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The intention of this research is to recapitulate the two different fillers like E glass fiber and nanocarbon fiber, which were utilized to fabricate the polymer matrix composites by the assistance of epoxy resin. The mechanical compression molding was influenced to produce the polymer-based nanocomposites under consideration of optimal process parameters. There are three different weight fractions E glass fiber (40%, 45%, and 50%), nanocarbon fiber (10%, 15%, and 20%), and epoxy concentrations (30%, 40%, and 50%), respectively, that were used to produce the polymer matrix composites. Those processing parameters were designed by the L9 Taguchi with DOE technique to conduct the mechanical tests like tensile strength and hardness properties. The signal-to-noise ratios were successfully accomplished to identify optimal process parameters for improving the individual responses. The ANOVA and interaction was additional supports to enhance the mechanical properties. The scanning electron microscope was used to examine the fracture surfaces at the tensile fracture specimens with optimal conditions. Moreover, the maximum mechanical characteristics were attained by the increasing of nanocarbon fiber in the processed polymer matrix composites.

These days, textile industries pose a more significant threat to surface water and groundwater sources directly or indirectly by discharging wastewater containing various dyes and organic pollutants to these water sources. The phase-junction-engineered heterogeneous photocatalysis carried out by visible-light-driven semiconductor photocatalysts is opening a new window for the degradation of environmental organic pollutants. In this work, we have reported a one-step bottom-up hydrothermal synthesis of biphasic tungsten oxide (o/h-WO3) and performed a photodegradation experiment under visible light irradiation for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants such as Methylene blue (MB) methyl violet (MV), respectively. The XRD, RAMAN, TEM, and UV-vis characterization techniques were used to investigate the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the as-synthesized o/h-WO3. Moreover, the low calculated band gap ( ̴ 2.8 eV) and the anionic nature of o/h-WO3 suggest it as an efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst suitable for heterogeneous photocatalysis. The photodegradation experiment performed under visible light using o/h-WO3 photocatalyst showed better degradation efficiency of 71% and 89% for MB and MV, respectively, in 100 min. The dyes followed first-order kinetics, and their kinetic rate constants were calculated using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Furthermore, the recyclability study of the photocatalyst was also performed and discussed the underlying mechanism for the photodegradation of the organic dyes.

The vehicle industry has advanced due to the introduction of new technology. Alternatives to internal combustion engines include electric automobiles. Demand for electric vehicles is rising globally due to their lower CO2 emissions. The Indian government also intends to boost the production of electric vehicles in the automotive sector. This essay discusses the commercial prospects and difficulties for electric automobiles in India. This study discusses the economic, social, technological, and environmental variables influencing the electric car industry in India. The development of the infrastructure and batteries is influenced by the aforementioned economic and technological considerations. Over the past ten years, the global market for electric vehicles has grown at an unparalleled rate. In this essay, we first go over the potential and reach of electric vehicles in India. We also talk about the many frameworks and policies that the Indian government has put in place. Then, we research different adoption case studies for electric vehicles from throughout the globe. Finally, we discuss how India could put these tactics into practise and profit from them both locally and nationally. The India Electric Vehicle Market has a market size of USD 5 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow at an astounding CAGR of over 44% to reach USD 47 billion by 2026. (2021 – 2026). The market for electric cars (EVs) is expanding quickly on a global scale. The EV market has now experienced tremendous growth in India as well. As the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises implemented the FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles) initiative in 2015, the market is expanding further. Sales of all electric vehicles reached 365,920 units in 2018 and are projected to increase by 36% CAGR through 2026. In India, the market for EV batteries is anticipated to reach US$ 520 million in 2018 and increase at a CAGR of 30% through 2026.Electric cars provide ways to be self-sufficient and independent of foreign energy sources. One of the biggest producers of crude oil in the world is India. India might undergo a significant transformation towards self-sustainability thanks to electric automobiles. Alternatives to reduce carbon dioxide gas include electric vehicles (EV). Air pollution is a serious issue in large cities like Delhi and Mumbai. One of the sources of air pollution is the carbon dioxide produced by cars. Electric cars operate smoothly, emit little pollutants, and are highly efficient. According to research on the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in China, they consume 37.5% less energy and emit 35% fewer greenhouse gases than gasoline vehicles . Government financial policies to promote EV adoption have already been established, but for them to be effectively implemented, decision-makers must have a long-term perspective. India's history of EV has been disappointing so far. Lack of loading infrastructure, inconsistent government support and early product failures have all led to the stagnant growth in recent years.

