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Invert sugar syrups are mixtures of equal parts glucose and fructose, which are produced by hydrolysis of sucrose. They are characterised by a neutral sweet taste and do not lead to foam or floc formation in applications. Invert sugar syrups are microbiologically more stable than sucrose solutions due to their reduced water activity and the increased osmotic pressure. They are water-clear, odourless and allow easy and safe processing. These are used, for example, in the beverage, confectionery, tobacco and animal feed industries. In Germany alone, more than 10,000 t of invert sugar syrup are used annually for winter feeding of honeybees. The production takes place in batch or continuously running processes on the scale of the tonnes using homogeneous, heterogeneous acid or even enzymatic catalysis, whereby the molecular incorporation of water increases the amount of sugar, i.e., a mass increase of about 5% takes place. Many invert sugar syrup products can be produced, depending on the degree of inversion. One very important invert sugar syrup product in Germany in terms of quantity has a dry substance of 72.7% and an inversion degree of 66%.

The use of dried urine spots (DUS) can simplify sample handling, shipment and storage when compared to liquid urine samples. To prepare DUS, a small amount of urine is pipetted on a filter paper card. The subsequent drying of the specimen can prevent the post-sampling formation or degradation of substances (e.g., caused by bacteria). To evaluate the potential of DUS screening, 17 authentic urine samples, containing a broad range of substances, were extracted and analyzed on a Sciex TripleTOF® 5600+ System using a non-targeted screening and library searching approach. The screening results were compared to the analysis of the same urine sample in liquid form, using the same high-resolution liquid chromatography--quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method. More than 65 different legal and illegal drugs were successfully identified within the investigated 17 urine samples using the DUS screening approach. When compared to the analysis of liquid urine, the following compounds could not be identified: 1x ecgonine methyl ester, 1x nicotine, 1x promazine and 1x 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Overall, 95.2% of the target substances that have been detected in liquid urine were identified correctly using the DUS approach. In conclusion, DUS screening offers a simple, cost-effective and easier sample handling alternative to the traditional use of liquid urine and provides the detection of the most important substances for forensic requirements. Furthermore, the DUS sample preparation can be fully automated (sample documentation, internal standard application and extraction).

Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) ist seit 40 Jahren im internationalen wissenschaftlichen Diskurs zur Vermittlung von (Sport)Spielen in vielen Ländern präsent. In der deutschsprachigen sportpädagogischen und -didaktischen Scientific Community findet dieser Ansatz allerdings weniger Beachtung. Ziel des Beitrags ist deshalb in einem ersten Schritt, einen Überblick über das TGfU und den dazugehörigen aktuellen internationalen Diskurs bezüglich der Forschungsergebnisse im Kontext von Schule und Lehrkräfteausbildung zu geben. Anschließend werden in einem zweiten Schritt Anschlussmöglichkeiten an aktuelle Debatten der deutschsprachigen Sportpädagogik und -didaktik aufgezeigt. Hier sehen wir insbesondere Optionen im Kontext der Themenkomplexe der kognitiven Aktivierung und der Demokratiebildung im Sportunterricht. Dieses Vorgehen verstehen wir als Ausgangspunkt, um das TGfU in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz in der Lehrkräfteausbildung sowie daraus folgend im Sportunterricht stärker zu verankern.

