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Recently, two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor-based broadband photodetectors have gained tremendous attention due to their immense potential applications in high-performance optoelectronic devices.

In the manufacturing sector, water has been often considered too cheap to conserve. Such thinking relies on water valuations that limit the value of water to the price paid. Using such simple methods, the share of water cost to total manufacturing cost is significantly small

Polar skyrmions are topologically stable, swirling polarization textures with particle-like characteristics, which hold promise for next-generation, nanoscale logic and memory. While understanding of how to create ordered polar skyrmion lattice structures and how such structure respond to applied electric fields, temperature, and film thickness remains elusive. Here, using phase-field simulations, the evolution of polar topology and the emergence of a phase transition to a hexagonal close-packed skyrmion lattice is explored through the construction of a temperature-electric field phase diagram for ultrathin ferroelectric PbTiO3 films. The hexagonal-lattice skyrmion crystal can be stabilized under application of an external, out-of-plane electric field which carefully adjusts the delicate interplay of elastic, electrostatic, and gradient energies. In addition, the lattice constants of the polar skyrmion crystals are found to increase with film thickness, consistent with expectation from Kittel law. Our studies pave the way for the development of novel ordered condensed matter phases assembled from topological polar textures and related emergent properties in nanoscale ferroelectrics., Comment: 4 Figures

In ferroelectric heterostructures, the interaction between intrinsic polarization and the electric field generates a rich set of localized electrical properties. The local electric field is determined by several connected factors, including the charge distribution of individual unit cells, the interfacial electromechanical boundary conditions, and chemical composition of the interfaces. However, especially in ferroelectric perovskites, a complete description of the local electric field across micro-, nano-, and atomic-length scales is missing. Here, by applying four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM) with multiple probe sizes matching the size of structural features, we directly image the electric field of polarization vortices in (PbTiO3)16/(SrTiO3)16 superlattices and reveal different electric field configurations corresponding to the atomic scale electronic ordering and the nanoscale boundary conditions. The separability of two different fields probed by 4D STEM offers the possibility to reveal how each contributes to the electronic properties of the film.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the whey protein hydrolysate with bio-functional attributes viz. antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and ACE inhibition efficacy and release of bioactive peptides with antioxidative and ACE-inhibitory activity by employing Pepsin.The antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, ACE inhibitory and proteolytic activities of the whey protein hydrolysates were studied followed by SDS-PAGE analysis and IEF. Anti-inflammatory activity of whey protein hydrolysate was also studied on RAW 264.7 cell line. The separation of the bioactive peptides from whey protein hydrolysate was achieved by RP-HPLC. The purified bioactive peptides were identified and characterized using RPLC/MS.WPC (Whey protein concentrate) hydrolysate with pepsin showed proteolytic activity ranging between 14.46 and 18.87 mg/ml. Using the ABTS assay, the highest antioxidative activity was observed in 10 kDa retentate (84.50%) and 3 kDa retentate (85.96%), followed by the highest proteolytic activity (13.83 mg/ml) and ACE inhibitory activity (58.37%) in a 5% WPC solution at 65 °C after 8 h of pepsin hydrolysis. When the protein hydrolysate concentration was low, the production of proinflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide-treated murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) was reduced. SDS-PAGE results exhibited very little protein bands when comparing with WPC hydrolysates to insoluble WPC. There were no protein spots on 2 D gel electrophoresis and "in-solution trypsin digestion" technique have been utilized to digest protein samples directly from WPC hydrolysates. Novel antioxidative peptides and ACE inhibitory peptides were also observed by comparing two databases, i.e., BIOPEP and AHTPDB respectively. The peptide sequences used in this study were found to have excellent potential to be used as inhibitors of hACE as all of them were able to show substantial interactions against the enzyme's active site.The antihypertensive and antioxidative peptides from whey protein hydrolysates may be beneficial for the future development of physiologically active functional foods. Further

Solid-state materials are currently being explored as a platform for the manipulation of spins for spintronics and quantum information science. More broadly, a wide spectrum of ferroelectric materials, spanning from inorganic oxides to polymeric systems such as PVDF, present a different approach to explore quantum phenomena in which the spins are set and manipulated with electric fields. Using dilute Fe