To address the global challenge of water pollution, membrane-based technologies are being used as a dignified separation technology. However, designing low-cost, reusable, freestanding and flexible membranes for wastewater treatment with tunable pore size, good mechanical strength, and high separation efficiency is still a major challenge. Herein, we report the development of a scalable, reusable, freestanding, flexible and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (FMWCNT) membrane filter with tunable pore size for wastewater treatment, which has attractive attributes such as high separation efficiency (99% for organic dyes and ∼80% for salts), permeance (∼225 L h

Recursive MDS matrices are used for the design of linear diffusion layers in lightweight cryptographic applications. Most of the works on the construction of recursive MDS matrices either consider matrices over finite fields or block matrices over G L ( m , F 2 ) . In the first case, there have been works on the direct construction of recursive MDS matrices. The latter case is hard to deal with because of its non-commutative nature. There has not been any serious attempt to look for recursive MDS matrices over finite commutative rings, in particular over local rings of even characteristic. In this work, we present several methods for the construction of recursive MDS companion matrices over finite commutative rings. The main tools are the simple expressions for the determinant of (generalized) Vandermonde and linearized matrices. We show that the determinant of a linearized matrix over a finite commutative ring of prime characteristic can be expressed in a simple form. We discuss a technique called subring construction with which MDS matrices over product rings can be constructed using MDS matrices over subrings. We give a few examples of recursive MDS companion matrices over local rings of even characteristic. We also discuss some results on the nonexistence of recursive MDS matrices over certain rings for some parameter choices.

The in vitro diagnostics of cancer are not represented well yet, but the need for early-stage detection is undeniable. In recent decades, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as an efficient, adaptable, and unique technique for the detection of cancer molecules in their early stages. Herein, we demonstrate an opto-plasmonic hybrid structure for sensitive detection of the prostate cancer biomarker sarcosine using silica nanospheres coated silver nano-islands as a facile and efficient SERS active substrate. The SERS active platform has been developed via thin (5–15 nm) deposition of silver islands using a simple and cost-effective Radio Frequency (RF) sputtering technique followed by the synthesis and decoration of silica nanospheres (~500 nm) synthesized via Stober’s method. It is anticipated that the coupling of Whispering Gallery Modes and photonic nano-jets in SiO2 nanospheres induce Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) in Ag nano-islands, which is responsible for the SERS enhancement. The as-fabricated SERS active platform shows a linear response in the physiological range (10 nM to 100 μM) and an extremely low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.76 nM with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 and enhancement factor ~2 × 107. The findings suggest that our fabricated SERS platform could be potentially used for the rapid detection of bio-chemical traces with high sensitivity.

Control of MIMO systems offers a challenging problem due to the cross coupling effects present between the inputs and the outputs of MIMO systems. In order to achieve an efficient control decoupler...

Block cipher DEFAULT has been proposed as a differential fault analysis immune cipher at Asiacrypt 2021. In this paper, we consider the initial version of DEFAULT with no permutation involved in the last round and show that one can find the key in this version with complexity \begin{document}$ 2^{16} $\end{document} by injecting 112 faults. However, our idea does not work for the modified version of the cipher (where a key scheduling algorithm is involved).

Now-a-days in certain remote locations, microgrids are installed, supplied by solar power. But the Photo-voltaic (PV) generation and load consumption vary seasonally. If certain minimum supply hours are fixed per day, throughout the year, it results in underutilization of the solar plants. So, this paper aims at developing an analysis for arriving at season wise optimum supply hours, for such microgrid installations, by taking a case study of a 20kW solar plant installed at Tala, a remote village in the Bihar state, India. Currently, this plant supplies only 7 hours of electricity to consumers and the plant load factor is quite low. Each consumer kit comprises of Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and a fan along with an additional socket for mobile charging, limiting the total load to 117W. Factors like dark hours and ambient temperature are used to assess the load requirement of consumers in each season. For example, during hot and dry season, the fan supply requirement is for more hours, and during very cold season, the lighting is needed for longer time. As the solar power availability is also reduced during winter, a methodology is developed in this paper for energy balancing between PV generation and load consumption, which will be very useful to arrive at the optimum number of hours; the different types of loads can be operated in a day, during various seasons in a year. To attain continuous power supply, parallel design approach is applied to determine the required additional PV installations.