Zusammenfassung Ziel Ziel dieser Studie war, Wirkungen eines Beweglichkeitstrainings an FIVE®-Geräten in Kombination mit gerätegestützten Kraftübungen auf die schmerzbedingten Beschwerden bei Brustkrebspatientinnen in der Rehabilitation zu analysieren. Methoden Durchgeführt wurde eine Prätest-Posttest-Interventionsstudie mit Brustkrebspatientinnen (n=41), die während ihrer stationären Anschlussheilbehandlung in einer Rehabilitationsklinik in Bad Waldsee zwischen Februar und März 2020 in zwei Gruppen randomisiert wurden. Im Rahmen der medizinischen Trainingstherapie führte die Interventionsgruppe (n=24) ein Beweglichkeitstraining an den FIVE®-Geräten in Kombination mit gerätegestütztem Krafttraining durch, während die Kontrollgruppe (n=17) ein gerätegestütztes Krafttraining absolvierte. Vor und nach der dreiwöchigen Intervention (3 Trainingseinheiten/Woche) wurden die Beweglichkeit der Schulter und die isokinetische Maximalkraft gemessen sowie die schmerzbedingten Beschwerden anhand einer selbstentwickelten Schmerzskala abgefragt. Ergebnisse Alle Patientinnen erreichten verbesserte Schmerzwerte mit Ausnahme der Kategorie 1 (Selbstversorgung/Körperpflege) in der Interventionsgruppe. Eine Prüfung der statistischen Unterschiede zwischen den Messzeitpunkten 1 und 2 ergab, dass bei der Kontrollgruppe keine statistisch signifikanten Verbesserungen bei der Schmerzwahrnehmung beobachtet werden können; demgegenüber zeigte die Experimentalgruppe zumindest beim Konstrukt „Arbeitsfähigkeit“ statistisch signifikante Verbesserungen. Die Berechnung der Effektgrößen r bzw. η2 machte allerdings auch bei einigen statistisch nicht signifikanten Veränderungen deutlich, dass mittlere bis große Effekte hinsichtlich einer geringeren Schmerzwahrnehmung vorlagen. Schlussfolgerung Sowohl ein kombiniertes Kraft- und Beweglichkeitstraining an FIVE®-Geräten als auch ein ausschließlich gerätegestütztes Krafttraining kann bei Mammakarzinom-Patientinnen in der Phase der Rehabilitation empfohlen werden.

Zusammenfassung Ziel Analyse der Wirkungen sensomotorischen Trainings in Kombination mit einem gerätegestützten Krafttraining auf das Gleichgewicht, die Kraft der unteren Extremitäten sowie polyneuropathische Beschwerden bei Brustkrebspatientinnen in der Rehabilitation. Methoden Brustkrebspatientinnen (n=52) wurden während einer dreiwöchigen stationären Anschlussheilbehandlung in der medizinischen Trainingstherapie (3 TE/Woche) in zwei Gruppen randomisiert. Die Untersuchungsgruppe (n=27) absolvierte ein sensomotorisches Training mit einem anschließenden gerätegestützten Krafttraining, die Kontrollgruppe (n=25) nur ein gerätegestütztes Krafttraining. Vor Beginn und nach Beendigung des Trainingszeitraums wurden das dynamische und funktionelle Gleichgewicht sowie die isokinetische Maximalkraft gemessen. Zudem wurden anhand einer Skala die polyneuropathischen Beschwerden der Patientinnen (n=31 mit diagnostizierter Polyneuropathie; davon: SMT=19; KG=12) erhoben. Ergebnisse Im Trainingsexperiment zeigte sich ein signifikanter Haupteffekt, d. h., dass sowohl die Trainings- als auch die Kontrollgruppe signifikante Verbesserungen bezüglich der Gleichgewichts- und Kraftleistung sowie der polyneuropathischen Beschwerden erreichten. Allerdings konnte kein Interaktionseffekt nachgewiesen werden, die Kombination aus sensomotorischem und gerätegestütztem Training zeigte folglich keine Vorteile. Demgegenüber erwiesen sich Alter, Körpergröße und teilweise der BMI als relevante Kovariate. Dies erlaubt die Schlussfolgerung, dass einerseits in der Trainingstherapie Methodenvielfalt möglich, andererseits aber das jeweils ausgewählte Trainingsprogramm individuell anzupassen ist. Schlussfolgerung Bei einem geringen Zeit- und Kostenaufwand entsteht durch sensomotorisches Training ein erkennbarer Effekt auf das Wohlbefinden von Krebskranken, speziell bei Polyneuropathie. Insofern ist es erstrebenswert, dass sporttherapeutisches Personal Krebskranke über die Vorteile sensomotorischen Trainings aufklärt und sie in entsprechenden Übungen unterweist.

ZusammenfassungFaszientraining gilt zwischenzeitlich als ein zentrales Thema für Fitness, Prävention und Rehabilitation. Dies trifft im Besonderen auf die Beweglichkeit und ihr Training zu. Der Beitrag überprüft die Wirkungen eines Faszientrainings mit dem Foamroller auf die ischiocrurale Muskulatur.

Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is an alcohol biomarker formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) by the enzyme phospholipase D (PLD) in the presence of ethanol. A drinking study revealed individual differences in maximum PEth levels after drinking to a targeted blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1%. This seemed to be due to different PLD activities in the tested persons. Furthermore, post-sampling formation of PEth occurred in blood samples, still containing alcohol. Therefore, a standardized in vitro test for measuring individual PEth formation rates was developed. Two PLD inhibitors were tested for their potency to inhibit post-sampling PEth formation. PEth-negative blood samples were collected from a volunteer. Ethanol was added in different concentrations (0.01-0.3% BAC) directly after blood sampling. The specimens were incubated at 37 °C. Aliquots were taken at the start of the incubation, and every hour until 8 h after start of incubation, and one sample was taken on subsequent days over 1 week. PEth 16:0/18:1 and PEth 16:0/18:2 were determined by online SPE-LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, this test system was applied to blood samples of 12 volunteers. For the inhibition tests, fresh blood (spiked with 0.1% ethanol) was spiked with 30, 300, 3000, or 30,000 nM of either halopemide or 5-fluoro-2-indolyl-deschlorohalopemide (FIPI), and incubated at 37 °C. PEth concentrations were determined hourly over 5 h on the first day and once on day 2 and day 3. PEth formation was linear in the first 7 h of incubation and dependent on the alcohol concentration. The formation rates of PEth 16:0/18:1 were 0.002 μmol L-1 h-1 (0.01% BAC), 0.016 μmol L-1 h-1 (0.1% BAC), 0.025 μmol L-1 h-1 (0.2% BAC), and 0.029 μmol L-1 h-1 (0.3% BAC). For PEth 16:0/18:2, the formation rates were 0.002 μmol L-1 h-1 (0.01% BAC), 0.019 μmol L-1 h-1 (0.1% BAC), 0.025 μmol L-1 h-1 (0.2% BAC), and 0.030 μmol L-1 h-1 (0.3% BAC). Maximum concentrations reached 431 ng/mL (PEth 16:0/18:1) and 496 ng/mL (PEth 16:0/18:2) at 0.3% BAC after 3 days. Maximum velocity (vmax) was not reached under these conditions. PEth formation in blood of the 12 volunteers ranged between 0.011 and 0.025 μmol L-1 h-1 for PEth 16:0/18:1 and between 0.014 and 0.021 μmol L-1 h-1 for PEth 16:0/18:2. PEth formation in human blood was inhibited by halopemide in a concentration-dependent manner. However, a complete inhibition was not achieved by the applied maximum concentration of 30,000 nM. FIPI showed a better inhibition of PEth formation. A complete inhibition could be achieved by a concentration of 30,000 nM for the first 24 h (for PEth 16:0/18:1) and for 48 h (for PEth 16:0/18:2). Formation of PEth was found to be dependent on the BAC. As a consequence, it is essential to inhibit PLD activity after blood collection to avoid post-sampling formation of PEth in blood samples with a positive BAC. Inhibition of PEth formation was more effective using FIPI, compared to halopemide.

