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Background: The anemia of prematurity is caused by untimely birth occurring before placental iron transport and fetal erythropoiesis are complete. Objective: To determine the serum levels of erythroferrone and their relation to the anaemia of prematurity. Patients and methods: This study was case control study carried out in the the Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University. This study included two groups; the first group included newborns of both sexes with anemia of prematurity admitted to the NICU during the study period, the 2nd group included group of healthy newborns. all participants were subjected to history taking, general examination, Local examination, Abdominal examination and Laboratory investigations including complete blood count (CBC), and blood film, C reactive protein (CRP), Blood culture when needed, Kidney functions tests: including serum creatinine and urea, Liver function tests: including serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Hepcidin level and Erythroferrone. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in liver, renal functions, CRP. Hepcidin showed significant decrease in diseased group when compared to the control group. Free erythroferrone levels showed significant increase in diseased group when compared to the control group.

In this paper, we study the indirect relationship between the adoption of Computer-aided Detection or Diagnostic (CADe or CADx) systems for Hepatic Resection (HR) and the patient’s health post-surgery. We vary the number, actual size, and the estimated size of tumors along with model parameters of tumor growth over 1000 simulations of HR according to predefined statistical distributions of parameter values. The average time (t) taken by the tumors to relapse is assessed for the non-adoption of CAD (Case 1), the adoption of semi-automatic CAD (Case 2) and the adoption of automatic CAD (Case 3) in HR. In this study, we have simulated 126 automatic CAD algorithms (Case 3). For tumor volumes (TV) less than 50 cm, if administration of bevacizumab, a post-operative therapy, is (not) adopted in the simulation, t is found to be 646, 84, and 60 days (40, 24, and 17 days) for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3, respectively. For TV greater than 50 cm, and with (without) bevacizumab, t is found to be 86, 1, and 6 days (28, 6, and 3 days) for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3, respectively. For with (without) bevacizumab treatment and for all tumor volumes, t is found to be 260, 90, and 104 days (38, 13, and 11 days) for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3, respectively. We have observed that the tumors relapsed quickly in those cases where CAD was adopted.

BACKGROUND: Spinal surgical robots are in the early phases of development and adoption. These systems need to be easier to use, less costly, and more workflow-efficient. METHODS: A portable, operating room table-mounted spine robot and camera system are described. Accuracy and workflow efficiency were assessed in comparison to another commonly utilized spinal robotic system. RESULTS: For the surgical task of inserting 4 pedicle screws into 2 adjacent lumbar vertebrae, equivalent accuracy was seen with both systems. The new robotic system was more efficient in terms of total procedure time, system setup time, and screw planning to in-position time (p

These artifacts provide the dataset, tools, and reports related to the publication "Evaluating Approaches to Find Architectural Design Decisions in Issue Tracking Systems". Specifically, it contains the following: Technical reports: 1) Coding book to analyze architectural issues in issue tracker. 2) Detailed steps to replicate the machine learning experiments. 3) Further analysis on issuecharachtersitics. Datasets: 1) Ranked lists of issues as found by source code analysis, Maven analysis, and keywords searchers. 2) Manually classified data of architectural issues. Tools: 1) Maven analysis. 2) Keywords searching. 3) Machine learning.

Software engineers share their architectural knowledge (AK) in different places on the Web. Recent studies show that architectural blogs contain the most relevant AK, which can help software engineers to make design steps. Nevertheless, we know little about blogs, and specifically architectural blogs, where software engineers share their AK. In this paper, we conduct an exploratory study on architectural blogs to explore their types, topics, and their AK. Moreover, we determine the relevance of architectural blogs to make design steps. Our results support researchers and practitioners to find and re-use AK from blogs., Best paper award paper in ICSA 2023

Bellows are a cylindrical shell with a corrugated part, widely used in aviation engineering as a movable sealing element to balance pressure and temperature differences, which ensure continuous and accurate system operation. The use of bellows expansion joints provides reliable and effective protection of pipelines from static and dynamic loads arising from deformations and vibration. Welded-edge bellows are a popular choice for regulating and controlling fuel supply in aircraft devices. The ability of the compensator to perceive deformations is determined by its assigned operating time, which describes how many cycles, and with what amplitude, the bellows compensator perceives without damage. A method for stamping bellows from tubular billets by using magnetic-pulse field in rigid dies, including sequential shaping of corrugations by distributing the internal magnetic pressure with axial movement of the free end of a tubular billet, characterized in that the material of the tubular billet for shaping corrugations is selected in accordance with its relative elongation.