Wheat bran hydrolysate (WBH) in combination with carbon and nitrogen was utilised as substrate for pigment production by Talaromyces purpureogenus CFRM02. Pigment yield was significantly increased (≈ 3 fold: OD units and ≈ 2 fold: a* value) by xylose supplementation with WBH compared to other carbon sources. Whereas 1% xylose supplementation increased pigment production (1.57 ± 0.05 OD Units and 49 ± 1.62 a* value). Pigment yield was low when WBH supplemented with 0.3% nitrogen sources. However significant increase (≈ 2-2.5 fold, OD units and a* value) was observed, when yeast extract (1.2%), nitrate of sodium (1.2%) and potassium (1.6%) were supplemented. Accordingly, 16 WBH media were designed by supplementing carbon and nitrogen. Interestingly the pigment production was significantly increased (1.59 OD units and 32 a* value) in the medium supplemented with 4% carbon and 0.9–1.2% nitrogen. T. purpureogenus CFRM02 was able to co-utilize xylose, fructose and glucose in WBH medium. The CIE Lab values indicated that, pigment characteristics differed significantly among the media. Apparently, T. purpureogenus CFRM02 possess alternative gene(s) or pathway(s) for xylose metabolism and channelled towards pigment biosynthesis. Comparative results revealed that, 1% xylose supplementation to WBH makes the fermentation process economically competitive for pigment production.

Chirality or handedness of a material can be used as an order parameter to uncover emergent electronic properties for quantum information science. Conventionally, chirality is found in naturally occurring biomolecules and magnetic materials. Chirality can be engineered in a topological polar vortex ferroelectric/dielectric system via atomic-scale symmetry-breaking operations. We use four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) to map out topology-driven three-dimensional domain walls, where the handedness of two neighbor topological domains change or remain the same. The nature of the domain walls is governed by the interplay of local perpendicular (lateral) and parallel (axial) polarization with respect to the tubular vortex structures. Unique symmetry-breaking operations and the finite nature of domain walls results in a triple point at the junction of chiral and achiral domain walls. The unconventional nature of the domain walls with triple point pairs may result in unique electrostatic and magnetic properties potentially useful for quantum sensing applications.

An escalating challenge in condensed-matter research is the characterization of emergent order-parameter nanostructures such as ferroelectric and ferromagnetic skyrmions. Their small length scales coupled with complex, three-dimensional polarization or spin structures makes them demanding to trace out fully. Resonant elastic x-ray scattering (REXS) has emerged as a technique to study chirality in spin textures such as skyrmions and domain walls. It has, however, been used to a considerably lesser extent to study analogous features in ferroelectrics. Here, we present a framework for modeling REXS from an arbitrary arrangement of charge quadrupole moments, which can be applied to nanostructures in materials such as ferroelectrics. With this, we demonstrate how extended reciprocal space scans using REXS with circularly polarized x rays can probe the three-dimensional structure and chirality of polar skyrmions. Measurements, bolstered by quantitative scattering calculations, show that polar skyrmions of mixed chirality coexist, and that REXS allows valuation of relative fractions of right- and left-handed skyrmions. Our quantitative analysis of the structure and chirality of polar skyrmions highlights the capability of REXS for establishing complex topological structures toward future application exploits. M. R. M. and R. R. were supported by the Quantum Materials program from the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-05CH11231). V. A. S., J. W. F., and L. W. M. acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Award No. DE-SC-0012375 for support to study complex-oxide heterostructure with x-ray scattering. L. W. M. and R. R. acknowledge partial support from the Army Research Office under the ETHOS MURI via cooperative agreement W911NF-21-2-0162. J. Í. acknowledge financial support from the Luxembourg National Research Fund through project FNR/C18/MS/12705883/REFOX. Diamond Light Source, UK, is acknowledged for beam time on beam line I10 under proposal NT24797. K. T. K., S. Y. P., and D. R. L. acknowledge support from the National Research Foundation of Korea, under Grant No. NRF-2020R1A2C1009597, NRF-2019K1A3A7A09033387, and NRF-2021R1C1C1009494. M. A. P. G. acknowledges support by the Czech Science Foundation (Project No. 19-28594X). This research used resources of the Advanced Light Source, a U.S. DOE Office of Science User Facility under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility at Argonne National Laboratory and is based on research supported by the U.S. DOE Office of Science-Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. S. D. gratefully acknowledges a start-up grant from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. F. G.-O., P. G.-F., and J. J. acknowledge financial support from Grant No. PGC2018-096955-B-C41 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF “A way of making Europe,” by the European Union. F. G.-O. acknowledges financial support from Grant No. FPU18/04661 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033

