, an earth system model, performed best against the benchmarking datasets and metrics. Terrestrial biosphere model performed best in simulating inter-annual variability of ET, while earth system model performed best in simulating the seasonal cycle. The more complex models (earth system model and terrestrial biosphere model) perform better in forest, shrub and crop ecosystems, while the simpler model (stand-alone ET model) perform better in grass ecosystems. Our study demonstrates the impact of model complexity on ET estimates and highlights directions for future ET model improvements.

To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) of acupoints Neiguan (PC 6) and Tianquan (PC 2) on the skin temperature, blood perfusion, and alpha1- and beta2-adrenoreceptor (α1-AR and β2-AR) protein and mRNA level in rats with acute myocardial ischemia.Thirty male adult Wistar rats [(230 ± 20) g] were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 6 each): a control group, sham operation group, model group, model group treated with EA at low frequency (L-EA, 2 Hz, 1 mA) and model group treated with EA at high frequency (H-EA, 100 Hz, 1 mA). The rat model was prepared by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. Electroacupuncture was performed at the left Neiguan (PC 6) for 20min daily for 3 d. After the 3rd time of the treatment, measurements of skin blood perfusion and temperature in Neiguan (PC 6) and Tianquan (PC 2) in all groups were made by laser speckle contrast imaging and infrared thermal image instrument. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to measure mRNA level and protein level of α1-AR and β2-AR in the skin tissues of Neiguan (PC 6) and Tianquan (PC 2), respectively. Serum levels of cTnT and electrocardiogram were used to identify the state of myocardium.In the group receiving electroacupunture at Neiguan (PC 6), compared with control group, the skin temperature, blood perfusion, and β2 -AR mRNA and protein level of model group significantly decreased (P0.05), α1-AR mRNA and protein level of model group significantly increased (P0.05); compared with model group, the skin temperature, blood perfusion, and β2 -AR mRNA and protein level of L-EA significantly increased (P0.05), α1-AR mRNA and protein level of L-EA and H-EA significantly decreased (P0.05). The same trend has taken place in the former four groups of the Tianquan (PC 2).Low-or high-frequency electroacupuncture can improve the skin temperature and blood perfusion which may be induced by decreasing the level of α1-AR and increasing the level of β2 -AR of the Neiguan (PC 6) and Tianquan (PC 2) in the rat with acute myocaidial ischemia.

These data were used in the paper "Projections of future life expectancy in Belt and Road countries".&nbsp

Eddy Covariance technique (EC) achieves the direct measurement on ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes, and it provides scientific data for accurately assessing ecosystem functions in mitigating global climate change. This paper briefly reviewed the construction and development of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (ChinaFLUX), and systematically introduced the design principle and technology of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation system of ChinaFLUX. In addition, this paper summarized the main progress of ChinaFLUX in the ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water exchange and environmental controlling mechanisms, the spatial pattern of carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes and biogeographical mechanisms, and the regional terrestrial ecosystem carbon budget assessment. Finally, the prospects and emphases of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation of ChinaFLUX are put forward to provide theoretical references for the development of flux observation and research in China.

Vegetation phenology is an important parameter in models of global vegetation and land surfaces, as the accuracy of these simulations depends strongly on the description of the canopy status. Temperate forests represent one of the major types of vegetation at mid-high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and act as a globally important carbon sink. Thus, a better understanding of the phenological variables of temperate forests will improve the accuracy of vegetation models and estimates of regional carbon fluxes. In this work, we explored the possibility of using digital camera images to monitor phenology at species and community scales of a temperate forest in northeastern China, and used the greenness index derived from these digital images to optimize phenological model parameters. The results show that at the species scale, the onset dates of phenological phases (Korean pine, Mongolian oak) derived from the images are close to those from field observations (error < 3d). At the community scal...