Self-Admitted Technical Debt or SATD can be found in various sources, such as source code comments, commit messages, issue tracking systems, and pull requests. Previous research has established the existence of relations between SATD items in different sources; such relations can be useful for investigating and improving SATD management. However, there is currently a lack of approaches for automatically detecting these SATD relations. To address this, we proposed and evaluated approaches for automatically identifying SATD relations across different sources. Our findings show that our approach outperforms baseline approaches by a large margin, achieving an average F1-score of 0.829 in identifying relations between SATD items. Moreover, we explored the characteristics of SATD relations in 103 open-source projects and describe nine major cases in which related SATD is documented in a second source, and give a quantitative overview of 26 kinds of relations., Comment: Accepted for publication in TechDebt 2023

Background Repeated implantation failure (RIF) is defined as the case whereby the transferred embryos fail to implant after several attempts of In vitro fertilization (IVF) which causes a profound impact on the quality of life and financial burden. Some clinical studies have confirmed that Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) can improve pregnancy outcomes and implantation rates. Hence, our study aims to compare the efficacy of G-CSF and HCG on pregnancy outcomes in RIF women who undergo intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Methods This randomized, single-blinded study was conducted et al.-Azhar University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt, between 10th October 2020 and 20th December 2020. The study included 100 women aged 20–43 years old undergoing ICSI cycles, with a history of RIF. Patients were divided randomly into two groups: group (1): included 50 patients injected with 500 IU of intrauterine HCG on embryo transfer day, and group (2): Included 50 patients injected with G-CSF on the embryo transfer day. Results In 100 RIF women, we found a significant improvement in pregnancy outcomes favoring G-CSF over HCG including implantation rate, chemical pregnancy, and clinical pregnancy (P P = 0.0003, and P = 0.0006, respectively). Conclusion For the first time, we demonstrated a significant improvement in pregnancy outcomes favoring G-CSF over HCG in terms of implantation rate, chemical pregnancy, and clinical pregnancy. Trial registration The study was registered on Pan African Clinical Trials Registry with the following number: PACTR202010482774275 and was approved on 2nd October 2020.

Background: Physical therapy is playing an important role in enhancing and promoting health related quality of life in children with thalassemia and sickle cell disease by de-creasing the associated disease symptoms as pain, anxiety, depression and fatigue and enhancing the cardiopulmonary system, bone mass index, ferritin and serum levels by using different physical therapy modalities as exercise training, Yoga, Massage therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stim-ulation (TENS), spirometer and vibration therapy. Aim of Study: To identify the effectiveness of using physical therapy modalities in children with thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Subjects and Methods: This review included Children with thalassemia and sickle cell disease aged between 6 to 18 years, receive different physical therapy modalities. Design: A search of electronic databases that included, PubMed, Physical therapy Evidence Database, Google scholar, Science Direct and Cochrane was searched since ever till December 2019 using the following keywords: 'Physical therapy modalities', 'thalassemia', 'exercise training', 'sickle cell disease', 'breathing exercise', 'health related quality of life', 'transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation' and 'children'. Results: Twelve articles that were retrieved met the inclusion criteria. Conclusion: From clinical point of view using physical therapy modalities can promote quality of life in children suffering from thalassemia and from sickle cell disease but furthermore studies are needed to help the researchers and the patients.

The scope of this work was part of our previous research on Pulsed Power Plasma Stimulation Technique. Electromagnetic fields generated during a pulsed power plasma discharge were simulated using a finite element method in the COMSOL RF module. The field distributions were calculated during and after the pulse. The current paper takes advantage of prior work measuring and modeling the current distribution in the plasma arc. Agreement with laboratory experimental measurements provides support for extension of the model to reservoir scale. The validated model was used to quantify the signal attenuation level in different medium environment.

To understand the impact that induced seismicity in Oklahoma is expected to have on the built environment, it is critical to develop realistic building response models for typical regional building stock. Traditionally, accelerometers are used to monitor buildings’ structural health during potentially damaging events like earthquakes. In this work, we describe an improvement on this typical system using a realtime instrument network which incorporates 3 types of instruments monitoring a single structure. Using this realtime network, we can rapidly estimate the damage state of the building following a potentially damaging event and can continually improve building response models. We have instrumented a 12-story building in Stillwater, Oklahoma, which is representative of aging reinforced concrete building infrastructure that can be vulnerable to frequent induced seismicity in the region. We have instrumented this building with 2 gyroscopes and 2 accelerometers, on the ground and top floors, both streaming data in realtime, and a high-rate GNSS receiver with an antenna on the roof. The data from the gyroscopes and accelerometers are distributed via an Antelope seismic acquisition and database system where the datasets can be rapidly utilized following an earthquake. We use the dataset of ~ M3-4.5 earthquakes collected by the network to date to calibrate an existing nonlinear finite element model (FEM) of the building. This calibrated model is then used to train a neural network to model the expected building response and estimate the damage state of the building for a range of seismic event sizes and input ground motions. The realtime data streams then become the inputs to this neural network to model building response and estimate damage states with a short delay following a major shaking event. This neural network has the advantage of being computationally more efficient than running the complex non-linear FEM. This system is intended to demonstrate an important use case for multi-instrument realtime structural health monitoring data which can be generalized to other areas of high seismic hazard for buildings where the evaluation of building response and risk is required., NSF Award Number: 1835372

