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Anthocephalus cadamba, Rubiaceae, is a medicinal herb of great importance for traditional applications against several disease kinds. Because of the range of compounds, the genus Anthocephalus is regarded as one of the most significant genus utilised in many medical systems. The plant was chemically investigated for its phytoconstituents in the current analysis, Anthocephalus cadamba. The results for steroids, flavanoids, tannins and glycosides were shown to be positive. Bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtiliis and Escherichia coli, have been moderately actively monopolised. Antifungal activity at doses of 100mg/ml, 300mg/ml with fungal organisms, was observed in the ethanol leaves extract. Plant ethanol extract had a substantial impact on the hydrogen peroxide radical activity of scavenging and less effects than the standard of nitric oxide radical activity.

Epilepsy is among the commonly prevalent non communicable disease, particularly related to Central nervous system (CNS). The cumulative lifetime incidence of epilepsy is 3% and more than half of the cases begin in childhood. Seizures are common in pediatric age group and occur in approximately 10% of children. Epilepsyrequires long term anti-convulsanttreatment. The overall aim in the treatment of epilepsy should be complete control of seizures and no adverse reaction due to medication with an optimal quality of life. Epidemiological, clinical and experimental investigations have shown that anti- epileptic drugs (AED) predispose to atherosclerosis by altering the lipid profile.

Health is the main issue of today’s life. Most the diseases are due to improper life style, Taking improper functional foods and by depend on fast, junk foods. Due to these foods, oxidation takes place and oxidation causes lysis of cell and it causes cancer Plants such as Euphorbia heterophylla are commonly found in our surroundings. They are also used for the management of different human diseases. The anticancer activities of leaves from these plants were investigated using aqueous extracts. The extracts are subjected to phytochemical analysis. The invitro methods were used for significant cytotoxicity on Human ovarian cancer cell lines, viz., Pa-1 cells with the IC50 concentrations (The Concentration of the Compound have the capacity to kill 50% of Viable Cells) at 57.08ug/ml respectively after the incubation period of 24hrs. The MTT assay is a colorimetric assay used for the determination of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, based on reduction of the yellow coloured water soluble tetrazolium dye MTT to formazan crystals. The obtained results suggesting us that the EHE may have effective anticancer potential against the Human ovarian cancer (Pa-1) cells due to its low IC50 value.

Environmental deterioration as a result of development has wreaked havoc on the environment and jeopardizes its sustainability. Every year, millions of tonnes of construction and demolition waste (CDW) are generated as a result of the exploitation of natural resources, particularly non-renewable resources, for building purposes. In this study, an effort is made to consider CDW as a partial replacement of coarse aggregates to obtain recycled aggregate concrete and emphasize its strength properties, thereby reducing the burden on the requirement of natural resources. While RCA is being used as structural concrete, concrete is possibility exposed to elevated temperatures, which can disintegrate the concrete. Hence strength behaviour of RAC and its strength properties at elevated temperatures are emphasized. Considering the RCA replacement ratios of 0%, 50%, and 100% and water to binder ratio of 0.27 and 0.36 for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, the behaviour of RAC is investigated for elevated temperature; TGA analysis and FTIR are conducted on the RAC that is arrived at by conducting optimization and beneficiated RAC is proposed as a structural concrete at elevated temperature.

In this article, an attempt is made to diagnose brain diseases like neoplastic, cerebrovascular, Alzheimer's, and sarcomas by the effective fusion of two images. The two images are fused in three steps. Step 1. Segmentation: The images are segmented on the basis of optimal thresholding, the thresholds are optimized with an improved firefly algorithm (pFA) by assuming Renyi entropy as an objective function. Earlier, image thresholding was performed with a 1-D histogram, but it has been recently observed that a 2-D histogram-based thresholding is better. Step 2: the segmented features are extracted with the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm. The SIFT algorithm is good in extracting the features even after image rotation and scaling. Step 3: The fusion rules are made on the basis of an interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2FL), where uncertainty effects are minimized unlike type-1. The novelty of the proposed work is tested on different benchmark image fusion data sets and has proven better in all measuring parameters.