Objective The present study aimed to assess the bio-functional analysis of camel milk viz. anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory activities using potent Lactobacillus fermentum (KGL4) strain through fermentation and also to release the bioactive peptides during fermentation. Method The antioxidant and proteolytic activities of the fermented camel milk were studied followed by SDS-PAGE analysis and 2 D PAGE. The separations of the bioactive peptides of water-soluble extract (WSE) of 3 and 10 kDa (Permeates & Retentates) were achieved by RP-HPLC. The purified bioactive peptides were identified and characterized using RPLC/MS and the effect of WSE of camel milk fermented with KGL4 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/endotoxin-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages were also studied. Results The maximal activity was observed in ABTS assay (64.03%), then in hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay, and minimal activity was observed in superoxide free radical assay (57.75%). ABTS assay was significantly (P Conclusions The present study suggests that the L. fermentum KGL4 strain could be explored to produce novel antioxidative peptides from fermented camel milk (Indian breed).

The most comfortable and choicely path of drug administration is oral route. Orodispersible tablets bring a revolution among all routes of drug administration as well as oral route of drug administration also. Orodispersible tablets are unit dosage form but it has unique characteristics. It disintegrates in the mouth within a minute for the presence of saliva where the presence of super disintegrates in the preparation. Especially, old and child have no chance to swallow as a result it is very acceptable for them. Migraine is a very well-known irritating condition for adult and female. Migraine is a debilitating and common neurovascular illness associated with symptoms of one-sided headache, nausea with or without vomiting, photophobia and/or phonophobia. But these symptoms are subjective and vary from patient to patient. Orodispersible tablets are most important solution of migraine like emergency condition and helping human by transferring from hell to heaven. Very short half-life, quick disintegration, quick onset of action and better bioavailability brings the orodispersible tablets into the top position of the management of migraine. Sumatriptan, zolmitriptan like drugs are helping their hands to reduce migraine. Lastly, there are lots of drugs are investigating for this purpose and our hope that the orodispersible tablet can give the pioneer and will give the migraine free era to us and our futures. Keywords: Orodispersible tablet, migraine, sumatriptan, super disintegrate, fast dissolving

To offer better treatment for a COVID-19 patient, preferable medicine selection has become a challenging task for most of the medical practitioners as there is no such proven information regarding it. This article proposes a decision-making approach for preferable medicine selection using picture fuzzy set (PFS), Dempster–Shafer (D–S) theory of evidence and grey relational analysis (GRA). PFS is an extended version of the intuitionistic fuzzy set, where in addition to membership and non-membership grade, neutral and refusal membership grades are used to solve uncertain real-life problems more efficiently. Hence, we attempt to use it in this article to solve the mentioned problem. Previously, researchers considered the neutral membership grade of the PFS similar to the other two membership values (positive and negative) as applied to the decision-making method. In this study, we explore that neutral membership grade can be associated with probabilistic uncertainty which is measured using D–S theory of evidence and FUSH operation is applied for the aggregation purpose. Then GRA is used to measure the performance among the set of parameters which are in conflict and contradiction with each other. In this process, we propose an alternative group decision-making approach by the evidence of the neutral membership grade which is measured by the D–S theory and the conflict and contradiction among the criteria are managed by GRA. Finally, the proposed approach is demonstrated to solve the COVID-19 medicine selection problem.

