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Phyllachora species are biotrophic, obligate plant parasitic fungi featuring a high degree of host specificity, a high degree of species richness, and worldwide distribution. In this study, two Phyllachora species were collected from different hosts in Yunnan province, China. Based on morphological characteristics and multigene (LSU, ITS, SSU) phylogenetic analyses, they are introduced as two new taxa. Photographs, detailed descriptions, and notes are provided.

Figure S1-S3. Table S1-S3

Purpose:Although myeloablative HLA haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) following pretransplant anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) stimulated grafts (ATG+G-CSF) has been confirmed as an alternative to HSCT from HLA-matched sibling donors (MSD), the effect of haplo-HSCT on postremission treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with intermediate risk (int-risk AML) who achieved first complete remission (CR1) has not been defined.Patients and Methods:In this prospective trial, among 443 consecutive patients ages 16–60 years with newly diagnosed de novo AML with int-risk cytogenetics, 147 patients with molecular int-risk AML who achieved CR1 within two courses of induction and remained in CR1 at 4 months postremission either received chemotherapy (n = 69) or underwent haplo-HSCT (n = 78).Results:The 3-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly higher in the haplo-HSCT group than in the chemotherapy group (74.3% vs. 47.3%; P = 0.0004 and 80.8% vs. 53.5%; P = 0.0001, respectively). In the multivariate analysis with propensity score adjustment, postremission treatment (haplo-HSCT vs. chemotherapy) was an independent risk factor affecting the LFS [HR 0.360; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.163–0.793; P = 0.011], OS (HR 0.361; 95% CI, 0.156–0.832; P = 0.017), and cumulative incidence of relapse (HR 0.161; 95% CI, 0.057–0.459; P = 0.001) either in entire cohort or stratified by minimal residual disease after the second consolidation.Conclusions:Myeloablative haplo-HSCT with ATG+G-CSF is superior to chemotherapy as a postremission treatment in patients with int-risk AML during CR1. Haplo-HSCT might be a first-line postremission therapy for int-risk AML in the absence of HLA-MSDs. Haplo-HSCT might be superior to chemotherapy as a first-line postremission treatment of intermediate-risk AML in CR1.

Tingting Han, Ting Yuan, Xinyue Liang, Ningxin Chen, Jia Song, Xin Zhao, Yurong Weng, Yaomin Hu Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yaomin Hu, Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 02168383815, Email amin1031@hotmail.comObjective: Data are limited regarding how body composition is linked to insulin resistance in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We examined the association between body composition and insulin resistance in elderly T2DM patients.Methods: The cross-sectional study included 488 Chinese elderly patients wth T2DM. Subjects were classified into four groups based on body composition: normal body composition (NBC), low muscle mass alone (LMM), high body fat alone (HBF), both low muscle mass and high body fat (LMMHBF).Results: The percentage of subjects with LMMHBF was 14.5% (11.9% in men and 17.7% in women). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) was higher in the LMMHBF group than in the HBF group (p = 0.045), and was also significantly higher in the LMMHBF or HBF group than in the NBC or LMM group. The HBF group showed the highest body mass index (BMI) of the four groups of different body compositions, and the LMMHBF group showed lower BMI than the HBF group; however, there was no significant difference in BMI or waist to hip ratio (WHR) between the LMMHBF group and the NBC group. The LMMHBF and HBF groups were significantly associated with increased risk of insulin resistance compared to the NBC group, with odds ratios (ORs) of 4.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.06– 9.68, p < 0.001] and 1.76 (95% CI 1.02– 3.02, p = 0.041) respectively, even after the adjustment for covariates.Conclusion: In China, though elderly T2DM patients with the body composition of sarcopenic obesity (as defined by coexistence of low muscle mass and high body fat) seemed to have normal body size, they exhibited the most severe degree and the highest risk of insulin resistance.Keywords: sarcopenic obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, elderly, insulin resistance, body composition

To understand the community structure of benthic molluscs and their relationship under varying environmental and ecological conditions, monthly samplings in April−September 2019 were conducted at 27 stations in an approximate sea area of 20,600 ha (Changle District, Fujian Province, China). Forty-five species were identified, most as food; six dominant species, all bivalves and commercially important, were determined by the index of relative importance > 500. The average abundance and biomass were 308.32 × 103 ± 1,156.24 × 103 ind./km2 and 1,423.71 ± 2,272.37 kg/km2, respectively. Three spatial community groups were identified, named Min River Estuary, Nearshore, and Offshore, with significant differences in species composition and abundance (ANOSIM, p < 0.01). Results of the canonical correlation analysis indicated that the community structure of benthic molluscs was significantly related to water depth, pH, salinity, temperature, phytoplankton abundance and zooplankton abundance (p < 0.1). As the important habitat for benthic molluscs, long-term monitoring in the coastal waters of Changle is needed for sustainable harvest.

Fission yeasts are an ancient group of fungal species that diverged from each other from tens to hundreds of million years ago. Among them is the preeminent model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which has significantly contributed to our understandings of molecular mechanisms underlying fundamental cellular processes. The availability of the genomes of S. pombe and 3 other fission yeast species S. japonicus, S. octosporus, and S. cryophilus has enabled cross-species comparisons that provide insights into the evolution of genes, pathways, and genomes. Here, we performed genome sequencing on the type strain of the recently identified fission yeast species S. osmophilus and obtained a complete mitochondrial genome and a nuclear genome assembly with gaps only at rRNA gene arrays. A total of 5,098 protein-coding nuclear genes were annotated and orthologs for more than 95% of them were identified. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis showed that S. osmophilus is most closely related to S. octosporus and these 2 species diverged around 16 million years ago. To demonstrate the utility of this S. osmophilus reference genome, we conducted cross-species comparative analyses of centromeres, telomeres, transposons, the mating-type region, Cbp1 family proteins, and mitochondrial genomes. These analyses revealed conservation of repeat arrangements and sequence motifs in centromere cores, identified telomeric sequences composed of 2 types of repeats, delineated relationships among Tf1/sushi group retrotransposons, characterized the evolutionary origins and trajectories of Cbp1 family domesticated transposases, and discovered signs of interspecific transfer of 2 types of mitochondrial selfish elements.