An improved internal model control)IMC (method is suggested in this paper for control of under-actuated MIMO system. The main idea of the proposed control technique is to ensure perfect reference tracking of the under-actuated MIMO system, which is difficult to attain, by the conventional method. The condition of the perfect reference tracking is derived in this paper for the under-actuated MIMO system. The designed controller is successfully realized on the cart inverted pendulum system, which is an example of unstable under-actuated MIMO system. The performance of the designed control method is verified through the simulation results.

At present era, digital technology plays an important role in computer education because of its important role in various segmentations, due to lack of support and application of digital technology, education may not success in to an eye catchable performance. In short, the primary goals of this research paper are to offer a fresh take on the application of digital technology in the context of transformational changes and to provide ground-breaking insight for the important researchers, scientists, teachers, and readers who are curious about the future of computer education. We the researchers have focused on a valuable and up-to-date literature review of the aforesaid research title. We have tried to our level best to justify the aforesaid research title in to a valuable and meaningful research work for the future researchers. In this paper, a thorough summary of the literature on how digital technology contributes to computer education is provided. However, this paper aims to identify many important emerging issues in education technology and major obstacles hinder broad successful implementation in the area of computer education, even though “technology in almost every element of education” are widely used. This study also found similar results, however here the paper is concentrated on the additional difficulties that were discovered due to the advent of the digital revolution to improve the empowered use of digital technology on education across all sectors, digital transmission must be applied to achieve this.

The fatal diseases and disorders caused by smoking have raised a serious concern for worldwide public health. So for its prevention, it has become very necessary to develop various types of filter ...

PID controller is designed in this work for the robust control of the DC Motor. A modern optimization technique is adopted to tune the PID controller. The PID controller is tuned by teaching learning based optimization technique (TLBO). The performance and convergence characteristics of the proposed method are analyzed through the simulation results. It is recognized from the simulation results the performance of the TLBO based optimized PID controller is satisfactory.

This paper presents the optimal control of the twin rotor MIMO system (TRMS) in real-time environment. TRMS is a test rig of the helicopter where the coupling effect between the two rotors play a vital role in the performance of the system and it is taken into consideration in it’s mathematical modelling. The reduced order state observer based optimal controller is designed to control the TRMS. The main reason for adopting the reduced order state observer is that all the states of the TRMS cannot be measured in real-time situation. The proposed design technique is implemented in simulation as well as in experimental set-up of TRMS. The results obtained are found to be satisfactory.

In this paper a full-order observer-based optimal control technique is implemented to control the load frequency problem for a single area power system. A state feedback controller is designed using linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and full-order state observer based design techniques. A numerical example is considered to check the capability of the developed methodology. The performance is compared between both the methods. It has been recognized through the simulation results and the tabulated data that the performance of observer based LQR controller is better both in term of transient as well as at steady state performance.

A matrix is MDS or super-regular if and only if every square submatrices of it are nonsingular. MDS matrices provide perfect diffusion in block ciphers and hash functions. In this paper we provide a brief survey on cryptographically significant MDS matrices - a first to the best of our knowledge. In addition to providing a summary of existing results, we make several contributions. We exhibit some deep and nontrivial interconnections between different constructions of MDS matrices. For example, we prove that all known Vandermonde constructions are basically equivalent to Cauchy constructions. We prove some folklore results which are used in MDS matrix literature. Wherever possible, we provide some simpler alternative proofs. We do not discuss efficiency issues or hardware implementations; however, the theory accumulated and discussed here should provide an easy guide towards efficient implementations.

Edible fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was, isolated cultured and identified from the bark of Mangifera indica tree. The hyphae emerging from the fruiting body produces secretory cells with toxin droplets in water agar medium which immobilize the nematode and mostly enter from the mouth region. Earlier finding showed that trans-2-decenedioic acid toxin affects only saprophytic nematodes through the mouth part but similar observations in plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita suggested that there is no obstacle from stylet in paralysing and killing. From Indian subcontinent P. ostreatus was first time isolated, in perspective of plant parasitic nematode management in addition to mushroom production.