Climatic and soil conditions affect the first flush metabolite composition of the economic crop Darjeeling tea, can impact flavour, nutrition and overall consumer preferences. We sampled Camellia sinensis var. sinensis grown in Darjeeling hills and from different processing steps.75 metabolites have been illustrated utilizing GC/MS based metabolomic and chemometric tool. Metabolomic profiling performed across production will aim identification of quality markers and establishing database applicable for Darjeeling tea authentication, the first GI product of India. PCA and PLSDA show differences in tea metabolites through the processing steps. The chemometric analysis elucidates the changes in important metabolites. The antioxidant activity showed significant changes. The amino acids enhanced significantly (p 2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, and SO2 concentrations and AQI.

The domain principle of intuitive fuzzy set (IFS), interval-value intuitionistic fuzzy set (IVIFS), Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy set (IVPFS) and q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS) have various real-life implementations in different fields. But researchers found some limitations to apply these concepts in much uncertain problems due to some issues related to membership and non-membership grads in above mention theories. In order to resolve the issues, firstly, we introduce the novel idea of the interval-valued intuitionistic linear Diophantine fuzzy set (IVILDFS) with the introduction of reference parameters. Next, we propose some score and accuracy functions for interval-valued intuitionistic linear Diophantine fuzzy numbers (IVILDFNs) and apply them in decision making paradigm. We also define interval-valued intuitionistic linear Diophantine fuzzy weighted geometric aggregation operator (IVILDFWGA) for decision making purpose. Then we present two algorithms to solve multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems using the propose score functions and IVILDFWGA operator. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach, we have used two numerical examples. Finally, we present a comparative study and sensitivity analysis to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed method with the existing approaches. The proposed study exhibits a useful way to solve fuzzy MAGDM problems in much efficient manner.

The exotic topological phase is attracting considerable attention in condensed matter physics and materials science over the past few decades due to intriguing physical insights. As a combination of "topology" and "ferroelectricity," the ferroelectric (polar) topological structures are a fertile playground for emergent phenomena and functionalities with various potential applications. Herein, the review starts with the universal concept of the polar topological phase and goes on to briefly discuss the important role of computational tools such as phase-field simulations in designing polar topological phases in oxide heterostructures. In particular, the history of the development of phase-field simulations for ferroelectric oxide heterostructures is highlighted. Then, the current research progress of polar topological phases and their emergent phenomena in ferroelectric functional oxide heterostructures is reviewed from a theoretical perspective, including the topological polar structures, the establishment of phase diagrams, their switching kinetics and interconnections, phonon dynamics, and various macroscopic properties. Finally, this review offers a perspective on the future directions for the discovery of novel topological phases in other ferroelectric systems and device design for next-generation electronic device applications.

Erbium-doped materials can serve as spin-photon interfaces with optical transitions in the telecom C-band, making them an exciting class of materials for long-distance quantum communication. However, the spin and optical coherence times of Er3+ ions are limited by currently available host materials, motivating the development of new Er3+-containing materials. Here, we demonstrate the use of ion implantation to efficiently screen prospective host candidates, and show that disorder introduced by ion implantation can be mitigated through post-implantation thermal processing to achieve inhomogeneous linewidths comparable to bulk linewidths in as-grown samples. We present optical spectroscopy data for each host material, which allows us to determine the level structure of each site, allowing us to compare the environments of Er3+ introduced via implantation and via doping during growth. We demonstrate that implantation can generate a range of local environments for Er3+, including those observed in bulk-doped materials, and that the populations of these sites can be controlled with thermal processing.