Phyllachora yuanjiangensis H.X. Wu & J.C. Li. sp. nov. Fig. 3 MycoBank: 845540 Etymology— Epithet derived from the type locality. Holotype — IFRD9466 Parasitic on leaves and stems of Arundinella setosa (Poaceae). Sexual morph: Stromata 360–750 × 105–195 μm (x = 570 × 147.5 μm, n = 10), fusiform or cymbiform, domed above the leaf surface, amphigenous, scattered, sometimes gregarious, like black nevus, black and carbonaceous. Section of stroma 190–340 μm high, multilocular, peridium, composed of brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 2–3 μm wide, numerous, persistent, filiform, unbranched, aseptate, many guttules, slightly longer than asci. Asci 71–112 × 11–22 μm (x = 84.6 × 13.2 μm, n = 20), thin-walled, 8-spored, persistent, cylindrical to clavate, apex obtuse, with pedicel. Ascospores 15–21 × 7–9 μm (x = 17.9 × 8.3 μm, n = 20), 1-seriate, tear-shaped, rounded at the apex, tapered at the base, hyaline, aseptate, verrucous, with guttules and a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Not observed. Material examined— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Yuanjiang County, on stems and leaves of Arundinella setosa, 101.47°E, 23.27°N, 1532.65 m, 27 November 2021, H. X. Wu & J. C. Li. IFRD9466, holotype. GenBank accession numbers: LSU: OP359417; ITS: OP359399; SSU: OP359400 Note: In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), P. yuanjiangensis is closely related to P. arundinellae and P. xinpingensis. P. yuanjiangensis and P. arundinellae both occur on Arundinella sp. Morphologically, the asci and ascospores of P. yuanjiangensis are longer and wider than those of P. arundinellae (asci 71–112 × 11–22 μm vs 70–100 × 7–10 μm, ascospores 15–21 × 7–9 μm vs 10–18 × 5–8.5 μm). The ascospores of P. yuanjiangensis are tear-shaped, rounded at the apex, tapered at the base, while P. arundinellae is narrowly oval to ovoid. Differences in morphological characteristics and their hosts are also supported by the phylogenetic tree. Four Phyllachora species have been recorded on Arundinella spp., namely P. arundinellae, P. graminicola, P. graminis, and P. shiraiana. P. yuanjiangensis can be distinguished from these species by the shape of its ascospores. The closest hits using LSU and ITS sequences had the highest similarity to P. arundinellae isolate MHYAU:108 (GenBank LSU: MG269815, identities = 809/899 (90%); ITS: MG269761, identities = 440/534 (82%)) and P. graminis MM-166 (GenBank ITS: KX451869, identities = 317/556 (57%)). P. yuanjiangensis had the highest similarity to P. xinpingensis IFRD 9465 (GenBank LSU: OP359416, identities = 885/899 (98%); ITS: OP359399, identities = 496/519 (96%)) but these two species can be distinguished by the host plants and asci length. A synopsis of P. yuanjiangensis and other Phyllachora species recorded from Arundinella spp. is provided (Table 2).

Key to species of Phyllachora recorded in China (2009–2022) 1. Parasitic on eudicots...................................................................................................................................................... P. hainanensis 1. Parasitic on monocots.........................................................................................................................................................................2 2. Parasitic on bamboo plants.................................................................................................................................................................3 2. Parasitic on graminicolous plants.......................................................................................................................................................4 3. Parasitic on Phyllostachys sp........................................................................................................................................ P. heteroclada 3. Parasitic on Dendrocalamus sp.........................................................................................................................................................5 4. Stromata on the upper leaf surface................................................................................................................................ P. isachnicola 4. Stromata on both sides of the leaf......................................................................................................................................................6 5. Parasitic on Dendrocalamus membranaceus....................................................................................... P. dendrocalami-membranacei 5. Parasitic on Dendrocalamus hamiltonii............................................................................................ P. dendrocalami-hamiltoniicola 6. Stromata surrounded by a pale yellow halo................................................................................................................ P. jianfengensis 6. Stromata not surrounded by a pale yellow halo.................................................................................................................................7 7. Stromata shiny black..........................................................................................................................................................................8 7. Stromata black....................................................................................................................................................................................9 8. Ascospores with a central concave depression................................................................................................................ P. panicicola 8. Ascospores with no central concave depression..............................................................................................................................10 9. Parasitic on Cenchrus sp.................................................................................................................................................................11 9. Parasitic on other graminicolous plants............................................................................................................................................12 10. Parasitic on Sphaerocaryum sp................................................................................................................................... P. sphaerocaryi 10. Parasitic on Chloris sp........................................................................................................................................................ P. virgatae 11. Asci P. flaccidudis 11. Asci> 100 µm, ascospores> 12 µm............................................................................................................................... P. sandiensis 12. Ascospores oval to ellipse.................................................................................................................................................... P. jiaensis 12. Ascospores tear-shaped....................................................................................................................................................................13 13. Parasitic on Chrysopogon aciculatus........................................................................................................................... P. xinpingensis 13. Parasitic on Arundinella setosa................................................................................................................................ P. yuanjiangensis, Published as part of Li, Jin-Chen, Wu, Hai-Xia & Song, Jia-Yu, 2023, Two new Phyllachora species in Southwest China, pp. 275-285 in Phytotaxa 578 (3) on page 283, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7523156

