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The urbanization rate may give an adverse effect on a city. For example, it accrues the number of urban dwellers and induces the exploitation of land resources with a quick conversion rate, which leads to the degradation of the quality of the environment. This condition is exacerbated by deescalated green and open spaces (RTH) as a CO 2 absorber. CO 2 emissions in urban regions can be mitigated by exerting trees, which have a pivotal role in carbon uptake. This research imparts an analysis of plant species that are potential for absorbing carbon and storing biomass in green and open spaces in Ambon. The research method is quantitative by estimating biomass and carbon uptake of trees. Results indicate that trembesi (Samanea saman), linggua (Pterocarpus indicus), mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla), bintanggur (Calophyllum inophyllum), and kerai payung (Filicium decipiens) are typical trees planted in Ambon. The highest CO 2 uptake capacity (B = 110.95 tons/ha, CO 2 = 191.38 tons/ha) is identified in Trembesi (Samanea Saman), linggua (Pterocarpus indicus), the second-highest with a B = 61.66 tons/ha and CO 2 = 106.36 tons/ha, and Akasia (Acacia mangium), the third-highest with a B = 25.24 tons/ha and CO 2 = 41.69 tons/ha

The main aim of this article is to provide an example of reproducible research in robotics. Despite the fact that a large number of researchers agree on the need of reproducibility in robotics and artificial intelligence, the practice of reproducible research is still in an embryonic phase. As a matter of fact, IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine is, at the date of this article submission, the only top-tier robotics publication accepting "reproducible" articles. To this end, we have chosen a very common and traditional problem and approached it with a "first principles" attitude.

The natural environment is vital for the healthy growth of children. The absence of exposure to Nature in cities is an important cause of physical and psychological health problems in children. With the objective of a healthy growth environment for children, this paper states the active role of the urban waterfront space, analyses the relationship between children and urban waterfront space, summarises the characteristics of children’s outdoor activities, proposes the principle and methods of planning and designing a children-friendly urban waterfront space, and provides some improved design strategies.

Heat islands and floods have an impact on human life and the environment. In this research study, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) were used to identify the effects of urban heat islands and potential flood zones. The results were used to create a priority attention map for Mexicali, Baja California, as a planning tool for implementing green space projects. The land surface temperature was estimated from Landsat-8 imagery. For flood-prone area estimation and a topographic wetness index, a digital elevation model was processed with a spatial resolution of 5 × 5 m. The results showed the need to incorporate green spaces within the urban area since the inhabitant-green space ratio was 2.43 m2. Furthermore, it was observed that more than 60% of green areas do not significantly affect the reduction of heat islands; therefore, the effective ratio of green spaces with a cooling effect per inhabitant was 1.27 m2. The implementation of spatial techniques in GIS considering heat islands and potential flood zones has not been traditionally considered in urban planning and cities dynamics in developing countries in arid zones. However, the determination of long-distance conditions in comprehensive planning instruments could be implemented to increase urban areas resilience.

In recent years, the construction of ecological civilization has become an important policy that my country vigorously advocates and practices. As the most important part of the land and space planning system’ innovation and development, the construction of ecological civilization plays a very important guiding role in land and air planning. As ecological civilization is closely related to territorial and spatial planning, territorial and spatial planning based on the perspective of ecological civilization has become more and more popular. This article briefly introduces the idea of ecological civilization and land and space planning, analyzes the relationship between them, takes Yong’an Town, Chengdu as an example, and discusses the development of land and space planning from the perspective of ecological civilization. Finally, corresponding development strategies and plans are proposed for Yong’an Town.

This research develops a shape grammar to generate solutions for the adaptive reuse of historic buildings. More precisely, it proposes a transformation grammar for sobrado buildings, a typology present in the historic center of São Luís, Brazil. The methodology defines a workflow for adapting sobrado buildings, once characterized for single-families, into multi-family apartments considering spatial and structural requirements. The grammar specifies a framework for repurposing historic buildings into social housing and considers the allocation of three types of apartments in the floor plan: studios, one-bedroom apartments, and two-bedroom apartments. The adopted strategy for spatial planning prioritizes access to natural daylight. The grammar supports different layout solutions for the same building and aims to accelerate the reuse of historic structures for contemporary housing needs. This paper describes the grammar rules and their application to three case study buildings.

