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Knowledge of spring waters’ chemical composition is paramount for both their use and their conservation. Vast surveys at the basin scale are required to define the nature and the location of the springs and to identify the hydrochemical facies of their aquifers. The present study aims to evaluate the hydrochemical facies and the vulnerability to nitrates of 59 springs falling in the Sila Massif in Calabria (southern Italy) and to identify their vulnerability through the analysis of physicochemical parameters and the use of the Langelier–Ludwig diagram. A spatial analysis was performed by the spline method. The results identified a mean value of 4.39 mg NO3−/L and a maximum value of 24 mg NO3−/L for nitrate pollution in the study area. Statistical analysis results showed that the increase in electrical conductivity follows the increase in alkalinity values, a correlation especially evident in the bicarbonate Ca-Mg waters and linked to the possibility of higher nitrate concentrations in springs. These analyses also showed that nitrate vulnerability is dependent on the geological setting of springs. Indeed, the Sila igneous–metamorphic batholith, often strongly affected by weathering processes, contributes to not buffering the nitrate impacts on aquifers. Conversely, anthropogenic activities, particularly fertilization practices, are key factors in groundwater vulnerability.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:04:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-10-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) This paper describes a hydrochemical study focusing spas groundwaters occurring at São Paulo and Minas Gerais states, Brazil, that are extensively used for drinking in public places, bottling and bathing purposes, among other. The water samples (75) for this study were taken from springs and pumped tubular wells drilled at different aquifer systems that are inserted in Paraná and Southeastern Shield hydrogeological provinces. The data acquisition for temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, redox potential (Eh), dissolved gases (O2, CO2 and H2S) and alkalinity was in situ performed for avoiding losses and modification due to transportation. The total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration was evaluated by gravimetry, the major cations and anions, iron and silica by colorimetry/atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), and fluoride by potentiometry. The acquired database allowed establish the principal trends among the parameters analyzed after assuring its consistence from expected relationships found in hydrogeochemical surveys. The groundwaters are reducing (from pH and Eh data), there is a direct TDS-EC relationship, implying on a significant correlation between their ionic strength (IS) and EC. The major ions justifying such trends were sodium, (bi)carbonate, chloride, sulfate and phosphate that also correlated positively with the IS. The spas groundwaters were classified according to the guidelines of the Brazilian Code of Mineral Waters (BCMW) and EU directive for mineral waters. The major hydrochemical facies were also determined, as well the main sources influencing the groundwater composition and possible subsurface temperatures. Departamento de Petrologia e Metalogenia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro, Av. 24-A No.1515, C.P. 178 Departamento de Petrologia e Metalogenia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro, Av. 24-A No.1515, C.P. 178 CNPq: 301462/2011-9

Preserving the hydration status means to balance daily fluids and salt losses with gains, where the losses depend on several physiological and environmental factors. Especially for athletes, these losses could be relevant and negatively influence the performance: therefore, their hydro-saline status must be preserved with personalized pre- and rehydration plans all along the performance period. Scientific literature in this field is mainly dedicated to artificial sport drinks. Different territories in most world areas are rich in drinking natural mineral spring waters with saline compositions that reflect their geological origin and that are used for human health (often under medical prescription). However, scarce scientific attention has been dedicated to the use of these waters for athletes. We therefore reviewed the existing literature from the innovative viewpoint of matching spring water mineral compositions with different athletic performances and their hydro-saline requirements.

Within the framework of the Pan-European project about the geochemistry of bottled mineral waters in Europe launched in 2007 by the European Geological Surveys (EGS) Geochemistry Expert Group fourteen brands of bottled natural waters from Croatia of both mineral and spring types were evaluated for getting more coherent spatial information about the natural variation of element concentration in bottled waters found at the European market. Results of chemical analysis show that not a single one out of fourteen analyzed bottled waters from Croatia exceeds the Croatian water standards sanctioning thereby their suitability for human consumption. Also, statistical tests performed for 41 analytes (including pH and EC) clearly show that the water chemistry is in a high degree of conformity with regional geology, depending on structural, stratigraphic and, above all, lithological diversity of aquifers. Thus Dinaric and Pannonian parts of Croatia differ largely with regard to their water types: Dinaric region is completely lacking mineral water types while, on the other side, in the Pannonian region even the spring waters show stronger mineralization in comparison with their Dinaric counterparts. Typically, all natural waters from Croatia bear the bicarbonate (HCO3) signature. However, Ca–Mg cation pair combination is characteristic of spring waters while Na–K dominates in the mineral waters.