A recursive MDS matrix is an MDS matrix which can be expressed as a power of some companion matrix. The advantage of such a matrix is that it can be implemented by a single LFSR clocking several times. Such matrices are suitable for the design of diffusion layer in lightweight cryptographic applications. It is known that there do not exist involutory recursive MDS matrices. It means that if a recursive MDS matrix M is considered for the diffusion layer in encryption then the diffusion layer process in both encryption and decryption (if $$M^{-1}$$ needs to be computed) cannot be the same, requiring two different LFSR implementations. In this paper we look at some possibilities of making the implementation of the diffusion layer part in both encryption and decryption to use almost the same circuit (LFSR) by using some special recursive MDS matrices. The difference or the cost of the additional operations/control mechanism used is minimal. In this direction we first discuss two known structures: regular recursive MDS matrices, symmetric recursive MDS matrices. We then propose some other structures called almost involutory recursive MDS matrices which can use the same LFSR for realizing the diffusion layer part in both encryption and decryption. We then present a new method for the direct construction of recursive MDS matrices. Our method gives a new infinite class polynomials that yield recursive MDS matrices. We also present some experimental results and comparison results.

This work addresses the problem of robust stabilization of twin rotor multi-input-multi-output system in the presence of inherent actuator non-linearity and plant structured uncertainties due to parameter variation. In order to achieve so, first a generalized decoupling technique is implemented to eliminate the cross coupling effect which are present in between the input and output of main and tail rotors of twin rotor multi-input-multi-output system. Next, two proportional–integral–derivative controllers are employed to control the main and tail rotors independently. The ranges of the parameters of the controllers are evaluated based on the Kharitonov theorem so as to ensure robust stability in the presence of structured uncertainties. The values of the controller parameters are finally sought out of these robust ranges with bacterial foraging optimization technique such that satisfactory time domain criteria are met. Furthermore, the compensated system is analyzed in frequency domain with common actuator non-linearity dead-zone and saturation together. The performance of the designed controller is evaluated through both simulation and experimental results. The controllers are found to perform efficiently ensuring adequate robust stability even in the presence of uncertainty, disturbance and actuator non-linearity.

In this paper, we observe simple yet subtle interconnections among design theory, coding theory and cryptography. Maximum distance separable (MDS) matrices have applications not only in coding theory but are also of great importance in the design of block ciphers and hash functions. It is nontrivial to find MDS matrices which could be used in lightweight cryptography. In the SAC 2004 paper [12], Junod and Vaudenay considered bi-regular matrices which are useful objects to build MDS matrices. Bi-regular matrices are those matrices all of whose entries are nonzero and all of whose 2 × 2 {2\times 2} submatrices are nonsingular. Therefore MDS matrices are bi-regular matrices, but the converse is not true. They proposed the constructions of efficient MDS matrices by studying the two major aspects of a d × d {d\times d} bi-regular matrix M, namely v 1 ⁢ ( M ) {v_{1}(M)} , i.e. the number of occurrences of 1 in M, and c 1 ⁢ ( M ) {c_{1}(M)} , i.e. the number of distinct elements in M other than 1. They calculated the maximum number of ones that can occur in a d × d {d\times d} bi-regular matrices, i.e. v 1 d , d {v_{1}^{d,d}} for d up to 8, but with their approach, finding v 1 d , d {v_{1}^{d,d}} for d ≥ 9 {d\geq 9} seems difficult. In this paper, we explore the connection between the maximum number of ones in bi-regular matrices and the incidence matrices of Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD). In this paper, tools are developed to compute v 1 d , d {v_{1}^{d,d}} for arbitrary d. Using these results, we construct a restrictive version of d × d {d\times d} bi-regular matrices, introducing by calling almost-bi-regular matrices, having v 1 d , d {v_{1}^{d,d}} ones for d ≤ 21 {d\leq 21} . Since, the number of ones in any d × d {d\times d} MDS matrix cannot exceed the maximum number of ones in a d × d {d\times d} bi-regular matrix, our results provide an upper bound on the number of ones in any d × d {d\times d} MDS matrix. We observe an interesting connection between Latin squares and bi-regular matrices and study the conditions under which a Latin square becomes a bi-regular matrix and finally construct MDS matrices from Latin squares. Also a lower bound of c 1 ⁢ ( M ) {c_{1}(M)} is computed for d × d {d\times d} bi-regular matrices M such that v 1 ⁢ ( M ) = v 1 d , d {v_{1}(M)=v_{1}^{d,d}} , where d = q 2 + q + 1 {d=q^{2}+q+1} and q is any prime power. Finally, d × d {d\times d} efficient MDS matrices are constructed for d up to 8 from bi-regular matrices having maximum number of ones and minimum number of other distinct elements for lightweight applications.