Background: Thyroid gland is a highly vascular organ. So, doing thyroidectomy requires good hemostasis even for the small blood vessels either through conventional tie technique which is time-consuming or through the use of a harmonic scalpel. Objective: To evaluate the real benefits of the Harmonic Scalpel in total thyroidectomies when compared with conventional ligation, in terms of operative time, postoperative drainage, and complications. Patients and methods: This randomized, prospective observational study was carried out at Al-Zahraa University Hospital, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. Written informed consents were obtained from Seventy-six patients with benign goiter disorders who were scheduled for elective total thyroidectomy during a period from August 2019 to October 2020. Thirty eight patients were submitted to conventional thyroidectomy (group A), and thirty eight underwent thyroidectomy using a harmonic scalpel (group B). Results: There was no statistical difference between the two groups as regards demographic data, hospital stay, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and hypocalcemia, but there was a statistically significant difference as regards operative time (76.9±15.1 min in group A versus 89.23±17.68 in group B) and drainage volume (111.75±56.57 mls in group A versus 89 ± 16.21 mls in group B). Conclusion: Harmonic scalpel for total thyroidectomy is a better choice compared to the conventional tie technique as regards operative time and postoperative drainage volume.

This study was implemented to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of whole corn plant silage (WCS) by pomegranate peel silage (PPS) treated with enzymes mixed (ZYMOGEN) or lactic acid bacterial inoculants (Inoculant 1188) on nutrient digestibility and productive performance of dairy cows. The first experiment two stacks of PPS and WCS were prepared. WCS was replaced by PPS, at 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25, respectively used in forming three rations. The second experiment has been carried with twenty lactating crossbred Friesian cows in four similar groups (5 cows / group): the control group was fed a ration consisting of WCS. G1 (WCS replaced with untreated PPS at level 50:50), G2 (WCS replaced with PPS treated with bacterial inoculants at level 50:50) and G3 (WCS replaced with PPS treated with ZYMOGEN at level 50:50). The results showed the values of CP, NFE and lactic acid were highest, while values of NDF, ADF, pH, the concentration of NH3 -N and acetic acid were lowest in all groups treated PPS. The values of digestibility coefficients, nutritive values, ruminal fluid fermentation of TVFAs and acetic acid, milk yield, 4% FCM, milk composition, blood proteins were highest, while the values of ruminal fluid fermentation of pH and NH3 N were lowest in group 2 and 3 compared with other groups. It concluded that using of treated or untreated pomegranate peel is safe in dairy cows feeding at a level of 20%. The addition of ZYMOGEN or inoculant 1188 to PPS improved fermentation and nutritive quality of silage along with its nutritive values.

One of the most severe consequences of climate change on the rabbit production sector is heat stress. Dietary supplementation of phytochemicals could alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on rabbits. Thirty-six V-line rabbit does with average live body weight (LBW) of 2.672 ± 0.031 kg were randomly allocated into three experimental groups as follows: the control group (OPE

Background: Pilonidal sinus disease (PNS) is a potentially debilitating condition. It was first described by Anderson in 1847 and is often seen in the intergluteal region and can cause loss of work time. Several procedures have been advocated for treatment and the fact that no single procedure is superior in all respect. Objective: This study aimed to compare the outcomes of excision and primary closure versus Limberg-flap (LF) techniques. Patients and methods: This randomized, prospective observational study was carried out at the Department of surgery, Al-Zahraa University Hospital, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt over 2 years (January 2018 to January 2020) on 60 patients out of which 30 underwent rhomboid excision with Limberg flap reconstruction (group A) and 30 underwent excision with primary closure (group B). Post-operative follow up was done till 12 months and complications were recorded. Results: There was no statistical difference between the two groups as regards demographic data, partial wound dehiscence, and time to complete healing. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards wound complications (3.3% in group A versus 20.0% in group B) and the recurrence rate (13.3% in group B versus 0% in group A). Conclusions: Limberg flap method for the pilonidal sinus is a better choice than midline closure after elliptical excision in terms of postoperative wound complications and recurrence.