Fertilizer application is one of the most important management practices for improving soil fertility and increasing crop yield.However,it is far from certain how different forms of fertilizer affect the soil aggregate composition and carbon and nitrogen dynamics,especially for reddish paddy soils although it is one of the most popular soil types in China.A long-term field experiment has been established on a reddish paddy soil of Qianyanzhou Ecological Experiment Station(114°53′E,26°48′N) in Jiangxi Province in 1998.Four treatments were carried out: Control with no fertilizer(CK),straw return(ST),mineral fertilizers(NPK) and pig manure(OM),aiming to evaluate the effects of different forms of fertilizer on the distribution of soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen content.The results showed that:(1) under control treatment,the 63μm particles(silt and clay) are the dominant component in the soils,accounting for approximately 41%—54% of bulk soil,followed by 63—250μm microaggregate and 250—500μm macroaggregate.Compared with CK,long term application of NPK and OM significantly increased the fraction of 250—500μm particles and decreased the fraction of 63μm particles,and the application of OM significantly increased the particles of 63—250μm and of 250—500μm;(2) the long-term application of ST,NPK and OM increased the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in the three aggregates,following the order of CKSTNPKOM;(3) for the particles of 250μm,the C/N ratios declined gradually along the decrease of particle size under OM treatment.Regardless of treatment,the soil EC(carbon enrichment) and EN(nitrogen enrichment) were 1 in the aggregates of 63—125 μm and 63μm,suggesting that the 125μm aggregate made dominant contribution to the total organic carbon and nitrogen storage in the reddish paddy soil.This study provides fundamental information for choosing proper fertilization practices to improve soil fertility.

In this paper, a new hybrid multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA), the niched Pareto tabu search combined with a genetic algorithm (NPTSGA), is proposed for the management of groundwater resources under variable density conditions. Relatively few MOEAs can possess global search ability contenting with intensified search in a local area. Moreover, the overall searching ability of tabu search (TS) based MOEAs is very sensitive to the neighborhood step size. The NPTSGA is developed on the thought of integrating the genetic algorithm (GA) with a TS based MOEA, the niched Pareto tabu search (NPTS), which helps to alleviate both of the above difficulties. Here, the global search ability of the NPTS is improved by the diversification of candidate solutions arising from the evolving genetic algorithm population. Furthermore, the proposed methodology coupled with a density-dependent groundwater flow and solute transport simulator, SEAWAT, is developed and its performance is evaluated through a synthetic seawater intrusion management problem. Optimization results indicate that the NPTSGA offers a tradeoff between the two conflicting objectives. A key conclusion of this study is that the NPTSGA keeps the balance between the intensification of nondomination and the diversification of near Pareto-optimal solutions along the tradeoff curves and is a stable and robust method for implementing the multi-objective design of variable-density groundwater resources.

Continuous and automatic monitoring of canopy phenology is of increasing scientific interest as a tool to investigate the multiple implications of vegetation dynamics on ecosystem carbon fluxes.For this purpose,we initiated research on winter wheat ecosystem northern China in 2011,belonging to Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Flux Observation and Research Network(ChinaFLUX),and evaluated the applicability of digital camera imagery for monitoring and modeling crop phenology and physiology.A standard,commercially available webcam was mounted at the top of the eddy covariance tower at the YuCheng ChinaFLUX site.Images were collected in growing season every 30 min from 9:30 a.m to 5:00 p.m each day.Red,green,and blue color channel brightness data for a region-of-interest(ROI) were extracted from each image(ROI is the subset of image,can better describe the target′s characters.The size of ROI for winter wheat is 380*260 pixels).Since a temporal series of original brightness data can′t capture the changes at different canopy development stages,we compared different indices(ratio greenness index,excess greenness index,and relative greenness index) composed of different channel brightness data.Ratio greenness index(G/R),can reflect the size of leaf area index and variations in chlorophyll content of winter wheat,proved to be the index best describing the green-up signals of the vegetation,was calculated by dividing green channel brightness by red channel brightness,and extracted from chronically digital images.Phenological date was defined as the date on which the curvature of G/R reaches its peak and compared to field-measured phenological date.The results confirmed that G/R was useful to monitor canopy phenology.We further investigated the relationship between G/R and carbon exchange capacity(i.e.,gross ecosystem exchange ) of vegetation using eddy covariance CO2 flux data.A strong relationship(GEE: r2 = 0.66) between ratio greenness and photosynthesis was observed for winter wheat.At the same time,we used the daily NEE and PAR data collected from Eddy covariance technique,employed the Michaelis-Menten equationt,and obtained the curve of Amax.The result demonstrated a positive relationship between G/R and Amax,and suggested that G/R is able to reflect the plant phenological activity in physiological level.We concluded that digital camera images not only provide a reliable measure of plant phenology at high tempo-spatial resolutions,but also act as a complementary role of CO2 flux measurements,and improve our knowledge of ecosystem processes.Digital cameras have been installed at eight typical terrestrial ecosystem sites of ChinaFLUX for phenological observations,constituting of the Chinese Digital Camera Phenology Observation Network.This platform will provide an unprecedented opportunity to obtain an improved understanding of vegetation responses to climate change in China.With high tempo-spatial resolution phenological data,we can bring insights into the process of biologically mediated carbon sources and sinks,and better understand the uncertainties of the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon cycle.