Increasing construction activity has increased the demand for construction materials, and concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials. Concrete is popular for its property of mold-ability and fluidity at early stages. The fluidity of concrete can be characterized by the study of its flow behavior in fresh state. The rheological behavior of recycled aggregate concrete is affected by superplasticizer and mineral admixtures. Hence, this study is carried out with the inclusion of mineral and chemical admixtures. Plastic viscosity of concrete is predicted using models which are essential for concrete production. An attempt is done to study the compressive strength of concrete by replacing the natural coarse aggregates by recycled coarse aggregates. After understanding the compressive strength of various replacement ratios, an optimum replacement ratio is identified using Taghuchi method. Using the Taghuchi method—which is based on principles of design of experiments—the optimum replacement ratio was found to be 45% [2]. The rheological properties were studied using direct shear box test to obtain the corresponding yield stress and plastic viscosity of concrete made from natural coarse aggregates and concrete made from recycled coarse aggregates.

The Blood vessel consists of many components like blood capillaries, arteries, veins, arterioles. Components of blood vessels are connected with different tissues. Visualization of components of blood vessels from angiogram images is necessary for medical diagnosis and medical research purposes. But due to variation in contrast at different parts of blood vessels, noise found in background of vessels, crossing and overlapping of blood vessels in angiogram images causes difficulty for vessel extraction. To handle these difficulties during vessel extraction proper image processing operations needed to be performed like image masking, filters, image blur, apply of threshold methods and various morphological operations are necessary to remove those noise, extract structure of vessels from angiogram images later visualization of reconstructed image after processing unprocessed image is necessary for performing medical research on blood vessels and its components. This paper is reviewing on different approaches used for vessel extraction, its features and demerits in every approaches with respect to vessel enhancement and vessel segmentation.

Mother Earth is facing major environment-related problems today such as global warming and loss of biodiversity. This brings in the need for sustainability concepts that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Use of recycled materials in construction, such as recycled aggregates from construction and demolition (C & D) site, fly ash and silica fume leads us to less energy consumption in terms of production of cement, transportation, etc., less quarrying and thus protection of biodiversity at both quarrying site and dumping sites. But the properties of recycled material such as recycled aggregate are substantially different from that of natural aggregates; hence, the prediction of performance of recycled aggregate concrete becomes difficult. Here, an attempt is made to predict the performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) using modern soft computing tool, i.e., artificial neural network (ANN). From the data set available, 150 effective subset were utilized to analyse the data effectively. The potential strength of recycled aggregate concrete was predicted by feeding ANN with the available set of experimental data. Here, the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete was used as output parameter. The variation of strength predicted is around 5% with respect to experimental values. The results from ANN can be refined further with the inclusion of source of recycled aggregate concrete, type of RAC and percentage of adhered mortar, etc.

A simple, precise, selective and affordable spectrphotometric method has been developed for the determination of Rufinamide in its bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The method was based on ion-pair complex formation between the drug and anionic dye i.e. Bromothymol blue in acidic medium (pH 2.0-4.0). The coloured complex formed was quantitatively extracted into chloroform and measured wavelength at 416.5 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 10-60µg/ml with correlation coefficient (n=6) ≥ 0.997. The stoichiometry of the complexes formed between drug and dye was 1:1 ratio, as determined by job’s method of continuous variation. The association constant (Ka) of the ion-pair complexes formed was evaluated using Benesi–Hildebrand equation. Extraction procedure at various pH was measured and maximum absorbance was shown at pH 4.0. The developed method was validated according to ICH [Q2 (R1)] guidelines. This method has been successfully applied for the assay of drug in pharmaceutical formulations. No interference was observed from pharmaceutical adjuvants. Keywords: Rufinamide, Bromothymol blue, Chloroform, Ion- pair complex, UV- Visible spectrophotometer, Validation.