Phyllachora yuanjiangensis H.X. Wu & J.C. Li. sp. nov. Fig. 3 MycoBank: 845540 Etymology— Epithet derived from the type locality. Holotype — IFRD9466 Parasitic on leaves and stems of Arundinella setosa (Poaceae). Sexual morph: Stromata 360–750 × 105–195 μm (x = 570 × 147.5 μm, n = 10), fusiform or cymbiform, domed above the leaf surface, amphigenous, scattered, sometimes gregarious, like black nevus, black and carbonaceous. Section of stroma 190–340 μm high, multilocular, peridium, composed of brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 2–3 μm wide, numerous, persistent, filiform, unbranched, aseptate, many guttules, slightly longer than asci. Asci 71–112 × 11–22 μm (x = 84.6 × 13.2 μm, n = 20), thin-walled, 8-spored, persistent, cylindrical to clavate, apex obtuse, with pedicel. Ascospores 15–21 × 7–9 μm (x = 17.9 × 8.3 μm, n = 20), 1-seriate, tear-shaped, rounded at the apex, tapered at the base, hyaline, aseptate, verrucous, with guttules and a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Not observed. Material examined— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Yuanjiang County, on stems and leaves of Arundinella setosa, 101.47°E, 23.27°N, 1532.65 m, 27 November 2021, H. X. Wu & J. C. Li. IFRD9466, holotype. GenBank accession numbers: LSU: OP359417; ITS: OP359399; SSU: OP359400 Note: In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), P. yuanjiangensis is closely related to P. arundinellae and P. xinpingensis. P. yuanjiangensis and P. arundinellae both occur on Arundinella sp. Morphologically, the asci and ascospores of P. yuanjiangensis are longer and wider than those of P. arundinellae (asci 71–112 × 11–22 μm vs 70–100 × 7–10 μm, ascospores 15–21 × 7–9 μm vs 10–18 × 5–8.5 μm). The ascospores of P. yuanjiangensis are tear-shaped, rounded at the apex, tapered at the base, while P. arundinellae is narrowly oval to ovoid. Differences in morphological characteristics and their hosts are also supported by the phylogenetic tree. Four Phyllachora species have been recorded on Arundinella spp., namely P. arundinellae, P. graminicola, P. graminis, and P. shiraiana. P. yuanjiangensis can be distinguished from these species by the shape of its ascospores. The closest hits using LSU and ITS sequences had the highest similarity to P. arundinellae isolate MHYAU:108 (GenBank LSU: MG269815, identities = 809/899 (90%); ITS: MG269761, identities = 440/534 (82%)) and P. graminis MM-166 (GenBank ITS: KX451869, identities = 317/556 (57%)). P. yuanjiangensis had the highest similarity to P. xinpingensis IFRD 9465 (GenBank LSU: OP359416, identities = 885/899 (98%); ITS: OP359399, identities = 496/519 (96%)) but these two species can be distinguished by the host plants and asci length. A synopsis of P. yuanjiangensis and other Phyllachora species recorded from Arundinella spp. is provided (Table 2)., Published as part of Li, Jin-Chen, Wu, Hai-Xia & Song, Jia-Yu, 2023, Two new Phyllachora species in Southwest China, pp. 275-285 in Phytotaxa 578 (3) on pages 282-283, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7523156

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a progressive genetic disease that causes a deficiency in lysosomal enzymes, which play an important role in the degradation pathway of glycosaminoglycans. As a result of enzyme defects, mucopolysaccharides cannot be metabolized and thus accumulate. The cervical spine is one of the most commonly involved sites; thus, prompt surgical management before the onset of severe neurological deterioration is critical. However, because of the rarity of the disease, there is no standard treatment. In this review, we characterize the cervical spinal involvement in pediatric patients with MPS, describe the useful imaging technologies for diagnosis, and provide screening procedure for children with MPS. Surgical managements, including indications, surgical methods, possible difficulties, and solutions, are reviewed in detail.

Objective: This study aims to research the efficacy of MRI (I) for differentiating high-grade glioma (HGG) (P) with solitary brain metastasis (SBM) (C) by creating a combination of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) (O) and fractional anisotropy (FA) (O) in patients with intracerebral tumors. Methods: Searches were conducted on September 2021 with no publication date restriction, using an electronic search for related articles published in English, from PubMed (1994 to September 2021), Scopus (1977 to September 2021), Web of Science (1985 to September 2021), and Cochrane (1997 to September 2021). A total of 1056 studies were found, with 23 used for qualitative and quantitative data synthesis. Inclusion criteria were: patients diagnosed with HGG and SBM without age, sex, or race restriction; MRI examination of rCBV and FA; reliable histopathological diagnostic method as the gold-standard for all conditions of interest; observational and clinical studies. Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment Scale (NOS) and Cochrane risk of bias tool (ROB) for observational and clinical trial studies were managed to appraise the quality of individual studies included. Data extraction results were managed using Mendeley and Excel, pooling data synthesis was completed using the Review Manager 5.4 software with random effect model to discriminate HGG and SBM, and divided into four subgroups. Results: There were 23 studies included with a total sample size of 597 HGG patients and 373 control groups/SBM. The analysis was categorized into four subgroups: (1) the subgroup with rCBV values in the central area of the tumor/intratumoral (399 HGG and 232 SBM) shows that HGG patients are not significantly different from SBM/controls group (SMD [95% CI] = −0.27 [-0.66, 0.13]), 2) the subgroup with rCBV values in the peritumoral area (452 HGG and 274 SBM) shows that HGG patients are significantly higher than SBM (SMD [95% CI] = −1.23 [-1.45 to -1.01]), (3) the subgroup with FA values in the central area of the tumor (249 HGG and 156 SBM) shows that HGG patients are significantly higher than SBM (SMD [95% CI] = - 0.44 [-0.84,–0.04]), furthermore (4) the subgroup with FA values in the peritumoral area (261 HGG and 168 SBM) shows that the HGG patients are significantly higher than the SBM (SMD [95% CI] = −0.59 [-1.02,–0.16]). Conclusion: Combining rCBV and FA measurements in the peritumoral region and FA in the intratumoral region increase the accuracy of MRI examination to differentiate between HGG and SBM patients effectively. Confidence in the accuracy of our results may be influenced by major interstudy heterogeneity. Whereas the I2 for the rCBV in the intratumoral subgroup was 80%, I2 for the rCBV in the peritumoral subgroup was 39%, and I2 for the FA in the intratumoral subgroup was 69%, and I2 for the FA in the peritumoral subgroup was 74%. The predefined accurate search criteria, and precise selection and evaluation of methodological quality for included studies, strengthen this study Our study has no funder, no conflict of interest, and followed an established PROSPERO protocol (ID: CRD42021279106). Advances in knowledge: The combination of rCBV and FA measurements’ results is promising in differentiating HGG and SBM.