Seed is a very good carrier of phytonematodes, especially for long distance dissemination. This transmission occurs either directly through seed infection or via seed contamination. Although in low rate, this transmission becomes a serious concern when trans-boundary movement of invasive alien nematode species flares up in epiphytotic proportion. Hence, detection and diagnosis of seed-borne and seed-associated nematode are significant for their protection. So far, various conventional methods are mostly employed for detection, but advancement of modern approaches, viz. serological or molecular techniques, speeds up the process with more accurate detection. Their robustness and specificity with greater resolution help in identification and discrimination of different species of seed-borne phytonematodes, thus strengthening phytosanitary programme and ensuring low risk in world trade. It also helps in pest risk analysis (PRA) of any pests having quarantine importance and development of national standards for import of seed and planting materials. Besides these, for the identification of pest-free area, production of certified seeds, and promotion of export quality raw plant products, detection of seed and seed-associated nematodes is very essential. Hence, detection is always considered as primary step for crop protection.

In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) atomically thin crystals ranging from insulator to superconductor such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), etc. have attracted extensive attention due to their exceptional properties and many potential applications in various areas. In this chapter we focus on the experimental characterization of 2D materials and their heterostructures andcover brief introduction and detailed structural, optical, and chemical characterizations of some important 2D materials.

In this paper, a method of discrete decoupling and control of time-delayed MIMO systems s proposed. As to control the time-delayed MIMO plants in continuous domain, there is a requirement of the Pade approximation to rationalize the time-delayed MIMO plants. The Pade approximation technique may degrade the time domain performance of the MIMO systems. To avoid the Pade approximation, discrete-time approach is applied to decouple and control the time-delayed MIMO systems in which there will be no approximation required. Discrete-time PID controller is designed using bacterial foregoing optimization (BFO) technique. The proposed method is implemented to both square and non-square plants.

This paper presents the decoupling and control of the unstable MIMO systems. To design the decoupler for an unstable MIMO system, a state feedback method is adopted to stabilize the unstable MIMO system by placing the poles at the left half of s plane. After that, a decoupler is designed using generalized decoupling method for the stabilized transfer matrix of the MIMO systems. At last, the PID controller is designed for the decoupled MIMO system using Kharitonov’s theorem. A numerical example is considered to test the proposed method in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results obtained are found to be satisfactory for the proposed method.

This paper presents the design of proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller to control twin rotor multi-input multi-output system (TRMS). The TRMS is a nonlinear test rig associated with cross-coupling. Initially, a decoupling method is used in the linear model of TRMS to eliminate the effect of cross-coupling. Further, two PID controllers are designed by using three different optimization techniques: particle swarm optimization (PSO), real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA), and bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) for the two resulting decoupled systems which, in turn, control the pitch and yaw motions. A relative interpretation conducted from the obtained responses in which it is recognized that responses of BFO optimized PID controller are superior.

MDS matrices are of great importance in the design of block ciphers and hash functions. MDS matrices are not sparse and have a large description and thus induce costly implementation in software/hardware. To overcome this problem, in particular for applications in light-weight cryptography, it was proposed by Guo et al. to use recursive MDS matrices. A recursive MDS matrix is an MDS matrix which can be expressed as a power of some companion matrix. Following the work of Guo et al., some ad-hoc search techniques are proposed to find recursive MDS matrices which are suitable for hardware/software implementation. In another direction, coding theoretic techniques are used to directly construct recursive MDS matrices: Berger technique uses Gabidulin codes and Augot et al. technique uses shortened BCH codes. In this paper, we first characterize the polynomials that yield recursive MDS matrices in a more general setting. Based on this we provide three methods for obtaining such polynomials. Moreover, the recursive MDS matrices obtained using shortened BCH codes can also be obtained with our first method. In fact we get a larger set of polynomials than the method which uses shortened BCH codes. Our other methods appear similar to the method which uses Gabidulin codes. We get a new infinite class of recursive MDS matrices from one of the proposed methods. Although we propose three methods for the direct construction of recursive MDS matrices, our characterization results pave the way for new direct constructions.