Rapid urbanization and growth of construction industries has brought the need for the development of sustainable criteria. The need of the hour for a sustainable development has made way for using C and D Demolition waste. Recycling C and D material is one of the remedies for sustainable development. Thus, demolition wastes which are being generated around the world can be utilized as recycled aggregate concrete. Further, to meet the needs of industrialization, there is a heavy demand for natural aggregates because of which they are getting depleted. Hence to overcome the depletion and for making a sustainable world, the use of recycled aggregates came into picture. Recycled aggregates have found their use in many works like pavements, kerbs, etc., but they are rarely used for engineering works. This project aims at finding the usage of recycled aggregates for high-strength concrete. The present research studies the strength of concrete made with different replacement levels of natural aggregates with recycled aggregates. The replacement ratios considered are 0%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% along with 10% replacement of cement with silica fume for different water–cement ratio to find the optimized mix. The study also aims at understanding the shrinkage behavior of recycled aggregate for 0%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% along with their mechanical properties.

Peristrophe paniculata is one of the traditional medicinal plant have been using in treatment of different diseases. The present study was carried out to provide scientific evidence about its medicinal use and phytochemical variation in different parts (stem, leaves and root) of it. Phytochemical studies were carried out for hexane, ethyl acetate and hydro alcoholic extracts using standard test procedures and antioxidant activity was carried on different free radicals i.e., superoxide, hydroxyl and 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Hydroalcoholic, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of P. paniculata were found to possess concentration dependent free radical scavenging activity on superoxide, hydroxyl and DPPH free radicals. Qualitative phytochemical screening of P. paniculata extracts revealed the presence of diverse in phytochemical constituents like steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, tannins and carbohydrates. The extracts of different parts gave negative and positive results for the amino acids, oils and saponins. The selected plant extracts showed concentration dependent percentage of inhibition on tested free radicals along with the standard drug ascorbic acid. The hexane extract of all parts of P. paniculata showed lower activity compared to ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic extracts. Hydroalcoholic extract showed better activity. The variation in the activity and phytochemical constituents in them maybe due to the compounds present in them either as individually or in mixtures. The further research is need to evaluate more pharmacological activities and in isolation of the bioactive compounds from P. paniculata.

Objective: A prospective interventional study was conducted to evaluate the impact of educational intervention on knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP)(of rural community pharmacists toward adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting.Methods: A validated KAP questionnaire was administered on the enrolled community pharmacists in the study. SPSS software package version-19 was used to calculate the influence of educational intervention on KAP scores of the participants. Pre-training KAP scores were compared with the post-training KAP scores.Results: About 49 community pharmacists have participated in the study, 95.91% (n=47) were males, and 4.08% (n=2) were females. The mean±SD age of the participants was 40.93±7.84 years. The mean ± SD score in the knowledge component was significantly increased from 4.87±2.015 to 7.09 ± 0.68 (n=49, p

A precise, sensitive and high throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for determination of Aprepitant (APT) in human plasma was developed and validated using Quetiapine (QTP) as internal standard. The analyte and internal standard were extracted from human plasma using liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was performed on Discovery C18 10 cm×4.6 mm, 5 μm column with an isocratic mobile phase composed of 5 mM Ammonium Acetate (pH 4.00):Acetonitrile (10:90), at a flow-rate of 0.9 ml/ min. The MS-MS detection was performed on a AB Sciex API 3200 tandem mass spectrometer operated in Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) at positive mode at m/z 535.10/277.10 and 384.00/253.10 for APT and QTP respectively. A linear dynamic range of 10.004-5001.952 ng/ml for APT was evaluated with mean correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9991. The precision of the assay (expressed as coefficient of variation, CV) was less than 15% at concentrations of LQC, MQC, HQC and was less than 20% for LLOQQC. Percent recoveries for APT at high, middle and low quality control samples was found to be 71.9%, 68.0%, and 63.8% respectively and for internal standard 77.7%. The analyte was found to be stable throughout five freeze-thawing cycles, bench top, wet extract, dry extract, auto sampler and interim stability studies. Therefore, the proposed method was found to be suitable for the routine quality control analysis of Aprepitant in human plasma in bioequivalence studies.

