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Non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors are of great importance in biomedical applications, for the realization of portable diabetic testing kits and continuous glucose monitoring systems. Nanostructured materials show a number of advantages in the applications of analytical electrochemistry, compared to macroscopic electrodes, such as great sensitivity and little dependence on analyte diffusion close to the electrode–solution interface. Obtaining electrodes based on nanomaterials without using expensive lithographic techniques represents a great added value. In this paper, we modeled the chronoamperometric response towards glucose determination by four electrodes consisting of nanostructured gold onto graphene paper (GP). The nanostructures were obtained by electrochemical etch, thermal and laser processes of thin gold layer. We addressed experiments obtaining different size and shape of gold nanostructures. Electrodes have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. We modeled the current-time response at the potential corresponding to two-electrons oxidation process of glucose by the different nanostructured gold systems. The finest nanostructures of 10–200 nm were obtained by laser dewetting of 17 nm thin and 300 °C thermal dewetting of 8 nm thin gold layers, and they show that semi-infinite linear diffusion mechanism predominates over radial diffusion. Electrochemical etching and 17 nm thin gold layer dewetted at 400 °C consist of larger gold islands up to 1 μm. In the latter case, the current-time curves can be fitted by a two-phase exponential decay function that relies on the mixed second-order formation of adsorbed glucose intermediate followed by its first-order decay to gluconolactone.

Herein, Cu nanostructures are obtained by solid-state dewetting of 9 nm copper layer (dry) or by ablating copper target, using a nanosecond pulsed laser at 1064 nm, in acetone and isopropyl alcohol (wet). The Cu nanostructures are embedded in aluminum-doped zinc oxide layer. Then, the electrical, optical, and morphological properties of the two kinds of systems, as a function of their synthesis parameters, are investigated. The aim is to compare the two fabrication methods and select the main conditions to achieve the best system for photovoltaic applications. The main differences, exhibited by the wet and dry processes, were in the shape and size of the Cu nanostructures. Dewetting in nitrogen produces faceted nanoparticles, with an average size below 150 nm, while laser ablation originates spherical and smaller nanoparticles, below 50 nm. Dry system underwent to thermal annealing, which improves the electrical properties, compared to the wet system, with a sheet resistance of 103 vs. 106 Ω/sq, respectively; finally, the dry system shows a maximum transmittance of 89.7% at 697 nm, compared to the wet system in acetone, 88.4% at 647 nm, as well as in isopropyl alcohol, 86.9% at 686 nm. Moreover, wet systems show higher transmittance in NUV.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) decorated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared in isopropanol solution by a simple, room-temperature process and characterized from structural, morphological, electronic, and optical points of view. A strong interaction between ZnO and CNTs is fully confirmed by all the characterization techniques. ZnO-CNTs nanocomposites, with different weight ratios, were deposited as a dense layer between two electrodes, in order to investigate the electrical behaviour. In particular, the electrical response of the nanocomposite layers to UV light irradiation was recorded for a fixed voltage: As the device is exposed to the UV lamp, a sharp current drop takes place and then an increase is observed as the irradiation is stopped. The effect can be explained by adsorption and desorption phenomena taking place on the ZnO nanoparticle surface under irradiation and by charge transfer between ZnO and CNTs, thanks to the strong interaction between the two nanomaterials. The nanocomposite material shows good sensitivity and fast response to UV irradiation. Room temperature and low-cost processes used for the device preparation combined with room temperature and low voltage operational conditions make this methodology very promising for large scale UV detectors applications.

This work describes the effect of the annealing temperature on the size and wetting of nanostructures obtained on 4H–SiC substrate by the dewetting process of a deposited nanoscale-thick Ag film. The work focuses, in particular, on the difference between solid-state dewetting (below Ag melting temperature) and liquid-state dewetting (above Ag melting temperature). Following the deposition of a 58 nm-thick Ag film on the SiC substrate, annealings were perfomed at 800 °C, 850 °C and 885 °C so to induce the Ag film solid-state dewetting. In addition, annealing at 1040 °C was performed so to induce the Ag film liquid-state dewetting. The dewetting processes led to the formation of nanostructures on the SiC surface. Plan-view and cross-view scanning electron microscopy analyses were carried out to quantify the evolution of the average planar size and of the average contact angle (to the SiC surface) of the Ag nanostructures versus the annealing temperature. These analyses allowed us to extract information on the wetting behavior of the nanostructures on the SiC surface by calculating the temperature-dependent adhesion work. In fact, the nanostructures obtained by the 800 °C and 850 °C processes show mean contact angle of 118,9° and 117,4°, respectively, and mean work of adhesion of 0,45 and 0,48 J/m2, respectively. On the other hand, the nanostructures obtained by the 885 °C and 1040 °C show mean contact angle of 48,3° and 52,2° respectively, and work of adhesion of 1,45 and 1,40 J/m2, respectively. The variation of the wetting properties is identified in Si diffusion from the SiC substrate to the Ag nanostructures at the higher temperatures, as confirmed by energy dispersive x-ray analyses. Finally, the optical properties of the Ag nanostructures/SiC systems were probed by absorbance and transmittance measurements allowing to recognize the occurrence of a peak around 460 nm which is attributed to localized surface plasmon resonances due to the Ag nanostructures.