Additional file 2. Differences in bacterial composition between the two groups at the genus level.

Supplemental material for Impact of Age at Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer on Survival: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Based Study 2004-2015 by Wu Lin, Xuming Pan, Bochun Ye, and Jia Song in Cancer Control

Given the important role of carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) in the metabolism of various esters, it is of significance to develop a tool to determine endogenous CES2 activity in a rapid and highly selective manner. In this work, an "off-on" rhodamine-based fluorescent probe is reported as an effective tool for CES2 activity. Based on the substrate recognition preference of CES2 (large alcohol and small acyl groups), the probe with dimethyl carbamate as the recognition group performs well in terms of selectivity and sensitivity to CES2. The fluorescence switching control of the probe for CES2 was achieved by using the spirolactone structure of rhodamine. The probe shows the fast generation of a fluorescence signal at 634 nm upon hydrolysis of CES2 with excitation at 578 nm. The results showed a linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity at 634 nm and the CES2 activity from 0 to 4 μg/mL. The probe reacts rapidly with CES2, and the reaction is stable within 40 minutes. The probe is highly selective for CES2, with a detection limit as low as 0.303 μg/mL. In addition, the probe has currently been successfully utilized to evaluate CES2 activity in living cells. Hence, this probe is anticipated to be significant in identifying endogenous CES2 activity in intricate biological settings.

Additional file 1. Material and Method Description of 16S rDNA Sequencing.

Fission yeasts are an ancient group of fungal species that diverged from each other from tens to hundreds of million years ago. Among them is the preeminent model organismSchizosaccharomyces pombe, which has significantly contributed to our understandings of molecular mechanisms underlying fundamental cellular processes. The availability of the genomes ofS. pombeand three other fission yeast speciesS. japonicus,S. octosporus, andS. cryophilushas enabled cross-species comparisons that provide insights into the evolution of genes, pathways, and genomes. Here, we performed genome sequencing on the type strain of the recently identified fission yeast speciesS. osmophilusand obtained a complete mitochondrial genome and a nuclear genome assembly with gaps only at rRNA gene arrays. A total of 5098 protein-coding nuclear genes were annotated and orthologs for more than 95% of them were identified. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis showed thatS. osmophilusis most closely related toS. octosporusand these two species diverged around 16 million years ago. To demonstrate the utility of thisS. osmophilusreference genome, we conducted cross-species comparative analyses of centromeres, telomeres, transposons, the mating-type region, Cbp1 family proteins, and mitochondrial genomes. These analyses revealed conservation of repeat arrangements and sequence motifs in centromere cores, identified telomeric sequences composed of two types of repeats, delineated relationships among Tf1/sushi group retrotransposons, characterized the evolutionary origins and trajectories of Cbp1 family domesticated transposases, and discovered signs of interspecific transfer of two types of mitochondrial selfish elements.

Understanding the mechanism of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is of paramount importance in sustaining crop productivity and mitigating climate change. Long-term trials were employed to investigate the responses of total SOC and its pools, i.e., mineral-associated OC (MOC), particulate OC (POC, containing Light-POC and Heavy-POC), to fertilization regimes at Yangling (25-year), Tianshui (35-year) and Pingliang (37-year) under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau. The fertilization regimes in each trial included three treatments, i.e., control (no nutrient input, CK), chemical fertilizers (CF), and organic manure plus chemical fertilizers (MCF). Relative to the CK, long-term fertilization appreciably increased SOC storage by 134, 89 and 129 kg ha−1 yr−1 under CF, and 418, 153 and 384 kg ha−1 yr−1 under MCF in plough layer soils (0–20 cm), respectively, at the Yangling, Tianshui and Pingliang sites. The MOC pools accounted for 72, 67 and 64% of the total SOC at the above three sites with sequestration rates of 76, 57 and 83 kg ha−1 yr−1 under CF and 238, 118 and 156 kg ha−1 yr−1 under MCF, respectively. Moreover, the MOC pool displayed a saturation behavior under MCF conditions. The POC accordingly constituted 27, 33 and 36% of SOC, of which Light-POC accounted for 11, 17 and 22% and Heavy-POC for 17, 16 and 15% of SOC, respectively. The sequestration rates of POC were 58, 32 and 46 kg ha−1 yr−1 under CF, and 181, 90 and 228 kg ha−1 yr−1 under MCF at the three respective sites, in which Light-POC explained 59, 81 and 72% of POC under CF, and 60, 40 and 69% of POC under MCF, with Heavy-POC accounting for the balance. Compared with CK, the application of CF alone did not affect the proportions of MOC or total POC to SOC, whereas MCF application markedly reduced the proportion of MOC and increased the POC ratio, mainly in the Light-POC pool. The distribution of SOC among different pools was closely related to the distribution and stability of aggregates. The present study confirmed that organic manure amendment not only sequestered more SOC but also significantly altered the composition of SOC, thus improving SOC quality, which is possibly related to the SOC saturation level.