This article presents the experience of typologization of traditional settlements of Kazakhs - in the past one of the largest nomadic pastoralist peoples who experienced a change of economic activity, lifestyle in the historically foreseeable period. Based on the analysis, it was revealed that their spatial structure was influenced by popular perceptions of rational organization of the life environment in steppe conditions. The evolution of the method of space development from dynamic to static is considered; Volume-spatial structures - from local, linear and dispersed formations “scattered” in hyperspace, to a system of interconnected compacted spaces.

Recent ethnographic research of physical academic library spaces demonstrates that students often utilise these spaces quite differently than the library’s staff may have originally intended. Stude...

Introduction. Latakia Governorate, Syria, includes Kesab located in a mountainous area. Plains, that are good for construction purposes, are depleted; therefore, mountain slopes have to accommodate new construction projects. The analysis of space planning solutions, designated for single-family residential houses, was performed with regard for the terrain of Kesab. This analysis underlies the fundamental principles of the architectural solutions that take account of the following factors: the slope type/orientation, the layout of buildings in relation to the slope and access routes, the use of the “bearing floor” design system that reduces construction costs, the use of cantilever solutions for first floors, the availability of summer premises protected from overheating in the Kesab climate, the orientation of the slope towards cardinal points, and traditions of Arabic families. Principles of architectural design of single-family residential houses with account taken of the local terrain constitute the subject of this research. The objective is to develop recommendations designated for architectural solutions for single-family residential houses to be built in the mountainous environment of Kesab, to assure indoor comfort depending on the earth grade and terrain orientation towards cardinal points, and to reduce construction costs. Materials and methods. The research is based on the analysis of the Kesab terrain, the analysis of potential construction work to be performed on the slopes having different orientations, the use of the “bearing floor” structural system, the analysis of effective Syrian and Russian regulations and data sources. Results. As a result of research into a single-family residential house built with regard for the Kesab terrain in Syria, the co-authors developed design principles applicable to single-family residential houses in the areas featuring rough terrain. Conclusions. The recommendations are designated for low-rise single-family houses that have different orientations towards cardinal points in the areas that have varied earth grades like Kesab located in the mountain valley.

Surajit Chakravarty and Rohit Negi. Space, Planning and Everyday Contestations in Delhi (New Delhi: Springer India), 2016. DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2154-8. ISBN 978-81-322-2153-1; ISBN 978-81-322-2154-8 (eBook).

The article examines the methodical approach to determining the right to use apartments, according to different space-planning solutions, in particular, in the conditions of the apartments that are designed and built for one family living. As well as in the conditions of the old buildings, which do not comply with current regulatory documents and rules. When determining the right (order) of use, the expert should research all the factors that influence and provide a more objective research, as well as ensuring a level of comfort no lower than the requirements of building rules. In the course of the research, the expert should work out and determine all possible options for the right to use the apartment and suggest at least two technically feasible and convenient options. If it is impossible to offer more than one option for using the premises of the apartment, such a decision should be justified. In the author’s opinion, at the moment there is relevance for formalizing and tightening requirements for determining use rights, including for the apartments that are designed (built) for one family, as well as the old buildings that do not meet the requirements of existing building rules. Methodical approaches should be developed to detail the possibility of determining the right to use an apartment. Based on the results of the research, the author observes that it is impossible to determine the right to use the apartment, which leads to a change in its purpose, in particular from the apartment, which is designed for one family to a communal apartment. This is possible only if technically possible, for such a type of apartments, for each of the co-owners (taking into account their special needs), when the square and space-planning solution of the investigated apartment allowing to organize the minimum necessary premises. It should be done in accordance with the requirements of the building rules for this apartment, namely, residential and auxiliaries (kitchens, bathrooms, a pantry or a built-in wardrobe).

In 2018, the Merrill-Cazier Library at Utah State University tasked their Space Planning Committee with assessing if the Library was meeting user needs through physical spaces. Capitalizing on thei...