Since the future of the society depends upon the role of students and their services construct the prosperous and advanced society, so suitable career selection for the students' is considered to be an important problem to explore. As per psychology, if a student has the required capability, and positive attitudes towards a subject in terms of interest, attitude, memory, knowledge, environment, and career, then the student will achieve more in that subject. To consider this kind of uncertain issues, picture fuzzy set and rough set are found to be appropriate due to their inherent characteristics to deal with incomplete and imprecise information. In this study, picture fuzzy set and rough set-based approaches are proposed to help the student to choose an appropriate subject and consequently provide a good service or contribution to the society particularly in that domain. The main purpose of the article is to analyse student's features in terms of career, memory, interest, knowledge, environment and attitude and then predict the appropriate stream for making the career comfortable so that the student can conveniently explore much in that area. To select students' career, a hybridized distance measure under picture fuzzy environment is proposed where the evaluating information regarding students, subjects and student's features are given in picture fuzzy numbers. In this paper, two types of hybridization approaches are proposed which are the hybridization of Hausdorff and Hamming distance measures and hybridization of Hausdorff and Euclidean distance measures. Next, we apply rough set theory to determine whether a particular subject is appropriate for a student even if there is controversy to select a stream. Lower and higher approximation with boundary region of rough set theory is used to manage inconsistency situations. Finally, two case studies are demonstrated to validate the applicability of the proposed idea.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) limits transportation to the brain of possible treatment moieties. Specific stimulation of the brain through olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways by BBB has been taken into consideration for the development of a wide spectrum of brain therapeutics. The intranasal delivery path delivers the drugs through the brain, eliminating any side effects and increasing neurotherapeutics performance. Diverse drug delivery systems (DDDss) for reaching the brain via the nasal route have been researched over the past few decades. Large-scale molecular biologics, such as Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), gene vectors, and stem cells, can be administered intranasally, as a method for the management of a range of CNS illnesses, including stroke, Parkinson's diseases, multiple sclerosis, Migraine, Alzheimer's diseases, epilepsy, and mental disorders. New DDSs, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and polymeric micelles, have acquired potentials in the nasal mucosa and central nervous system (CNS), as effective means of concentrating the brain without toxicity. Differential nasal cavity structures posed a significant obstacle in ineffective drugs beyond the nasal valve. Pharmaceutical firms have increasingly used emerging techniques for the production of new nasal pharmaceutical drugs to overcome these obstacles. This review aims to identify the new advances in the nasal administration of brain-based DDSs for Migraines.

Exploring flexible electronics is on the verge of innovative breakthroughs in terahertz (THz) communication technology. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) with insulator-metal transition (IMT) has excellent application potential in various THz smart devices, but the associated THz modulation properties in the flexible state have rarely been reported. Herein, we deposited an epitaxial VO2 film on a flexible mica substrate via pulsed-laser deposition and investigated its THz modulation properties under different uniaxial strains across the phase transition. It was observed that the THz modulation depth increases under compressive strain and decreases under tensile strain. Moreover, the phase-transition threshold depends on the uniaxial strain. Particularly, the rate of the phase transition temperature depends on the uniaxial strain and reaches approximately 6 °C/% in the temperature-induced phase transition. The optical trigger threshold in laser-induced phase transition decreased by 38.9% under compressive strain but increased by 36.7% under tensile strain, compared to the initial state without uniaxial strain. These findings demonstrate the uniaxial strain-induced low-power triggered THz modulation and provide new insights for applying phase transition oxide films in THz flexible electronics.

The issue of air pollution from particulate matter (PM) is getting worse as more and more people move into urban areas around the globe. Due to the complexity and diversity of pollution sources, it has long been hard to rely on source control techniques to manage this issue. Due to the fact that urban trees may provide a variety of ecosystem services, there is an urgent need to investigate alternative strategies for dramatically improving air quality. PM has always been a significant concern due to its adverse effects on humans and the entire ecosystem. The severity of this issue has risen in the current global environmental context. Numerous studies on respiratory and other human disorders have revealed a statistical relationship between human exposure to outdoor levels of particles or dust and harmful health effects. These risks are undeniably close to industrial areas where these airborne, inhalable particles are produced. The combined and individual effects of the particle and gaseous contaminants on plants’ general physiology can be detrimental. According to research, plant leaves, the primary receptors of PM pollution, can function as biological filters to remove significant amounts of particles from the atmosphere of urban areas. This study showed that vegetation could provide a promising green infrastructure (GI) for better air quality through the canopy and leaf-level processes, going beyond its traditional role as a passive target and sink for air pollutants. Opportunities exist for urban GI as a natural remedy for urban pollution caused by PMs.