MDS matrices allow to build optimal linear diffusion layers in the design of block ciphers and hash functions. There has been a lot of study in designing efficient MDS matrices suitable for software and/or hardware implementations. In particular recursive MDS matrices are considered for resource constrained environments. Such matrices can be expressed as a power of simple companion matrices, i.e., an MDS matrix $$M = C_g^k$$M=Cgk for some companion matrix corresponding to a monic polynomial $$g(X) \in \mathbb {F}_q[X]$$g(X)źFq[X] of degree k. In this paper, we first show that for a monic polynomial g(X) of degree $$k\ge 2$$kź2, the matrix $$M = C_g^k$$M=Cgk is MDS if and only if g(X) has no nonzero multiple of degree $$\le 2k-1$$≤2k-1 and weight $$\le k$$≤k. This characterization answers the issues raised by Augot et al. in FSE-2014 paper to some extent. We then revisit the algorithm given by Augot et al. to find all recursive MDS matrices that can be obtained from a class of BCH codes (which are also MDS) and propose an improved algorithm. We identify exactly what candidates in this class of BCH codes yield recursive MDS matrices. So the computation can be confined to only those potential candidate polynomials, and thus greatly reducing the complexity. As a consequence we are able to provide formulae for the number of such recursive MDS matrices, whereas in FSE-2014 paper, the same numbers are provided by exhaustively searching for some small parameter choices. We also present a few ideas making the search faster for finding efficient recursive MDS matrices in this class. Using our approach, it is possible to exhaustively search this class for larger parameter choices which was not possible earlier. We also present our search results for the case $$k=8$$k=8 and $$q=2^{16}$$q=216.

This paper studies some low XOR matrices systematically. Some known low XOR matrices are companion, DSI and sparse DSI matrices. Companion matrices have been well studied now whereas DSI and sparse DSI are newly proposed matrices. There are very few results on these matrices. This paper presents some new mathematical results and rediscovers some existing results on DSI and sparse DSI matrices. Furthermore, we start from a matrix with the minimum number of fixed XORs required, which is one, to construct any recursive MDS matrix. We call such matrices 1-XOR matrices. No family of low XOR matrices can have lesser fixed XORs than 1-XOR matrices. We then move on to 2-XOR and provide some impossibility results for matrices of order 5 and 6 to compute recursive MDS matrices. Finally, this paper shows the non-existence of 8-MDS sparse DSI matrix of order 8 over the field \(\mathbb {F}_{2^8}\).

At the present scenario, climate change became the potential threat to growers with rise in temperature, inconsistent rainfall, and salinization of agricultural land. However, the microbes more specifically plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play a significant role to mitigate the abiotic stresses. Rhizobacteria act as bioprotectants against drought, salt, heavy metals, high temperature, and cold stress. During drought condition, PGPR intensifies osmolytes (proline, glycine, betaine) and acts as an osmoprotectant. The drought-related enzyme ACC deaminases were regulated by the PGPR, which also regulates the stomatal physiology during the water deficit conditions. The salt stress in plants was also a complex process to understand. During salt stress condition, PGPR acts as an activator of antioxidant enzymes and polyamines and also acts as a modulator of abscisic acid. Inoculation of PGPR affects the expression of 14 genes (four upregulated and two downregulated) related to salt stress. The effect of heavy metal toxicity is also found in plants, which is due to the improper fertilizer applications, industrial waste, sludge, etc. The main site for accumulation of heavy metals is the root nodule. At present many PGPR sp., i.e., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Azotobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., and Rhizobium sp., were proposed to speed up the phytoremediation process of nodules. Bacterial metallothioneins (MTs) of the family Bmt, a family with low-molecular proteins, play a significant role to absorb heavy metals. High temperature also acts as a constraint of normal plant root nodulation and rhizobial growth. The strains of PGPRs evolve during the heat stress period against the raised temperature with the production of extra LPS, EPS, and special class of proteins, i.e., heat shock proteins (HSPs). Cold tolerance can also be derived by PGPR as the accumulation of more carbohydrate, regulation of stress-related genes for osmolytes expression, and enhancement of specific protein synthesis, which helps plant to fight against cold stress.