Purpose: To find bone marrow immune detection index which related to MM patients therapy. Method: We analyzed ninety-three newly diagnosed MM patients retrospectively and their the stage of prognosis, the clinical and induced-therapy response datasets. Result: In our study, Eight-color flow cytometry, a method commonly used to detect MM cell loads, was used to analyze seven bone marrow immune cell groups (B, NK, T, naive B, immature B, memory B, and plasmablast like cells). The percentage of B cells significantly decreased in stage III, compared with stage I patients, (P = 0.047, P = 0.038) according to the ISS and R-ISS. In the clinical characteristics, naive B cell numbers increased in the Hb(g/L)≥100 group, when compared with the Hb(g/L)< 100 group (P = 0.028). The immature B (P = 0.017), plasmablast like cell subgroups(P = 0.037) increased in MM patients, who achieved a very good partial response(VGPR), after four cycles of the new drug-based induced therapy. The ROC results indicated the combination of the seven immune subgroups had predictive values (AUC = 0.840; P < 0.0001). Conclusion: comprehensively analyze seven bone marrow immune cell subgroups can be a useful approach for predicting the induce therapy response in MM patients.

Meiotic drivers are selfish elements that bias their own transmission into more than half of the viable progeny produced by a driver+/driver− heterozygote. Meiotic drivers are thought to exist for relatively short evolutionary timespans because a driver gene or gene family is often found in a single species or in a group of very closely related species. Additionally, drivers are generally considered doomed to extinction when they spread to fixation or when suppressors arise. In this study, we examine the evolutionary history of the wtf meiotic drivers first discovered in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We identify homologous genes in three other fission yeast species, S. octosporus, S. osmophilus, and S. cryophilus, which are estimated to have diverged over 100 million years ago from the S. pombe lineage. Synteny evidence supports that wtf genes were present in the common ancestor of these four species. Moreover, the ancestral genes were likely drivers as wtf genes in S. octosporus cause meiotic drive. Our findings indicate that meiotic drive systems can be maintained for long evolutionary timespans.

Background and Aims. Recent evidences reveal that epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) exacerbates the process of intestinal fibrosis. Tumor necrosis factor-like ligand 1A (TL1A) is a member of the tumor necrosis family (TNF), which can take part in the development of colonic inflammation and fibrosis by regulating immune response or inflammatory factors. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the possible contribution of TL1A in onset and progression of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis through EMT. Methods. Colonic specimens were obtained from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and control individuals. The expression levels of TL1A and EMT-related markers in intestinal tissues were evaluated. Furthermore, the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29, was stimulated with TL1A, anti-TL1A antibody, or BMP-7 to assess EMT process. In addition, transgenic mice expressing high levels of TL1A in lymphoid cells were used to further investigate the mechanism of TL1A in intestinal fibrosis. Results. High levels of TL1A expression were detected in the intestinal specimens of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease and were negatively associated with the expression of an epithelial marker (E-cadherin), while it was positively associated with the expression of interstitial markers (FSP1 and α-SMA). Transgenic mice with high expression of TL1A were more sensitive to dextran sodium sulfate and exhibited severe intestinal inflammation and fibrosis. Additionally, the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway may be involved in TL1A-induced EMT, and the expression of IL-13 and EMT-related transcriptional molecules (e.g., ZEB1 and Snail1) was increased in the intestinal specimens of the transgenic mice. Furthermore, TL1A-induced EMT can be influenced by anti-TL1A antibody or BMP-7 in vitro. Conclusions. TL1A participates in the formation and process of EMT in intestinal fibrosis. This new knowledge enables us to better understand the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis and identify new therapeutic targets for its treatment.

Winter rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) is an important overwintering oilseed crop that is widely planted in northwest China and suffers chronic low temperatures in winter. So the cold stress becomes one of the major constraints that limit its production. The currently existing genomes limit the understanding of the cold-tolerant genetic basis of rapeseed. Here we assembled a high-quality long-read genome of B. rapa “Longyou-7” cultivar, which has a cold-tolerant phenotype, and constructed a graph-based pan-genome to detect the structural variations within homologs of currently reported cold-tolerant related genes in the “Longyou-7” genome, which provides an additional elucidation of the cold-tolerant genetic basis of “Longyou-7” cultivar and promotes the development of cold-tolerant breeding in B. rapa.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) represents a valuable target for treating obesity in humans. BAT losses of thermogenic capacity and gains a “white adipose tissue-like (WAT-like)” phenotype (BAT whitening) under thermoneutral environments, which could lead to potential low therapy responsiveness in BAT-based obesity treatments. However, the epigenetic mechanisms of BAT whitening remain largely unknown. In this study, BATs were collected from rabbits at day0 (D0), D15, D85, and 2 years (Y2). RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) were performed to investigate transcriptome and chromatin accessibility of BATs at the four whitening stages, respectively. Our data showed that many genes and chromatin accessible regions (refer to as “peaks”) were identified as significantly changed during BAT whitening in rabbits. The BAT-selective genes downregulated while WAT-selective genes upregulated from D0 to Y2, and the de novo lipogenesis-related genes reached the highest expression levels at D85. Both the highly expressed genes and accessible regions in Y2 were significantly enriched in immune response-related signal pathways. Analysis of different relationships between peaks and their nearby genes found an increased proportion of the synchronous changes between chromatin accessibility and gene expression during BAT whitening. The synergistic changes between the chromatin accessibility of promoter and the gene expression were found in the key adipose genes. The upregulated genes which contained increased peaks were significantly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis, TGF-beta signaling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Moreover, the footprinting analysis suggested that sequential regulation of potential transcription factors (TFs) mediated the loss of thermogenic phenotype and the gain of a WAT-like phenotype of BAT. In conclusion, our study provided the transcriptional and epigenetic frameworks for understanding BAT whitening in rabbits for the first time and might facilitate potential insights into BAT-based obesity treatments.