Stable isotopes of atmospheric water vapor reveal rich information on water movement and phase changes in the atmosphere. Here we presented two nearly continuous time-series of δD and δ 18 O of atmospheric water vapor (δv) measured at hourly intervals in surface air in Beijing and above a winter wheat canopy in Shijiazhuang using in-situ meas- urement technique. During the precipitation events, the δv values in both Beijing and Shiji- azhuang were in the state of equilibrium with precipitation water, revealing the influence of precipitation processes. However, the δv departures from the equilibrium state were positively correlated with local relative humidity. Note that the δv tended to enrich in Beijing, but deplete in Shijiazhuang during the precipitation events, which mainly resulted from the influence of transpiration processes that enriched the δv in Shijiazhuang. On seasonal time-scale, the δv values were log-linear functions of water vapor mixing ratios in both Beijing and Shijiazhuang. The water vapor mixing ratio was an excellent predictor of the δv by the Rayleigh distillation mechanisms, indicating that air mass advection could also play an important role in deter- mining the δv. On a diurnal time-scale, the δv reached the minimum in the early afternoon hours in Beijing which was closely related to the atmospheric processes of boundary layer entrainment. During the peak of growing season of winter wheat, however, the δv reached the minimum in the early morning, and increased gradually through the daytime, and reached the maximum in the late afternoon, which was responsible by the interaction between boundary layer entrainment and the local atmospheric processes, such as transpiration and dew for- mation. This study has the implications for the important role of vegetation in determining the surface δv and highlights the need to conduct δv measurement on short-term (e.g. diurnal) time scales.

Quantifying the partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) and its controls are particularly important for accurate prediction of the climatic response of ecosystem carbon, water, and energy budgets. In this study, we employed the Shuttleworth–Wallace model to partition ET into soil water evaporation (E) and vegetation transpiration (T) at four grassland ecosystems in China. Two to three years (2003–2005) of continuous measurements of ET with the eddy covariance technique were used to test the long-term performance of the model. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the key parameters in the model and to evaluate the accuracy in model partitioning (i.e. E/ET). Results indicated that the simulated ET at the four ecosystems was in good agreement with the measurements at both the diurnal and seasonal timescales, but the model tended to underestimate ET by 3–11% on rainy days, probably due to the lack of model representation of rainfall interception. In general, E accounted for a large proportion of ET at these grasslands. The monthly E/ET ranged from 12% to 56% in the peak growing seasons and the annual E/ET ranged from 51% to 67% across the four ecosystems. Canopy stomatal conductance controlled E/ET at the diurnal timescale, and the variations and magnitude of leaf area index (LAI) explained most of the seasonal, annual, and site-to-site variations in E/ET. A simple linear relationship between growing season LAI and E/ET explained ca. 80% of the variation observed at the four sites for the 10 modeled site-years. Our work indicated that the daily E/ET decreased to a minimum value of ca. 10% for values of LAI greater than 3 m

The Alpine meadow is one of the vegetation types widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau in China with an area of about 1.2 million square kilometers. The Damxung rangeland station, located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, is covered with an typical vegetation. The continuous carbon flux data (from August to middle October, 2003) measured with the open-path eddy covariance system was used to analyze the diurnal variation pattern of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and its relationship with the environmental factors, such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), precipitation, and temperature. Results showed that NEE presented obvious diurnal variation pattern with single-peak of diurnal maximum carbon assimilation at 11: 00–12: 00 (local time) with an average of −0.268 mg CO2·m−2·s−1, i.e., −6.08 μmol CO2·m−2·s−1. During the daytime, NEE fitted fairly well with PAR in a rectangular hyperbola function with the apparent quantum yield (0.020 3 μmol CO2 μmol−1 PAR) and maximum ecosystem assimilation (9.741 1 μmol CO2·m−2·s−1). During the night-time, NEE showed a good exponential relation with the soil temperature at 5 cm depth.