Ruckenschmerzen sind zu einer Volkskrankheit geworden und fuhren zu vielen Fehltagen in der Erwerbstatigkeit. Dies erfordert effektive und effiziente Therapieformen, zu denen auch Krafttraining gehort. Da sich EMS-Training seit einigen Jahren einer zunehmenden Beliebtheit erfreut, stellt sich die Frage, ob mittels dieser neueren Methode des Krafttrainings Effekte auf den Ruckenschmerz erzielen lassen. Wie wirkt sich ein 10-wochiges EMS-Training auf die Kraftausdauer der Rumpfbeuge- und Rumpfstreckmuskulatur, auf die subjektive Wahrnehmung der physischen Konstitution sowie auf das subjektive Belastungsempfinden und die Bewaltigung der Alltagsanforderungen von Lehrkraften aus? Es handelt sich um eine multimethodische Pilotstudie, die sich aus drei replizierten Interventionsstudien mit je zwei Messzeitpunkten zusammensetzt. Mittels verschiedener Datenerhebungsinstrumente (Kraftausdauertests, Fragebogen und Leitfadeninterviews) wurden das Kraftniveau relevanter Muskelgruppen, das subjektive Schmerzempfinden sowie Aktivitaten des taglichen Lebens gemessen, individuelle Einschatzungen erhoben und in einer Gesamtbewertung zusammengefuhrt. Mittels t‑Tests konnten bezuglich der gemessenen Parameter zwar keine signifikanten Verbesserungen nachgewiesen werden, dennoch lagen die Effekte des EMS-Trainings im Bereich mittel bis hoch. Zu vermuten ist, dass dies den kleinen Stichproben geschuldet ist. Eine qualitative Analyse der subjektiven Einschatzungen von EMS-Training zeigte durchweg positive individuelle Wahrnehmungen, jedoch kaum Auswirkungen auf die Belastungssituationen im Alltag.

Phenytoin (PHT) is one of the most often used critical dose drugs, where insufficient or excessive dosing can have severe consequences such as seizures or toxicity. Thus, the monitoring and precise measuring of PHT concentrations in patients is crucial. This study develops and validates an LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of phenytoin concentrations in different body compartments (i.e., human brain dialysate, blood, and saliva) and compares it with a formerly developed GC-MS method that measures PHT in the same biological matrices. The two methods are evaluated and compared based on their analytical performance, appropriateness to analyze human biological samples, including corresponding extraction and cleanup procedures, and their validation according to ISO 17025/FDA Guidance for Industry. The LC-MS/MS method showed a higher performance compared with the GC-MS method. The LC-MS/MS was more sensitive, needed a smaller sample volume (25 µL) and less chemicals, was less time consuming (cleaning up, sample preparation, and analysis), and resulted in a better LOD (r2 > 0.995 for all tested matrices (blood, saliva, and dialysate). For larger sample numbers as in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies and for bedside as well as routine analyses, the LC-MS/MS method offers significant advantages over the GC-MS method.

To investigate the potential of N-acetyltaurine (NAcT) in blood as a biomarker for alcohol uptake, a previously published LC-MS/MS method for urine was modified to simultaneously detect NAcT and ethyl glucuronide (EtG). The method was applied in a drinking study and by analyzing 147 forensic case samples. In the drinking study, contrary to EtG, NAcT proved to be an endogenous substance, which was present at 22 ± 7 ng/mL (13-31 ng/mL) in the blood after 2 weeks of abstinence. A moderate increase in NAcT to 40 ± 10 ng/mL (27-57 ng/mL) was observed after drinking. Within 24 h, the NAcT concentrations declined to starting concentrations in seven out of eight subjects. Peak EtG concentrations (c¯max) of 445 ± 101 ng/mL (278-662 ng/mL) were reached. While EtG in blood can be used to detect alcohol consumption even if ethanol is already eliminated, some of the maximum NAcT concentrations after a single ethanol dose were in the range of endogenous levels detected prior to the start of drinking in other subjects. In the 147 blood samples, the following concentrations were found: blood alcohol concentration (BAC): 1.22 ± 0.95 g/kg (0-3.46 g/kg); NAcT: 37.8 ± 18.4 ng/mL (12.1-109 ng/mL); EtG: 1149 ± 1121 ng/mL (0-5950 ng/mL). ROC curve analysis for BAC thresholds at 0.8 and 1.6 g/kg were performed for EtG and NAcT. Due to the presence of endogenous NAcT levels resulting in a lower sensitivity and selectivity when compared to EtG, and due to a minor increase in concentration after alcohol uptake, the usefulness of NAcT as an alcohol biomarker in blood is very limited.