Background The brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a target for treating obesity. BAT losses thermogenic capacity and gains a “white adipose tissue-like” phenotype (“BAT whitening”) under thermoneutral environments, which is a potential factor causing a low curative effect in BAT-related obesity treatments. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) to mRNAs and function in various processes by sponging shared microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the roles of circRNA- and lncRNA-related ceRNA networks in regulating BAT whitening remain litter known. Results In this study, BATs were collected from rabbits at day0 (D0), D15, D85, and 2 years (Y2). MiRNA-seq was performed to investigate miRNA changes during BAT whitening. Then, a combined analysis of circRNA-seq and whole-transcriptome sequencing was used for circRNA assembly and quantification during BAT whitening. Our data showed that 1187 miRNAs and 6204 circRNAs were expressed in the samples, and many of which were identified as significantly changed during BAT whitening. Target prediction showed that D0-selective miRNAs were significantly enriched in the Ras, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, and Y2-selective miRNAs were predicted to be involved in cell proliferation. The cyclization of several circRNAs could form novel response elements of key thermogenesis miRNAs at the back-splicing junction (BSJ) sites, and in combination with a dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the binding between the BSJ site of novel_circ_0013792 and ocu-miR-378-5p. CircRNAs and lncRNAs have high cooperativity in sponging miRNAs during BAT whitening. Both circRNA-miRNA-mRNA and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA triple networks were significantly involved in immune response-associated biological processes. The D15-selective circRNA might promote BAT whitening by increasing the expression of IDH2. The Y2-selective circRNA-related ceRNA network and lncRNA-related ceRNA network might regulate the formation of the WAT-like phenotype of BAT via MAPK and Ras signaling pathways, respectively. Conclusions Our work systematically revealed ceRNA networks during BAT whitening in rabbits and might provide new insight into BAT-based obesity treatments.

Meiotic drivers are selfish elements that bias their own transmission into more than half of the viable progeny produced by a driver+/driver− heterozygote. Meiotic drivers are thought to exist for relatively short evolutionary timespans because a driver gene or gene family is often found in a single species or in a group of very closely related species. Additionally, drivers are generally considered doomed to extinction when they spread to fixation or when suppressors arise. In this study, we examine the evolutionary history of the wtf meiotic drivers first discovered in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We identify homologous genes in three other fission yeast species S. octosporus, S. osmophilus, and S. cryophilus, which are estimated to have diverged over 100 million years ago from the S. pombe lineage. Synteny evidence supports that wtf genes were present in the common ancestor of these four species. Moreover, the ancestral genes were likely drivers as wtf genes in S. octosporus cause meiotic drive. Our findings indicate that active meiotic drive systems can be maintained for long evolutionary timespans.

Meiotic drivers are selfish elements that bias their own transmission into more than half of the viable progeny produced by a driver+/driver- heterozygote. Meiotic drivers are thought to exist for relatively short evolutionary timespans because a driver gene or gene family is often found in a single species or in a group of very closely related species. Additionally, drivers are generally considered doomed to extinction when they spread to fixation or when suppressors arise. In this study, we examine the evolutionary history of the

Tricholoma tianshanense Z.X. Zhao, J.G. Song & B. Xu sp. nov.— FIGURES 2, 3 MycoBank: MB842138 Etymology:—Species epithet based on the Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang, China, where the species was collected. Diagnosis:—Characterized by fairly inconspicuous, cottony-woolly ring, red to brownish-red scales gradually thinning out towards the marginal zone on the pileus, rarely clamped, guttulated basidiospores. Holotype:— CHINA, Xinjiang Province, Hejing county, Dalongchi Park (42°27′34″N, 80°22′51″E), alt. 2650 m, on rich soil with continuous and thick moss cover in a coniferous forest dominated by plants of Picea schrenkiana Fisch. & C.A.Mey., 11 Sept. 2020, Z. X. Zhao & B. Xu, HMUT 1112. GenBank accession numbers:—ITS: OL584020, LSU: OL584019 (not used in the analyses). Description:— Pileus 4–9 cm in diam, at first hemispherical to convex with involute margin, later convex to planodepressus, breaking up into appressed soon in central part, ± confluent fibrilloso-scales, which are red, to brownish red, scales gradually thinning out towards the marginal zone; margin slightly incurved, thin and sharp, sometimes torn. Lamellae emarginate, whitish to cream-colored, somewhat sinuate, rather close to medium spaced. Stipe 50–100 × 20–25 mm, solidus, cylindrical or tapering downwards, with a persistent but fairly inconspicuous, cottony-woolly ring on the upper part of the stipe, whitish and granulose scales above ring, below ring with irregular, light red to dark red fibrilloso-scales. Flesh whitish, solid; Odor very strong, especially when being fresh, like perfume; taste unknown. Basidiospores (4.5–)5.0–5.9(–7) × (4–)4.6–5(˗6) μm [n=50, Q=(1.02–)1.08–1.50(–1.57), Q=1.29 ± 0.12], broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, non-amyloid, hyaline, guttulate, thin-walled, smooth. Basidia (29–)30–41(–45) × 5–8 μm, clavate, 4-spored, rarely 2-spored, hyaline, sterigmata up to 4 μm long. Pleurocystidia / cheilocystidia undetermined. Lamellar trama regular, hyaline, parallel, thin-walled hyphae 5–10 µm diam., sometimes branched. Pileipellis cutis, composed of hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled hyphae 6–17 µm diam., sometimes branched. Stipitipellis formed by cylindrical 5–12 µm wide hyphae. Clamps present but rare. Ecology & Habitat:—Solitary to scattered on soil with thick mosses cover in forests dominated by Picea schrenkiana, fruiting in summer at alt 2650 m. Distribution:—Currently known only Hejing county, Xinjiang Province, China. Additional specimen examined:— CHINA. Xinjiang Province, Hejing (42°27′34″N, 80°22′51″E), alt. 2650 m, on rich soil with continuous and thick moss cover in a coniferous forest dominated by plants of Picea schrenkiana, 11 Sept 2020, Z. X. Zhao & B. X., HMUT 1114. GenBank accession numbers:—ITS: OL584021, LSU: OL584017 (not used in the analyses)., Published as part of Zhao, Zhen-Xi, Song, Jia-Ge, Senanayake, Indunil C., Wu, Dong-Sheng, Wang, Guo-Qing & Xu, Biao, 2022, Tricholoma tianshanense sp. nov., in Tricholoma sect. Caligata from Tianshan Mountains in China evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses, pp. 22-30 in Phytotaxa 549 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6605290