Academic libraries face limitations of space, staffing, budget, and other factors, but still must maintain their collections responsibly. Collection maintenance with the goal of reclaiming space re...

Artykuł dotyczy jednej z podstawowych grup interesariuszy kampusów uniwersyteckich, a więc studentów. Omówione zostaną zagadnienia teoretyczne związane z planowaniem przestrzeni publicznych, w tym kampusów uniwersyteckich, ze szczególnym akcentem na uspołecznienie procesu planowania i organizację wydarzeń społeczno-kulturalnych. Przedstawione będą wyniki badań przeprowadzonych wśród studentów kierunku Zarządzanie kulturą i mediami (Instytut Kultury UJ). Badania prowadzone były w ramach przedmiotu Projekty miejskie (wcześniej Zarządzanie projektami w przestrzeni miejskiej) w latach 2017/2018-2019/2020. Zadaniem studentów było dokonanie analizy przestrzeni kampusu UJ, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem samego budynku Wydziału Zarządzania i Komunikacji Społecznej UJ (w której ramach określili ich silne i słabe strony, szanse i zagrożenia), zdefiniowanie grupy docelowej przestrzeni oraz zaproponowanie działań, które mogłyby podnieść jakość przestrzeni publicznych Kampusu UJ (realizowanych małym/dużym nakładem środków w krótkiej/długiej perspektywie czasowej). Praca była realizowana w grupach, łącznie zebrano ponad 60 odpowiedzi. Ponadto zaprezentowane zostaną "dobre praktyki" z zakresu studenckich działań społeczno-kulturalnych, które wpływają na ożywienie przestrzeni kampusów (np. Festiwal Kultury i Mediów "Polikultura" w Krakowie). The article concerns one of the basic groups of stakeholders on university campuses: students. Theoretical issues related to planning of public spaces, including university campuses, will be discussed, with particular emphasis on socializing the planning process and organization of socio-cultural events. The results of research conducted among students of culture and media management (Institute of Culture of the Jagiellonian University) will be presented. The research was conducted as part of the subject Urban projects (formerly Project management in urban space) in 2017/2018-2019/2020. The students' task was to develop an analysis of the Jagiellonian University campus space, with particular emphasis on the building of the Faculty of Management and Social Communication (in which they defined their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats), defined the target group, and proposed actions that could improve the quality of public spaces on the Jagiellonian University Campus (implemented with low/high expenditure in the short/long term). The work was carried out in groups, in total more than 60 responses were collected. 'Good practices' in the field of socio-cultural student activities that liven up campus space (e.g. the Culture and Media Festival Polikultura in Krakow) will also be presented.

This paper employs a computational optimal control framework which provides trajectory planning for search applications based on specific vehicle and sensor features. With its capability to handle high-dimensional, nonlinear optimal control problems with uncertainty, this framework enables detailed modeling and leveraging of vehicle/sensor features to generate better performing search plans. This paper utilizes these trajectory planning tools for the inverse design problem of deciding on the vehicle and sensor characteristics themselves. Using Monte Carlo sampling, we generate multiple trajectories to examine the performance of different vehicle and sensor configurations. We use this method to study three examples: sonar mounting angle, vehicle asset allocation, and lane space planning for time-limited lawnmower search plans.

Local-level disasters continue to occur, which requires for long-term temporary housing operations. However, most researches on temporary housing planning have concentrated on individual units and space planning in large indoor spaces. The purpose of this paper is to develop the installation criteria and layout typology for public facilities. Based on the domestic system of temporary housing management, the types of public facilities were established by comparing the guidelines by international organizations with domestic standards. This research developed seven models of community-block layout based on grid distribution, community road, and center squares, and applied them to a virtual site that can accommodate the block size of domestic school grounds and the size standard of international organizations. The characteristics of each model were compared by three criteria including convenience of installation and distribution, privacy and community building. Each facility type can be utilized as a complementary to each other, according to a long-term disaster response scenario.