Objectif Discussion des differences de concentration en xenobiotiques dans plusieurs echantillons de sang post-mortem. Methode Madame E (60 ans), souffrant d’un cancer du canal anal avec metastases, est hospitalisee le 15.10.2018 en soins palliatifs a l’hopital de Fribourg (Suisse). Pendant son hospitalisation, Madame E a recu en autres de la morphine (MST Continus® 80 mg/j jusqu’au 18.10.2018 puis 60 mg/j et Morphine HCL® 60 mg/j jusqu’au 24.10.2018 puis 90 mg/j et un bolus de 6 mg le 25.10.2018), de la pregabaline (600 mg/j), du midazolam (Dormicum® 7.5 mg/j) et de la methadone (5 mg/j). Son etat general se degrade rapidement et Madame E decede le 25.10.2018. Le medecin traitant de Mme E. accusant l’hopital d’avoir donne trop d’opiaces, le procureur a ordonne une autopsie ainsi que des analyses toxicologiques. A l’autopsie, environ 5 mL de sang peripherique et 50 mL de sang cardiaque ont ete preleves. Un screening sanguin a ete effectue dans le sang cardiaque par GC-MS. Les substances d’interets ont ete quantifiees dans le sang peripherique par GC-MS (morphine et methadone) ou par LC-MS/MS (pregabaline, midazolam). Douze autres echantillons de sang ont egalement ete preleves au moment de l’autopsie (par ex. veine cave inferieure, veine porte, veine sous-claviere, oreillette du cœur, veine femorale, veine du bas de la jambe) et conserves a −20 °C. La morphine, la methadone et la pregabaline ont ete quantifiees dans ces echantillons 4 mois plus tard (et 2e analyse de confirmation encore 3 mois plus tard). Resultats Le screening sanguin a permis de detecter de la morphine, du midazolam, de la methadone, du metamizole, du metoclopramide et de la pregabaline. Les analyses quantitatives dans le sang peripherique ont revele les concentrations suivantes (interpretations faites selon Baselt R.C. Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, CA/USA, 11e Edition, 2017) : morphine 143 μg/L (au-dessus du domaine therapeutique), methadone 36 μg/L (sous le domaine therapeutique), midazolam 46 μg/L (concentration therapeutique) et pregabaline 113 mg/L (concentration toxique voire letale). L’expertise de la medecin-legiste indique que Madame E souffrait d’une hypertension, d’une sous-nutrition et d’une bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive ainsi que d’une infection dans la region du bassin et la region anale avec formation de thromboses et perturbation du flux sanguin accentuee dans la jambe droite. L’autopsie a revele que le cœur, les poumons et les reins avaient souffert anterieurement de maladies chroniques. L’insuffisance renale pourrait expliquer la concentration tres elevee de pregabaline mesuree dans le sang post-mortem. D’un point de vue medico-legal, il ne peut pas etre determine si un arret de la medication de pregabaline aurait permis de retarder la mort de Madame E. Selon la medecin-legiste, la mort serait naturelle : deces par arret cardiaque en raison de maladies chroniques du cœur et des poumons. Dans les 12 echantillons de sang differents, la pregabaline a ete mesuree de 27,9 a 38,1 mg/L, la methadone de 12,4 a 106 μg/L et la morphine de 74,5 a 6745 μg/L. Conclusion La morphine et la methadone peuvent presenter une redistribution post-mortem (Baselt R.C.), nous n’avons pas d’indication concernant la redistribution post-mortem de la pregabaline. Cependant, la redistribution post-mortem ne peut pas a elle seule expliquer la difference de concentration entre echantillons pouvant etre jusqu’a 90 fois plus elevee d’un echantillon sanguin a l’autre. Une explication possible serait la facon dont le prelevement est effectue. Deux echantillons de veine cave inferieure ont ete preleves : un par ponction (morphine 1945 μg/L) et un par “puisage” (morphine 806 μg/L). D’autres etudes et prelevements doivent encore etre realises pour etayer cette theorie.