The purpose of this study was to monitor and evaluate the specific characteristics and properties of the most important water resources in Dalmatia, located in Southern Croatia, for a period of five years (1999–2003). The paper presents a detailed account of the water's chemical content, classification and concentration of salts. The bacteriological pollution levels are indicated by the total coliform bacterial levels (MPN coli/100 ml). The water characteristics are expressed by coefficients which represent the ratios between water ingredients. The Ca/Mg eq ratio, SO4/Cl eq ratio and K1, K2 for bicarbonate hardness were calculated. The hygienic characteristics of the water samples were expressed by the total coliform bacteria estimation (MPN coli/100 ml), the permanganate consumption (KMnO4) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5). Karst waters, i.e. rain waters, in Dalmatia are moderately hard, the SO4/Cl ratio is 0.38-1.6, non corrosive (K1 lower than 0.2) and not significantly mineralised (

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2015, Ozonlama teknolojisi, sudan ağır metallerin uzaklaştırılmasını ve suyun dezenfeksiyonunu sağlaması nedeniyle, doğal kaynak suyu proseslerinde kullanımı yaygın olan bir uygulamadır. Ozonlama prosesinin suda meydana getirdiği değişimlerin olumlu etkilerinin yanında, ozonun kullanımını kısıtlayıcı yan etkileri de bulunmaktadır. Bu yan etkiler ile ilgili laboratuar ortamında yapılan çalışmalar yeterli gözükmesine rağmen, endüstriyel uygulamalar ile ilgili çalışmalar oldukça sınırlı ve yetersizdir. Bu çalışma ile tekniğine uygun ozonlama işlemine tabi tutulmuş doğal su örneklerinde, ozonlama işleminden sonra düzenlenen metotlarla oluşan bromat maddesinin doğru ölçümlenmesi sağlanarak, bromat oluşumunu etkileyen parametrelerin ve bromat oluşumunun kontrolünü sağlayan uygulamaların tespit edilmesi sağlanmıştır. Doğal kaynak suyu şişeleme tesislerinde genel olarak kaynak suyu, boru hatları boyunca su tesislerine taşınarak ozonlanmaktadır. Proses; preform şişirme, rinser (ozonlu yıkama) suyuyla şişe yıkama, dolum suyu ozonlama, dolum, kapaklama, etiketleme, paketleme ve paletleme aşamalarından oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, üretim sürecinin belirlenen aşamalarında, su örnekleri alınmış; örneklerde kolorimetrik yöntemlerle ozon tayini ve kromatografik yöntemlerle (HPLC) bromat tayini gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ozonlama prosesi boyunca doğal kaynak suyu içerisinde doğal olarak bulunan bromür iyonunun ozon ile reaksiyonu sonucu oluşan bromat maddesinin çok düşük miktarları için ölçüm yönteminin geliştirilmesi çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca ozonlama sonucu oluşan bromatın pH, ozon dozu, sıcaklık ve temas süresi ile ilişkisi incelenerek; pH düşürülmesinin ve UV254 kullanımının bromat kontrolü üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bromat ölçümü konusunda hassas bir metot oluşturma çalışması, HPLC cihazında EPA 326 metodunun uygulaması ile birlikte bromat parametresinin 0,2 ppb düzeylerinde ölçüm yapılabilmesini sağlamıştır. Daha sonra çalışmada yapılan tüm bromat analizleri EPA 326 metodu ile gerçekleştirilmiş ve ‘ppb’ cinsinden raporlanmıştır. EPA 326 metodu sonuçları incelendiğinde, 0,035 ± 0,002 ppm aralığında ozonlama yapılmış sulardaki bromat ölçümleri arasındaki farkların 0,054 standart sapma ile istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde olmadığı görülmüştür (p0,05). Şişeleri rinser suyu ile yıkandıktan sonra 0,03-0,04 ppm skalasında ozonlandırılmış su ile doldurulan örneklerin bromat değerleri 0,5-0,56 skalasında ölçümlenmiştir. Ozon değerleri 0,04-0,05 ppm aralığında tutulmuş, ölçüm sıcaklığı 24 ± 1°C’ye sabitlenmiş pH 9,2 ± 0,1 değerine sahip örneklerinde, proses aşamasında kaynak değiştirme çalışması uygulanıp pH 8,5 ± 0,1 derecelerine düşürülerek bu uygulamanın etkisi incelenmiş, elde edilen sonuçlara göre, pH düşürülmesinin bromat değerinde ortalama %20,6 oranında azalmaya sebep olduğu görülmüştür (p0,05)., Drinking water quality and its effects on human health were known for ages, so some applications such as chlorination, ozonation have been applied in drinking water. Ozonation technology is a common application for source water process to remove heavy metals from water, and provide disinfection of water. So that, ozonation improves the quality properties of water. There are many positive effects which change the water properties, also there are some factors causing side effects and limited usage of ozone because of the fact that ozone is a strong oxidizing agent and reacts with water components. In the presence of bromine which is present in water naturally, bromine ion reacts with ozone and bromate (BrO3-) ion has been formed. As a result of the bromate formation, water may contain toxic compounds and regarding this requirement some regulations have been applied. These regulations have limited the application of ozone to a