Despite several decades of research and development into methods of applying artificial intelligence (AI) to the process of space planning, none of these techniques have entered common use by designers in their day-to-day practice. This is because space planning, while sometimes routine and repetitive, is still a creative process that requires a designer’s experience, knowledge, and intuition to do well. Thus, it has been a challenge for the computer software industry to develop automated tools that can fulfill the specific requirements of all designers. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in applying AI to space planning and other design problems. This interest has been driven by the emergence of new sophisticated algorithms like machine learning as well as easier to use computational design tools that make it possible for designers to directly work with these systems. This chapter presents an overview of the fundamental computational concepts, strategies, and approaches that have been developed to solve space planning problems since the invention of computers more than seven decades ago. Using these techniques, designers will be able to craft custom computational design workflows that meet the particular needs and interests of their design practice.

In recent years, the planning of blue-green space system has become a very important part of special planning in China’s municipal and county-level land spatial planning. It is not only the main measure for the overall requirements of China’s land spatial planning and the refinement and classification of blue-green space, but also the highlight in the process of reform and upgrading of spatial planning system, reasonable preparation is very important. Based on this, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the compilation of special planning of blue and green space system at the county- level under the background of territorial space planning system, in order to provide help for enhancing the compilation effect of relevant special planning.

The issue of technical regulation in the development of constructive and space-planning decisions for public buildings is considered. The paper’s aim is to analyze the current system of technical regulation in the Russian Federation, to highlight it in the structure of regulatory documents relating to the development of project documentation "constructive and space-planning decisions" of public buildings. The need for such an analysis is determined by the absence of a unified information base of standards, the inconsistency of requirements in the documents of various departments and the lack of rapid updating of databases. Development of constructive and space-planning decisions of the designed public building is a fundamental component of the initial stage of an investment process. Therefore, the regulatory framework is necessary to provide the designer with operational information for the preparation of high-quality project documentation, reducing the number of expert comments to the adopted design decisions, the time frame for updating the design decisions and the investor's subsequent costs of operating the capital construction object. The analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the system present the authors’ point of view on its further improvement by creating a new model for organizing the structure of the regulatory framework for technical regulation documents of public building, which should include blocks of standards for each type of public buildings

The Bern Dibner Library of Science and Technology at NYU-Tandon School of Engineering adopted an assessment methodology that was central to the librarians’ understanding of current environm...

Many librarians are either in the process of designing new and improved spaces, in the middle of a library renovation, or embarking on assessment studies of existing spaces. Designing new and impro...

The features and stages of formation of the planning structure of Voronezh in connection with changes in architectural and artistic, space-planning, compositional and structural characteristics of the period of XIX-early XX centuries. The attention is focused on the importance of the grandiose all-Russian town-planning reform of 1763 and the regulatory documents developed by The Commission of buildings of St. Petersburg and Moscow, which could significantly improve, through the introduction of "exemplary projects", architectural and artistic qualities of the building and fire safety of the city. Different types of Voronezh development are given in accordance with the stages of the evolutionary development of the spatial-planning structure of the city.

Resumen El actual mal estado de conservación de los deshabitados del Prepirineo oscense representa un alarmante escenario de pérdida de valores culturales, paisajísticos, arquitectónicos y sociales asociados a este territorio. El estudio cualitativo de las prácticas de su reocupación proporciona conocimiento sobre la motivación, por parte de unas minorías, por recuperar estos escenarios de vida. Los resultados determinan cuál ha sido el papel del medio natural a la hora de ocupar determinados deshabitados y si estas experiencias pueden llegar a constituir opciones de autonomía y viabilidad para su preservación, incluso en el marco de los actuales instrumentos de planificación espacial. Abstract The current poor preservation conditions of the uninhabited lands in the Huesca Pre-Pyrenees represents an alarming scenery involving the loss of cultural, landscape, architectonic, and social values associated with this territory. The qualitative study of the reoccupation practices provides insights into the motivations by some minority groups to recover these life settings. The results thereof indicate the role of the natural environment when it comes to settle specific uninhabited lands and whether these experiences would eventually become an option for the land autonomy and a suitable option for preservation, even so under the framework of the current space planning provisions.