Function metrics make early design evaluation possible. A simple definition of function as a pair of behavior expressions that map the utilized part of a component behavior to an intended part of a device behavior enables formal definition of several useful metrics for engineered devices such as sharing, overload, modularity, and criticality. These function metrics can be used to evaluate properties of a given configuration of components in a device as well as to compare alternative configurations of devices for the same design intents. A program called Teleometrics has been implemented that models function representations of devices as graphs and generates function metrics. Four patented accelerometers used for automotive crash sensing are modeled, evaluated, and compared using Teleometrics.

Naive interpretations of concurrent engineering may expect extreme parallelization of tasks and simultaneous accommodation of multiple perspec tives In fact, from our efforts at modelling tasks in a MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) pressure sensor design project, it appears that the structure of tasks and the product itself result in evolving contexts and scenanos of decision and data-flow that have a significant impact on the occurrence of conflicts among perspectives and mechanisms for their resolution This paper refines a previously described information model for defining evolving contexts of product model aspects, and team member perspectives, with software agents acting on behalf of team members to execute tasks The pressure sensor design project is analyzed in the framework of this information model Alternative scenanos of decision and action for design of the pressure sensor are modelled as design process plans The impact of contexts and design plans on the occurrence and resolution of conflicts is investigated. Conflicts between perspectives occur In supplier-consumer data flows, interface definition data flows, and shared output data flows during execution of these plans We present a technique for negotiating such conflicts by axiomatic negotiation models using analytical mechanisms Negotiation protocols based on these mechanisms propagate utility functions between decision parameters and conflict parameters, and explore the space of agreement points so as to suggest negotiated solutions

Design synthetic reasoning is a methodology to support the process of design synthesis and includes within its scope support for associated processes of design verification, behavior derivation, and function justification. The design synthesis of machines is viewed as the development of a specification of required behavior, and transformation of the specification into the description of a structure (or assembly) of machine components. In this paper, the process of design synthesis is modeled as a sequence of applications of transformation rules. These rules either respecify, elaborate, reduce, or reformulate the expression of required behavior, and ultimately allow matching and selection of structurally compatible machine components and relationships from a design library. The specification of required behavior for a simple rotary actuator is developed and progressively transformed to synthesize the structures of two different patented rotary actuating devices. The ability of both devices to produce the required behavior is verified, and the property of self-locking for both the devices is derived from the structure descriptions. The functions (purposes) of components and relationships in each device are extracted from the trace of transformation rules applied during the verification and derivation process for each device.

This paper presents in three parts a uniform methodology, called design synthetic reasoning, to support the process of design synthesis and associated processes of design verification, behavior derivation and function justification. The methodology is demonstrated on two patented devices for rotary actuation. The first part of the paper develops a representation scheme for machine designs. In the second part, the design synthesis of machines is viewed as the development of a specification of required behavior, and transformation of the specification into the description of a structure (or assembly) of machine components. The process of design synthesis is modeled as a sequence of applications of transformation rules. These rules either respecify, elaborate, reduce or reformulate the expression of required behavior, and ultimately allow matching and selection of structurally compatible machine components and relationships from a design library. The specification of required behavior for rotary actuation is developed and progressively transformed to synthesize the structures of the two patented rotary actuating devices. In the third part of the paper, the ability of both devices to produce the required behavior is verified, and the property of self-locking for both the devices is derived from the structure descriptions. The functions (purposes) of components and relationships in each device are extracted from the trace of transformation rules applied during the verification and derivation process for each device.

Machine elements and systems are represented for use in a design library to support the tasks involved in machine design. Machines are modeled as systems decomposable hierarchically from both the views of structure and behavior. Systems and their decomposed structures are represented algebraically using set and list primitives while behaviors are represented using typed predicate logic. The function, i.e. purpose, of subsystems in a machine system is also represented. Procedures to support design verification, design selection and design synthesis using algebraic and logical transformation rules are presented. The development of the representation scheme and reasoning procedures are illustrated with simple examples from machine design.