certain dose. Although the studies on the side effects of bromate seem to be sufficient in laboratory, the studies for the industrial processes are quite limited and insufficient. Because of that the investments of the system are costly. Moreover, it is difficult to keep the optimum system under suitable conditions in the plant. In this study, source process was performed in a source water plant and the analysis was carried out in the laboratory. This study contributes to form accurate methods for the determination of bromate levels, investigates the parameters affecting bromate formation and tries to find applications for the control of bromate formation. Moreover, the detection limit for the analysis was arranged in order to detect low levels of bromate values. In general, the source water has been moved from the source to the plant through the pipelines and then the source water has been ozonized. The process consists of the stages of preform blowing, bottle washing with rincer (ozonized washing) water, ozonation of filling water, filling, capping, labelling, packaging and palletizing. In this study, water samples was collected from some production stages. These samples were mainly composed of ozonated filling water before/after UV and ozonated rincer water. After the water samples were collected, bromate levels were analyzed by chromatographic methods (HPLC) and ozone levels were elucidated by a colorimetric method. In this study, the improvement about the determination method of trace levels of bromate that was formed by the reaction of bromide ions and ozone was studied and a method was applied. Moreover, the relationship between the bromate and pH, ozone dose, contact time, temperature were evaluated. Then, the effects of pH reduction and UV254 application were investigated. Bromate analysis was performed by HPLC with UV-Vis detector. Hence, firstly the EPA 326 method was applied. In this post-column derivatization method, bromate reacted with potassium iodide (KI) and oxidized iodide to triiodide, so it was easy to determine the bromate levels at low concentrations and the detection limit was arranged to be a lower rate. The study about the determination of bromate levels precisely provided measuring 0.2 ppb bromate levels with the EPA 326 method process optimization. In this method, reagents, retention time, column type, flow rates of the reagents were studied and the most efficient condition for the analysis was described. Then, all bromate analysis in this study was performed with EPA 326 method and the results were reported in terms of ‘ppb’. After the injection, the bromate levels were found to be between 8.8-8.9 minutes in this method. In order to analyze the samples, firstly process conditions (temperature, pH, degree of ozonation, contact time) were controlled and the information on the conditions were recorded. After the analyses were completed, there were many conditions and the results, so when the results were evaluated some parameters were selected and used to evaluate fairly. When the bromate results that were measured by EPA 326 were reviewed, no statistically significant changes occurred with 0.054 standard deviation in all samples which were ozonized between 0.035 ± 0.002 ppm (p0.05). When the bottles of the filling water ozonized with 0.03-0.04 ppm and washed with rincer water, the bromate levels of the filling water were measured between 0.5-0.56 ppb. The pH of the water samples with a temperature of 24 ± 1°C ozonized between 0.04-0.05 ppm and stayed for a day long. pH 9.2 ± 0.1 level of the samples were decreased to pH 8.5 ± 0.1 level with the change of the source water during ozonation and the bromate levels were measured. It was observed that pH reduction caused 20.6% of decrease in the bromate level (p0.05)., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

Concentration of Rn-222 was determined in selected natural spring and tap water samples collected during spring and summer seasons from Kastamonu, Turkey. The aim of this work was to produce a map of the radon concentrations in water sources of the province and to determine any potential radiological risk for the local population. Radon measurements were performed by an AlphaGUARD radon gas analyser. The average radon concentrations were found to vary from 0.39 +/- 0.02 to 12.73 +/- 0.39 Bq 1(-1) for natural springs and from 0.36 +/- 0.04 to 9.29 +/- 0.45 Bq 1(-1) for tap water in spring, from 0.50 +/- 0.09 to 19.21 +/- 1.00 Bq 1(-1) for natural springs and from 0.31 +/- 0.03 to 13.14 +/- 0.38 Bq 1(-1) for tap water in summer. Furthermore, the results are compared with international recommendations and concentrations reported for other countries. Doses resulting from the consumption of these waters were calculated. The effective dose equivalents due to the intake of the Rn-222 present in these waters are expected to range from 0.93 to 32.54 mu Sv y(-1) in summer and from 0.80 to 49.09 mu Sv y(-1) in spring.