The purpose of this study was to examine habitability aspects of temporary shelters provided for disaster victims between South Korea and the U.S. by analyzing the mass media content. First, Korea's temporary shelters(earthquake) are designated as facilities with weak seismic design, it had led to problems with safety, convenience, and comfort, so should be developed guidelines considering criteria and habitability of facility designation. Second, since catastrophic disasters often occurred in the U.S., evacuees had to stay in mega-shelters and went through the trouble due to the invasion of privacy and the lack of safety, but additional options, such as trailers and manufactured homes, were available for providing disaster victims with a safe, comfortable environment. Third, the unsanitary and unhealthy condition was considered as a common major problem of temporary shelters in both countries, which needs to be carefully addressed in the space planning.

The advent of the era of territorial space planning poses new challenges to urban planning education. As the core curriculum of urban planning, urban master planning needs to actively respond to the national strategy and local practical needs, and reform the teaching. The article attempts to analyze the core demands of territorial and spatial planning for the teaching of master planning from three aspects: knowledge system, professional skills, and value orientation, and discusses the three aspects of teaching mode, teaching content and teaching methods. In the teaching mode, we should carry out joint teaching within the school, school-enterprise, and school-government to promote the collaborative participation of multiple parties. In the teaching content, we should build a multi-core knowledge and skill system, focusing on the integration and application of knowledge. In the teaching method, we should adopt modular teaching that closely integrates theory courses, design courses, and seminars, and pay attention to the cultivation of thinking ability and tolerance.

China is a country that has a vast territory, with great differences in various regions in terms of economic and social development, natural resources, and the diversity and fragility of the ecosystem.

This article attempts to discuss the implementation of standards approach, 2 hectares per 1000 population as approved by the National Physical Planning Council in 2005. Using Kuala Lumpur as case study, the analysis showed that the uniformity of standards approach implementation has failed to take into account the distinction within the local conditions which have implications on the level of achievement for the 6 planning zones in Kuala Lumpur from 2011 to 2017. Use of the standards approach without modifications has created high density zones such as the City Centre, Sentul-Manjalara and Wangsa Maju-Maluri failed to attain the standards. Besides, other zones namely Damansara-Penchala, Bandar Tun Razak-Sungai Besi and Bukit Jalil-Seputih have exceeded the targeted standards. Based on the analysis, the distinction of local condition for each zone in Kuala Lumpur in terms of population number, urban land availability, land value, urbanization process and densification rate of the city need to be considered in implementing standards approach.

Autonomous navigation missions require online decision making abilities, in order to choose from a given set of candidate actions an action that will lead to the best outcome. In a partially observable setting, decision making under uncertainty, also known as belief space planning (BSP), involves reasoning about belief evolution considering realizations of future observations. Yet, when candidate actions lead the robot to an unknown environment the decision making mission becomes a very challenging problem since without a map it is hard to foresee future observations. In this paper we develop a data-driven approach for predicting a distribution over an unexplored map, generating future observations, and combining these observations within BSP. We examine our approach and compare it to existing BSP methods in a Gazebo simulation, and demonstrate it often yields improved performance.

In the process of industrialization–modernization of the country, the urban environment in Vietnam is very lacking in open space areas. Hanoi is one of the two cities with the highest urbanization rate in the country. In 2017, Hanoi had an additional 11 million m2 of houses, 100 times higher than the record of 0.11 million m2 of housing construction in Hanoi in 1978 (Nguyen in Vietnam Architect Mag 05, 2018). However, the area of public space in residential areas has been encroached as a place of business, parking, housing construction to serve the purpose of economics (Nguyen in Vietnam Architect Mag 05, 2018). Among the districts of Hanoi, Ha Dong is considered one of the districts with the largest urban construction and development in recent years. Thereby, the research uses the method of forecasting the land use demand of people in Ha Dong District, identifying the open space needed to meet that demand in the next planning period 2020–2030. In addition, the research results present an overview of open space research in the world as well as in Vietnam, assess the current situation of open space and identify open space planning options in Ha Dong District, Hanoi City.