„Functional training“ erfreut sich groser Beliebtheit – was steckt hinter dem Hype um diese neuartige Trainingsmethode? Wie wirkt sich ein individuell konzipiertes, funktionelles Trainingsprogramm im Vergleich zu einem standardisierten, gerategestutzten Zirkelkrafttraining auf den FMS-Score aus? Quasiexperimentelle Interventionsstudie im Feld. Analyseinstrument bildet der „functional movement screen“ (FMS), der die Haltung, Statik, Bewegungsamplitude sowie die Stabilitat des Sportlers in Zeitlupe untersucht. Mittels einer Varianzanalyse mit Messwiederholung konnte fur beide Trainingsgruppen (funktionelles & gerategestutztes Training) ein Haupteffekt „Training“ festgestellt werden. Daruber hinaus zeigte sich ein Interaktionseffekt „Training*Gruppe“: Die funktionell trainierende Gruppe erzielte einen groseren Trainingseffekt als die Probanden, die ein gerategestutztes Krafttraining durchgefuhrten. Des Weiteren konnte festgestellt werden, dass das Geschlecht keinen Einfluss auf das Testergebnis hatte. Bezuglich der Zufriedenheit mit der durchgefuhrten Studie wurde ein signifikanter Einfluss festgestellt. Wenn auch einen geringen und nicht-signifikanten Einfluss hatten die tatsachlich absolvierten Trainingseinheiten auf das Ergebnis der Studie.

Analysis of cannabis has gained new importance worldwide, mainly for quality control within the legalized recreational and medical cannabis industry, but also for forensic differentiation between drug-type cannabis and legal products such as fiber hemp and CBD-rich/THC-poor cannabis. We herein present an HPLC-DAD method for quantitative analysis of major neutral and acidic cannabinoids in herbal cannabis and hashish: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and cannabinol (CBN). Plant material was dried, homogenized and extracted with a mixture of methanol/hexane. Chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved on a core-shell C8 column using gradient elution with water/acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. The analytical run time was 13 min and analytes were detected at 210 nm. The method is selective, sensitive, accurate, and precise, as confirmed through validation according to ICH and AOAC guidelines. Linearity in herbal cannabis ranged from 0.04 to 4.00% for the neutral cannabinoids, and from 0.40 to 20% for the acids. Linear ranges in hashish samples were 0.13–13.33% and 1.33–66.66%, respectively. The presented method was successfully applied to characterize 110 cannabis samples seized by the Swiss police, demonstrating its applicability for routine cannabis potency testing in the forensic setting.

Amphetamine (AM) is a powerful psychostimulant existing in two enantiomeric forms. Stereoselective analysis of AM in biosamples can assist clinicians and forensic experts in differentiating between abuse of illicitly synthesized racemic AM and ingestion of pharmaceutical AM formulations containing either S-AM or different proportions of the S- and R-enantiomers. Therefore, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantifying AM enantiomers in urine was newly developed. The method comprised dilution with water, followed by injection of the diluted sample onto an achiral C18 trapping column for purification and subsequent backflush elution to a chiral Lux 3 μm AMP LC column by means of a switching valve. An isocratic mobile phase of 25 % acetonitrile in 0.1 M aqueous ammonia was used for enantiomeric separation. Injection, cleanup, and backflush of the next sample were performed before the previous sample had eluted from the analytical column, thus enabling simultaneous enantioseparation of up to three samples within the analytical column. This novel chromatographic concept allowed for increased sample throughput by accelerating both the sample preparation and the LC analysis. Analyte detection was accomplished by electrospray ionization in positive ion mode and selected reaction monitoring using a triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer. The method was successfully validated through assessment of its linearity, lower limit of quantification, accuracy and precision, selectivity, matrix effect, carry-over, dilution integrity, and re-injection reproducibility. Linearity ranged from 0.05 to 25 mg/L for both enantiomers. Proof of the method included analysis of urine samples obtained from drug abusers and patients receiving an S-AM prodrug. Graphical Abstract Enantioselective determination of amphetamine in human urine using liquid chromatography with achiral-chiral column-switching and tandem mass spectrometry.