This paper presents the design of a fully differential low pass $G_{m}$ -C filter including the preamplifier circuit as an input stage. The design is targeted for a biomedical application such as electroencephalogram signal detection. The complete circuit including supporting circuitry has been designed and implemented in a standard 180 nm CMOS technology with the supply voltage of 1.8 V. The post-layout simulation results show 21.8 dB closed loop gain, 206 Hz 3-dB bandwidth, and 689 nW power consumption. The designed filter gives effectively third order butterworth response including the preamplier circuit. The filter shows a transconductance of 2.8 nS at 200 Hz frequency. The filter shows satisfactory performance from −20°C to 80°C with varying process corners. The statistical mismatch analysis shows 724 ndB standard deviation of gain from the mean value of 21.8 dB. Input referred noise (IRN) shows $\pmb{94.6}\mathbf{aV}/\sqrt{Hz}$ standard deviation from the mean value of $\pmb{81.7}u\mathbf{V}/\sqrt{Hz}$ .

Intelligent vehicles require to communicate with other vehicles as well as with the road-side infrastructure for gathering information such as traffic management, cooperative driving, telematics and road construction. However, vehicle-to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communications can impose some serious security threats against vehicles’ safety and other sensitive information which can lead to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop appropriate security protocols facilitating V2I and V2V communication. This paper presents a model for smart traffic infrastructure consisting of numerous entities like smart sensors, intelligent vehicles, base stations along with a new user authentication and key-exchange protocol which aids in the establishment of a secure session for communication between the entities. In the proposed protocol, any SUF-CMA (Strong Unforgeable- Chosen Message Attack) secure digital signature algorithm can be used for authenticating the users and any NM-CCA2 (Non-Malleability Chosen Ciphertext Attack) secure algorithm can also be used for the challenge response phase between the users authenticating themselves.

In the present work, H infinity \(\left( {H_{\infty } } \right)\) controller on the basis of linear matrix inequality is designed to control TRMS which is a nonlinear highly coupled system. A decoupler is appended to nullify the cross-coupling. The \(H_{\infty }\) controller designed for the decoupled system achieves robust performance even in presence of parametric uncertainty. Perturbations in the moment of inertia of main and tail rotor are considered as parametric uncertainties. The performance of the designed controller is inspected through simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The responses of the main and tail rotors are found to be adequate.

In Inscrypt 2016, Chang et al. proposed a new family of substitution-permutation (SPN) based format preserving encryption algorithms in which a non-MDS (Maximum Distance Separable) matrix was used in its diffusion layer. In the same year in Indocrypt 2016 Gupta et al., in their attempt to provide a reason for choosing non-MDS over MDS matrices, introduced an algebraic structure called format preserving sets (FPS). They formalised the notion of this structure with respect to a matrix both of whose elements are coming from some finite field \(\mathbb {F}_q\). Many interesting properties of format preserving sets \(\mathbb {S} \subseteq \mathbb {F}_q\) with respect to a matrix \(M(\mathbb {F}_q)\) were derived. Nevertheless, a complete characterisation of such sets could not be derived. In this paper, we fill that gap and give a complete characterisation of format preserving sets when the underlying algebraic structure is a finite field. Our results not only generalise and subsume those of Gupta et al., but also obtain some of these results over a more generic algebraic structure viz. ring \(\mathcal {R}\). We obtain a complete characterisation of format preserving sets over rings when the sets are closed under addition. Finally, we provide examples of format preserving sets of cardinalities \(10^3\) and \(26^3\) with respect to \(4 \times 4\) MDS matrices over some rings which are not possible over any finite field.