Comparative study of spectral properties of temperature and CO2 fluxes measured by eddy covariance method at Yucheng (36 57'E, 28 m.a.s.1., in the North China Plain) and at Lhasa (29 41'N, 91 20' E, 3688 m.a.s.1., on the Tibetan Plateau) is described using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. The main results are: (1) The intrinsic oscillation modes or intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) were extracted from data of temperature (T) and CO2 fluxes (F) measured at Yucheng (T1 and F1) and Lhasa (T2 and F2). (2) Hilbert transform was applied to these IMF compontents, then the Hilbert-Huang spectra and the marginal spectra of these data were obtained. (3) Comparison of temperature and CO2 fluxes in North China Plain and on Tibetan Plain illustrated that the characteristic frequencies corresponding to T1, F1, T2 and F2 are 0.05 Hz, 0.03 Hz, 0.014Hz and 0.005Hz, respectively. * Supported by the National Program on Key Basic Research Projects (Grant No. G1999-11708) and National Natural Science Foun...

This paper proposes a basic equation of thermal radiation interaction between surface objects on the basis of the principle of heat balance in the interface. The solution of this equation takes account of the contribution of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux more completely, compared with traditional solution for surface cooling and heating processes. By the aid of the experimental data conducted in the Xiaotangshan experimental site, Beijing, both the non-applicability of Kirchoff’s law and the measurability of surface emissivity in a non-isothermal system have been highlighted. Two methods called ventilation and time-delay compensations have been proposed to reduce the error induced by change of surface temperatures of non-isothermal objects during the measurement of emissivity. Based on the solution of the basic equation, this paper has analyzed and pointed out the misunderstanding in comprehension and application of Kirchoff’s law published in literature.

Water vapour and CO2 fluxes were measured by the eddy-covariance technique above a mixed needle and broad-leaved forest with affiliated meteorological measurements in Changbai Mountain as part of China’s FLUX projects since late August in 2002. Net water vapour exchange and environmental control over the forest were examined from September 1 to October 31 in 2002. To quantify the seasonal dynamics, the transition period was separated into leafed, leaf falling and leafless stages according to the development of leaf area. The results showed that (a) seasonal variation of water vapour exchange was mainly controlled by net radiation (Rn) which could account for 78.5%, 63.4% and 56.6% for leafed, leaf falling and leafless stages, respectively, while other environmental factors’ effects varied evidently; (b) magnitude of water vapour flux decreased remarkably during autumn and daily mean of water vapour exchange was 24.2 mg m−2 s−1 (100%), 14.8 mg m−2 s−1 (61.2%) and 10.3 mg m−2 s−1 (42.6%) for leafed, leaf falling and leafless stage, respectively; and (c) the budget of water vapour exchange during autumn was estimated to be 87.1 kg H2O m−2, with a mean of 1427.2 g H2O d−1 varying markedly from 3104.0 to 227.5 g H2O m−2d−1.

The thermal inertia and plant water stress index are often adopted to estimate soil moisture available for crops or plants. However, it is not very easy to obtain two temporal temperatures for thermal inertia model and air temperature for the plant water stress mode. Shadows of ground objects are often referred to noise on visible and near infrared remote sensing. But the difference of temperature between shadows and sunlit contains rich information concerning with heat-water status for soil. This paper presented a new way to excavate just by temperature difference usually between shadow and sunlit surface. Experiments validated the ideal. We can adopt thermal camera to measure the differences in the field measurements. However, we must use inversion based on multianglar thermal infrared remote sensing data in airborne and spaceborne. An inverting model was also presented by using Monte-Carlo and the least square method. Results show that this way is feasible.