The forensic utility of N-acetyltaurine (NAcT) in urine as a marker for ethanol intake was examined. A HILIC-based liquid chromatography method for the mass spectrometric determination of NAcT, taurine, and creatinine in urine was developed and validated to investigate NAcT formation and elimination in a drinking study. Thereby, eight subjects ingested 0.66 to 0.84 g/kg alcohol to reach a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.8 g/kg. Blood and urine were taken every 1.5-2 h, during the first 8 h. NAcT and taurine levels were measured and corrected for the urine's dilution by normalization to a creatinine concentration of 1 mg/mL. For the determination of NAcT and taurine, uncorrected lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs) were at 0.05 μg/mL of urine. In the drinking study, NAcT proved to be an endogenous compound, which is present at a range of 1.0 to 2.3 μg/mL in urine of alcohol-abstinent subjects. Maximum NAcT concentrations were reached in samples taken 3 to 6 h after the start of drinking, whereby an upregulation in N-acetyltaurine could be found for all the subjects. The mean peak concentrations (c̅ max) of 14 ± 2.6 μg/mL (range 9-17.5 μg/mL) were reached. Within 24 h, the NAcT levels declined to endogenous concentrations. The detectability of NAcT was found to be slightly shifted compared to BAC: When BAC was not detectable anymore, NAcT levels were still elevated. After 24 h, when ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) were still detectable, NAcT concentrations showed endogenous levels again. Positive NAcT results can be used as an indicator for recent alcohol consumption. A direct relationship between NAcT and taurine concentrations could not be found. Graphical abstract N-acetyltaurine concentrations for eight subjects during the first 24 h after an alcohol consumption of 0.8 g/kg.

For driving aptitude assessment (DAA), the analysis of several alcohol biomarkers is essential for the detection of alcohol intake besides psycho-medical exploration. In Switzerland, EtG in hair (hEtG) is often the only direct marker for abstinence monitoring in DAA. Therefore, the suitability of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) was investigated as additional biomarker. PEth 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 were determined by online-SPE-LC-MS/MS in 136 blood samples of persons undergoing DAA and compared to hEtG, determined in hair segments taken at the same time. With a PEth 16:0/18:1 threshold of 210 ng/mL for excessive alcohol consumption, all (n = 30) but one tested person also had hEtG values ≥30 pg/mg. In 54 cases, results are not in contradiction to an abstinence as neither PEth (

Research on teaching in Physical Education (RT-PE) comprises a great deal of complex phenomena. These can be understood at a more profound level by using mixed methods research approaches (MMR). Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze potentials and limitations of mixed methods research in RT-PE, also trying to generate an additional value for MMR. First, it approaches research streams and methods in RT-PE. Second, the key elements of mixed methods research are analyzed to integrate this approach into RT-PE. Third, several mixed methods studies, organized along different levels of complexity, are presented to illustrate the added value of MMR for different epistemological interests of RT-PE. Finally, dealing with quality issues of mixed methods designs brings about a more general view of the issue at hand.

Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is considered as specific biomarker of alcohol consumption. Due to accumulation after repeated drinking, PEth is suitable to monitor long-term drinking behavior. To examine the applicability of PEth in "driving under the influence of alcohol" cases, 142 blood samples with blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) ranging from 0.0-3.12 ‰ were analyzed for the presence of PEth homologues 16:0/18:1 (889 ± 878 ng/mL; range

In this article, we elaborate on 10 current research questions related to the “teaching games for understanding” (TGfU) approach with the objective of both developing the model itself and fostering game understanding, tactical decision making, and game-playing ability in invasion and net/wall games: (1) How can existing scientific approaches from different disciplines be used to enhance game play for beginners and proficient players? (2) How can state-of-the-art technology be integrated to game-play evaluations of beginners and proficient players by employing corresponding assessments? (4) How can complexity thinking be utilized to shape day-to-day physical education (PE) and coaching practices? (5) How can game making/designing be helpfully utilized for emergent learning? (6) How could purposeful game design create constraints that enable tactical understanding and skill development through adaptive learning and distributed cognition? (7) How can teacher/coach development programs benefit from game-centered approaches? (8) How can TGfU-related approaches be implemented in teacher or coach education with the goal of facilitating preservice and in-service teachers/coaches’ learning to teach and thereby foster their professional development from novices to experienced practitioners? (9) Can the TGfU approach be considered a helpful model across different cultures? (10) Can physical/psychomotor, cognitive, affective/social, and cultural development be fostered via TGfU approaches? The answers to these questions are critical not only for the advancement of teaching and coaching in PE and sport-based clubs, but also for an in-depth discussion on new scientific avenues and technological tools.