Russula quercina J. J. Zhou & R. Q. Ji, sp. nov., (Figs. 2–4) MycoBank: MB840897 Etymology:—The name refers that the holotype host genus is the Quercus. Holotype:— CHINA, Heilongjiang Province, Wudalianchi County, Wudalianchi Scenic Area, Quercus mongolica forest, 126&ring;11’ E, 48&ring;37’ N, asl. 303 m, Peng-Jie Xing & Yang Xu, 12 August 2018 (holotype HMJAU49121, ITS: MZ 571933). Diagnosis:— Russula quercina is morphologically similar to R. integriformis, but is distinguished by its association with Quercus mongolica whereas R. integriformis is associated with Picea. In addition, R. quercina has caulocystidia and longer pleurocystidia while R. integriformis has 47–70 × 9–12 μm size pleurocystidia and 25–32 × 8–11 μm size basidia. Description:— Basidioma medium-sized. Pileus 34–64 mm broad, hemispheric to convex at first, and then gradually flattens and becomes slightly concave. The edge is raised and dented toward the middle when mature, coral pink to light coral red (xiii 5ʹ d–5ʹ b) when juvenile, xanthine orange to coral pink (iii 13ʹ i–xiii 5ʹ d) with age, and pompeian red to acajou red (xiii 3ʹʹ i–1ʹʹ i) when dried; center flesh is ocher to apricot buff (xiv 9ʹʹ b–11ʹʹ b) when juvenile, vinaceous rufous to cinnamon rufous (xiv 7ʹʹ i–11ʹʹ i) with age, and eugenia red to coral red (xiii 1ʹʹ–5ʹʹ) when dried; viscid when wet and glabrous, smooth, and non-pruinose when dried; margin obtuse, very slightly striate when old, cracks absent, cuticle dry, peeling to almost 1/3 of radius. Context 1.0– 1.5 cm thick from the stipe top to the pileus center, brittle, white (iii) when juvenile, naples yellow (xvi 19ʹ d) with age, distinctly yellowing when dry or bruised. Taste is mild and odor is indistinct. Lamellae 2.2–5.0 mm broad, equal in length, no lamellulae, adnate to almost free, forked, fragile, pale yellow-orange (iii 15f) first, pale orange-yellow (iii 17f) when mature or dry. Stipe is clavate, enlarged towards the base, 3–6.4 × 0.7–1.6 cm, smooth, solid but irregularly hollowing when old, white (iii) when juvenile, becoming baryta yellow (iv 21f), wax yellow (xvi 21), or primuline yellow (xvi 19) towards the base when old or dry. Spore print yellow. Basidiospores [80/4/4] (6) 6.7–9.5 (10) × (4) 5.2–7.2 (8) μm, Q = (1.09) 1.14–1.28 (1.33), Q av = 1.20 ± 0.05, broadly ellipsoid, rarely subglobose; ornamentation amyloid, mostly isolated, rarely linked by fine lines and do not form a mesh, conic to cylindrical warts, 0.3–1.0 μm in height, suprahilar spot moderately large, amyloids. Basidia are (40) 44–57 (60) × 13–14 (15) μm, clavate to subclavate, broadly tapered towards the base, 4-spored, sometimes twospored, hyaline in KOH, occasionally contain a large droplet; sterigmata 3–5 μm. Pleurocystidia 75–90 × 9–15 μm, emergent, fusiform, clavate to subclavate, often have a subacute tip or mucronate apex and sometimes have a frayed small appendage and dense crystal inclusions. Cheilocystidia 50–61 × 7–13 μm and mostly similar to pleurocystidia. Pileipellis two-layered, 100–125 μm thick, gelatinous, epicutis ixotrichoderm; hyphae 3–4 μm in diameter, septate, branched, erect to suberect, tangled, hyaline in KOH; terminal cells are thin-walled and cylindrical with obtuse, undifferentiated, and often tapered ends. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin are (27) 50‒70 (90) × (4) 5‒7 (10) μm, mainly unbranched, often apically flexuous; terminal cells are usually distinctly longer and thin-walled; terminal cells are apically attenuated or subcylindrical and obtuse and constricted on septa. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre are (20) 37‒69 (90) × (3) 5‒7 (9) μm, and the terminal elements are similar to the hyphal terminations of the pileus margin. Pileocystidia 64–92 × 4–6 μm, dispersed, numerous on the surface, scattered, clavate, subclavate to cylindrical, with crystalline and granulate contents. Stipitipellis mostly composed of interwoven branched elongated hyphae, hyphae that are 2–4 μm in diam, and hyaline with inflated cells; caulocystidia 72–100 × 6–9 μm, dispersed, rare, clavate. Clamp connections are absent in all tissues. Habitat and distribution:—Solitary on soil under Q. mongolica from Heilongjiang, Northeast China. Additional specimens examined for taxa in this study:— CHINA, Heilongjiang Province, Wudalianchi County, Wudalianchi Scenic Area, in Q. mongolica forest, 126°11’E, 48°37’N, asl. 303 m, 12 August 2018, Peng-Jie Xing & Yang Xu (HMJAU49122, ITS: MZ571934); ibid, 126°12’E, 48°20’N, asl. 301 m, 13 August 2018, Peng-Jie Xing & Yang Xu (HMJAU49123, ITS: MZ 571932); ibid, 126°11’E, 48°23’N, asl. 303 m, 23 August 2018, Peng-Jie Xing & Yang Xu (HMJAU49124), Published as part of Zhou, Ji-Jiang, Xie, Meng-Le, Li, Guo-Jie, Song, Jia, Abdulla, Diliyar, Xing, Peng-Jie, Li, Yu, Ji, Rui-Qing & Zhang, Zhong-Hui, 2022, Russula quercina, a new species of Russula subsect. Integroidinae (Russulaceae, Russulales) from the Quercus mongolica forest in Heilongjiang Province, China, pp. 77-86 in Phytotaxa 549 (1) on pages 81-84, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6605395