In this paper an adaptive approach of achieving a proper model structure in data-driven T-S fuzzy models is proposed. By introducing negative correlation learning in the creation of the fuzzy model, the training error of the entire model is decomposed to individual rule errors with correlation penalty term. Fuzzy rules can be trained and evaluated separately. On the other hand, negative correlation learning minimizes the mutual information between rules, so that a set of cooperative and complementary fuzzy rules can be obtained. The correlation penalty term also provides a way of measuring the validity of each rule. Algorithms of generating and eliminating rules can be developed based on it, thus the appropriate structure of the model can be obtained independent to the initial number of rules.

The theoretical explanation of energy "unbalance" phenomena is presented and local advection experiments executed over a farmland are introduced. The results show that, (1) the influence of local advection depends on wind speed, wind direction, fetch and temperature difference between two adjacent fields or pixels. (2) Because there is uncertainty in heat fluxes obtained by some micrometeorological methods (mainly caused by advection and instrumental precision), and the fluxes are often regarded as the calibrations of remote sensing fluxes, the accuracy of fluxes retrieved from remote sensing data will be affected.

This paper reviews the basic principle of measuring emissivity by using carbon dioxide laser in 10.6 /spl mu/m for longer distance which was presented by authors several years ago. When the technique is extended to determine the two dimensional distribution of the territorial surface emissivities on airborne or spaceborne platforms, key points should be completed. (1) The power of the carbon dioxide laser must reach a level that can cause obvious change of signal in the thermal infrared detector for a distance between the detector and the ground surface. (2) The wavelength of the carbon dioxide laser should be coincident with th thermal infrared scanner. (3) Two images ought to be obtained (before and after irradiating with the carbon dioxide laser), and its beam must keep a simultaneous scanning with a phase difference of one pixel. That means dual scanning should be designed.

In order to pick up effective signals a real control system, the paper discusses an adaptive method of signal selection based on the strategy of fuzzy clustering and expert reasoning. Compared with known methods, it can not only pick up system characteristic frequency efficiently in the allowable error range, but also reduce the calculation and enhance the real time property. In order to demonstrate the merits of this method, an application example is then given.

A simple directional thermal infrared model is presented, and its inversion is discussed in detail. The information contents in data space and parameter space are defined, and the process of information transfer in inversion is studied. Based on this study, the authors made improvement to the cost function. The forward model and inversion method are validated with indoor directional measurement data. The results show that the model fits the measurement data very well, and their study on the information transfer in inversion is helpful to use the information of given observations in a more effective way.

CO2 and H2O are the important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. On-line monitoring of CO2 and H2O concentrations in ecosystem can be used for analyzing environment and climate change. With the near-infrared absorption lines of CO2 and H2O, CO2 and H2O on-line detection instrument in open-path based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technology and automatic gain adjustment technology is designed. The continuous observation experiment is carried out in Yucheng Integrated Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences with the time resolution of 20 Hz in 1238 m optical path by this instrument. The results show that the problem of large signal intensity fluctuation in open-path detection is solved by automatic gain adjustment. The CO2 concentration in site has an obvious diurnal periodicity that the concentration is low in the daytime and high at night. Comparing with LI-7500 of eddy covariance system, the data consistency is better. This technology has the characteristics of high sensitivity, fast response and without sampling, so the stable and continuous CO2 and H2O on-line detection is achieved in large-scale regional ecosystem.

A two-layer model used to get the estimated values of crop transpiration by inversion using remote sensing data, which has been proved effective at some agricultural-ecological stations, is first discussed. An important part of it is the temperature separation model (in which the surface temperature in a mixed pixel is separated into soil surface temperature and crop canopy surface temperature) on the basis of bi-temporal radiometric temperature in a mixed pixel and its thermal inertia. To improve the inversion, the authors put forward some new algorithms, including an algorithm for the estimation of regional emissivities, a static feedback algorithm using surface temperature for the extension of air temperature at ecological stations to the region surrounding them and a spatial extension algorithm for calculating the wind speed 2 m above the ground with surface roughness and radiometric temperature. Finally, regional distributions of crop transpiration (CT) and soil water use efficiency (SWUE) in North China were calculated pixel by pixel using NOAA-AVHRR data and surface measurements and calibrations. The results provide a way to assess the effects of various agricultural practices on SWUE by using remote sensing data in North China in spring.