In this paper we describe an area efficient power minimization scheme “Control Generated Clocking I‘ that saves significant amounts of power in datapath registers and clock drivers of sequential circuits. Power savings are achieved by making simple changes to the state machines controlling the datapath. These changes enable the control signals from the state machines themselves to be used as clocks for the datapath registers. Use of these control generated clocks makes the static timing analysis of designs implementing this scheme simpler when compared to techniques such as clock gating. This scheme preserves the cycle boundaries on which registers load data, thereby allowing reuse of functional test cases developed for the original circuit. In this paper we also describe timing requirements of a design in which this scheme has been implemented, cost-benefit aspects of this scheme and an algorithm for the automatic synthesis of control generated clocks. Results from application of this technique on a complex design are then discussed.

Clock gating is an effective technique for minimizing dynamic power in sequential circuits. However, clock gating has some practical difficulties viz., possibility of glitches on the gated clock and in use of static timing analysis for verifying timing of the design. In this paper we describe a robust scheme for power minimization that eliminates these difficulties of clock gating and yet provides nearly the same power savings. This scheme does not rely on propagation delays in the circuit for functioning, and is robust across process technologies. In this scheme, the controllers sequencing operations in a datapath are modified so that the control signals themselves are used as clocks for registers in the datapath. Since these "control clocks" typically operate at lower frequencies, power is saved in the registers and in the clock drivers. This scheme also preserves the cycle boundaries on which registers in the original circuit load data, thereby allowing reuse of test cases developed for the functional verification of the original circuit.

This chapter describes the application of seven approaches to support three basic task types of design (design selection, parametric design, and design synthesis). The specialization of these approaches to practical design techniques is analyzed and illustrated with examples.

This paper analyzes the information environment of a product development program in a manufacturing enterprise as a domain in which intelligent agents can facilitate coordination. The information environment refers to information accessed, shared and generated in a product development program. The analysis suggests a structure for defining agents and agent interactions, and clarifies coordination needs in the context of the product development process. An architecture of intelligent agents embedded in a coordination environment is proposed as a means of providing infrastructure and process support to product development. The process of extension of requirements, and the selection and parametric refinement of handbook design solutions of a relief valve is used to illustrate the analysis and architecture for coordination in product development. The functional requirements identified for product development coordination are: (a) explicit representation of development team perspective and product model aspect definitions and mappings among them, (b) encapsulation of views and changes of the product models by intelligent agents, and (c) management of scenarios of interaction between perspectives through their agents. Representation of the dynamics and hierarchy in product development environments is outlined.

A large structural analysis problem, involving the solution of 11448 equations with an average front width of about 350, was solved on a minicomputer. This mathematical model resulted from the application of the finite element method, using flat shell elements, to determine the stress levels induced in the carriage of a stacker-reclaimer due to design loads. Computer programs were developed for analysis; the frontal solution procedure with a restart facility and other modifications were used for the solution of the finite element equations. A scheme was developed and employed to solve such large problems on a minicomputer in spite of the limited computing speed and disc storage space available. Seven loads cases were analyzed and areas of high tensile and compressive stress identified.

Background: The present study aimed at investigating the effect of ethanolic extract (EtAI), and aqueous extract (AqAI) of Aristolochia indica Linn roots on castor oil-induced diarrhoea and study on small intestinal transit. Phytochemical analysis of extracts was performed as per standard procedure.Materials and Methods: The oral toxicity study using Swiss albino mice was performed in accordance with OECD guidelines. The EtAI and AqAI extracts of Aristolochia indica Linn were studied for antidiarrhoeal property using castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model and charcoalinduced gastrointestinal motility test in Swiss albino mice.Results: Among the tested doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, the extracts reduced the frequency and severity of diarrhoea in test animals throughout the study period. At the same doses, the extract delayed the intestinal transit of charcoal meal in test animals as compared to the control and the results were statistically significant.Conclusion: Experimental findings showed that ethanol extract of Aristolochia indica Linn root possess significant antidiarrheal activity and may be a potent source of anti-diarrhoeal drug in future.Key words: Antidiarrheal activity, Aristolochia indica Linn, ethanol extract, small intestinal transit