Key to known species in Tricholoma sect. Caligata 1. Clamps present but rare............................................................................................................................................... T. tianshanense 1. Clamps absent or not observed...........................................................................................................................................................2 2. Basidia 22–38 × 4.5–6.5 µm, narrowly clavate, mostly 2–4 sterigmata.............................................................. T. mesoamericanum 2. Basidia narrowly clavate, 4 sterigmata...............................................................................................................................................3 3. Basidiospores inamyloid......................................................................................................................................... T. fulvocastaneum 3. Basidiospores nonamyloid or unknown.............................................................................................................................................4 4. Basidiospores 5–7.5 × 3.5–5.5 μm, white in mass, ellipsoidal to subglobose............................................................. T. magnivelare 4. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid..........................................................................................................................................................5 5. Odour strong, like that Inocybe corydalina, taste sweetish-bitter to bitter...................................................................... T. caligatum 5. Odour different...................................................................................................................................................................................6 6. Sweet citrus fruit odor and raw green bean flavor.............................................................................................................. T. colposii 6. Fragrant, distinctive............................................................................................................................................................................7 7. Pileus up to 210 mm diam, convex or broadly umbonate when young, expanding to plano-convex, at first whitish, disc and fibrils becoming ochraceous to brownish with age............................................................................................................... T. murrillianum 7. Pileus up to 100 mm diam, hemispherical to convex.........................................................................................................................8 8. Pileus surface white to pale creamy when young, brown to brownish-ochraceous with age........................................ T. anatolicum 8. Pileus surface fibrillose-scales scales.................................................................................................................................................9 9. Lamellae emarginate, with even to somewhat eroded edges, at first whitish, with age sometimes with orange brown spots, rather close to medium spaced.......................................................................................................................................................... T. ilkkae 9. Lamellae close, straight, whitish, anastomosing..............................................................................................................................10 10. Stipe 6–15 cm long, with a persistent but fairly inconspicuous annulus on the upper part, below the ring concolorous with the pileus, with dark brown, thin appressed scales................................................................................................................ T. dulciolens 10. Stipe 6–10 cm long, 1.2–1.6 diam, cylindrical, solid with a cottony-woolly annulus on the upper part, below the ring brown, thin appressed scales........................................................................................................................................................ T. bakamatsutake, Published as part of Zhao, Zhen-Xi, Song, Jia-Ge, Senanayake, Indunil C., Wu, Dong-Sheng, Wang, Guo-Qing & Xu, Biao, 2022, Tricholoma tianshanense sp. nov., in Tricholoma sect. Caligata from Tianshan Mountains in China evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses, pp. 22-30 in Phytotaxa 549 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6605290

Circular RNA (CircRNA) is a newly identified special class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that plays an important regulatory role in the progression of certain diseases. Herein, our results indicate that CircMEG3 is downregulated expression and negatively correlated with the expression of telomerase-related gene Cbf5 in human liver cancer. Moreover, CircMEG3 inhibits the growth of human liver cancer stem cells in vivo and in vitro. CircMEG3 inhibits the expression of m6A methyltransferase METTL3 dependent on HULC. Moreover, CircMEG3 inhibits the expression of Cbf5, a component of telomere synthetase H/ACA ribonucleoprotein (RNP; catalyst RNA pseudouracil modification) through METTL3 dependent on HULC. Thereby, CircMEG3 inhibits telomerase activity and shortens telomere lifespan dependent on HULC and Cbf5 in human liver cancer stem cell. Strikingly, increased Cbf5 abrogates the ability of CircMEG3 to inhibit malignant differentiation of human liver cancer stem cells. In summary, these observations provide important basic information for finding effective liver cancer therapeutic targets., Graphical Abstract, CircRNA plays an important regulatory role in the progression of cancer. CircMEG3 inhibits telomerase activity and shortens telomere lifespan dependent on HULC and Cbf5 in human liver cancer stem cells. It provides important basic information for finding effective liver cancer therapeutic targets.