Motivation behind the present work is to fabricate a cost effective and scalable biosensing platform for an easy and reliable detection of cancer biomarker Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Here, we report the sensitive and selective detection of CEA using graphene based bio-sensing platform. Large sized (~ 2.5 × 1.0cm2), uniform, continuous, single and few layers graphene films have been grown on copper (Cu) substrate employing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique using hexane as a liquid precursor. Functional group has been created over Graphene/Cu substrate through π-π stacking of 1- pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (PBSE). Further, to make the sensor specific to CEA, antibody of CEA (anti-CEA) has been covalently immobilized onto PBSE/Graphene/Cu electrode. Selective and sensitive detection of CEA is achieved by anti-CEA/PBSE/Graphene/Cu electrode through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Under optimal condition, the fabricated sensor shows linear response in the physiological range 1.0-25.0ngmL-1 (normal value ~ 5.0ngmL-1), revealing sensitivity 563.4Ωng-1mLcm-2 with a correlation coefficient of 0.996 and limit of detection (LOD) 0.23ngmL-1. In this way, one step electrode fabrication with high specific surface area provides a light weight, low cost, reliable and scalable novel biosensing platform for sensitive and selective detection of CEA. We believe that this bioelectrode equipped with specific recognition elements could be utilized for detection of other biomolecules too.

The theory of Two Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) Control and its method of applicationto operate Cuk converter has been discussed. The general conventional control methods used to achieve a robust andregulated output voltage, are mostly error-driven in nature. This nature of control technique is known as One-Degree-of-Freedom (1 DOF) control. The limitation 1 DOF control technique produces, is that a compromise has to be struck between time response and frequency response, i. e., loop goal performances. To solve this, a 2 DOF controller has been employed to achieve the desired nature of output. It is linear time-invariant (LTI) by nature. This controller is able to provide an additional degree-of-freedom in order to satisfy the loop goal performance as well as to provide robust output response according to design requirements. The converter has been operated with a Switching Frequency (f s ) of 5 KHz. The theory of photovoltaic cell has been discussed and the implementation of PV cell panels to operate Cuk converter has been explored.

Cart Inverted pendulum is highly nonlinear unstable system having right half plane pole and zero. The situation worsens when the parameter of the system undergoes perturbation as well as disturbances are present in the system. Hence the aim of present work is to keep the pendulum at vertical up position about equilibrium point on a moving cart even in the presence of parameter variation and disturbances. This paper addresses the design of μ-synthesis controller for cart inverted pendulum system. The mixed μ-controller is chosen since it is able to cope up with structured uncertainty due to plant parameter variation and exogenous disturbances. The simulation results are presented to hold the pendulum at its upper equilibrium point by the μ-synthesis controller in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances.

Evolution is the improvement of inherited characteristics in a population of an organism due to changes in genetic composition occurred through successive generations and leads to the change in the frequencies of alleles in the population. Remodulation of existing agroecosystem by creating genetic heterogeneity and agroecological diversity would be the suitable approach to slow down the process of evolution. Introduction of improved monitoring system with advanced diagnostic facilities for the detection and spread of new variants and strengthening plant quarantine activity will also be helpful to prevent the entry and establishment of new pathogens or pathogenic variants in an uninvaded area. Therefore, appropriate integration of all these multidisciplinary approaches in groups are emphasized and justified to combat this situation. Nowadays, farm mechanization in agriculture sector is progressing in rapid pace with adoption of new technologies like green house or polyhouse-based cultivation, and dri- por sprinkler-based irrigation system.

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes molybdenum disulfide 3D nanocomposite (MWCNT-MoS2 NC) was successfully synthesized via eco-friendly hydrothermal method. The microstructural characterization of synthesized nanocomposite was carried out using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Nanocomposite was activated using glutaraldehyde chemistry and used as a platform to immobilize Lens culinaris β-galactosidase (Lsbgal) which resulted in 93% of immobilization efficiency. Attachment of Lsbgal onto nanocomposite was confirmed by AFM, FE-SEM, FTIR, and CLSM. The nanobiocatalyst showed broadening in operational pH and temperature working range. Remarkable increase in thermal stability was observed as compared to soluble enzyme. Nanobiocatalyst showed outstanding increase in storage stability, retained 92% of residual activity over a period of 8 months. This offers good reusability as it retained ∼50% residual activity up to 21 reuses and exhibited higher rate of lactose hydrolysis in whey. MWCNT-MoS2 NC conjugated to biomolecules can serve as a potential platform for fabrication of lactose biosensor.