Floods are one of the most dangerous water-related risks. Numerous sources of uncertainty affect flood modeling. High-resolution land-cover maps along with appropriate Manning’s roughness values are the most significant parameters for building an accurate 2D flood model. Two land-cover datasets are available: the National Land Cover Database (NLCD 2019) and the Land Use/Land Cover for Environmental Systems Research Institute (LULC 2020-ESRI). The NLCD 2019 dataset has national coverage but includes references to Manning’s roughness values for each class obtained from earlier studies, in contrast to the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset, which has global coverage but without an identified reference to Manning’s roughness values yet. The main objectives of this study are to assess the accuracy of using the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset compared with the NLCD 2019 dataset and propose a standard reference to Manning’s roughness values for the classes in the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset. To achieve the research objectives, a confusion matrix using 548,117 test points in the conterminous United States was prepared to assess the accuracy by quantifying the cross-correspondence between the two datasets. Then statistical analyses were applied to the global maps to detect the appropriate Manning’s roughness values associated with the LULC 2020-ESRI map. Compared to the NLCD 2019 dataset, the proposed Manning’s roughness values for the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset were calibrated and validated using 2D flood modeling software (HEC-RAS V6.2) on nine randomly chosen catchments in the conterminous United States. This research’s main results show that the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset achieves an overall accuracy of 72% compared to the NLCD 2019 dataset. The findings demonstrate that, when determining the appropriate Manning’s roughness values for the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset, the weighted average technique performs better than the average method. The calibration and validation results of the proposed Manning’s roughness values show that the overall Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) in depth was 2.7 cm, and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in depth was 5.32 cm. The accuracy of the computed peak flow value using LULC 2020-ESRI was with an average error of 5.22% (2.0% min. to 8.8% max.) compared to the computed peak flow values using the NLCD 2019 dataset. Finally, a reference to Manning’s roughness values for the LULC 2020-ESRI dataset was developed to help use the globally available land-use/land-cover dataset to build 2D flood models with an acceptable accuracy worldwide.

Two filed experiments were carried out in a sandy soil private farm located in Qassasin Ash Sharq, El Husseiniya, Fakous District, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt, during the winter seasons of 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, to study the effect of spraying four plant leaf extracts in addition to spraying with distelled water (Moringa oleifera L., Chinopodium album L., Lantana camara L. and a mixture of the previous three extracts) at three concentrations (50, 75 and 100%) in three different times (40, 80 and 120 days after sowing) on wheat yield and its attributes as well as both grains crude protein and carbohydrates content of wheat cultivar Misr 1, also the influence of the past treatments on both weeds number and dry weight/m2 were investigated, Split-split plot design in three replicates was used. Results indicated that spraying wheat plants with 75% concentration of Chinopodium album leaves extract during early growth stage (tillering) recorded an increment valued as much as 18% in grain yield and a 33% as well as 21% decreasing in weeds number and dry weight/m2.

Pesticides are an essential component of agricultural production. The increased use of pesticides greatly aided agricultural production, reduced stored grain losses, and improved human well-being in general. However, the use of pesticides may lead to unwanted residues such as traces of pollutants from food, the environment and living tissues. The environmental fate of 14C- chlorfenvinphos was studied using an agricultural ecosystem that included soil, plants, beetles, earthworms and one type of common bird in Egypt (Asfour Baladi). This study was conducted on a restricted field area that was cultivated with maize plants as target crop and soybean plants as an alternate crop. The residue level in soybean seeds was almost 6 times higher than in dry maize seeds. The high concentration of 14C- residues in beetles (1.28µg/g) was observed on day 26 after spraying 14C- chlorfenvinphos and decreased thereafter. The earthworms, on the other hand, showed a progressive increase with time and its maximum residue was detected after 75 days (3.25µg/g) .The dead birds showed the highest concentration of residues in the brain, liver and heart as compared with alive birds in the ecosystem. The chromatographic analysis indicated the presence of the parent compound in addition to three degradation products especially in dry seeds and soil.

Background User interfaces play a vital role in the planning and execution of an interventional procedure. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of using different user interfaces for planning transrectal robot-assisted MR-guided prostate biopsy (MRgPBx) in an augmented reality (AR) environment. Method End-user studies were conducted by simulating an MRgPBx system with end- and side-firing modes. The information from the system to the operator was rendered on HoloLens as an output interface. Joystick, mouse/keyboard, and holographic menus were used as input interfaces to the system. Results The studies indicated that using a joystick improved the interactive capacity and enabled operator to plan MRgPBx in less time. It efficiently captures the operator's commands to manipulate the augmented environment representing the state of MRgPBx system. Conclusions The study demonstrates an alternative to conventional input interfaces to interact and manipulate an AR environment within the context of MRgPBx planning.

Background: Intestine anastomosis in pediatric surgery is a relevant matter because of the frequency of the procedure, nonetheless, there is no general agreement about the most appropriate surgical technique, nor are there records comparing the different methods in children. To validate the better technique in children, it is necessary to have clinically comparative experimental studies. Objective: the aim of this work is to evaluate both single layer simple interrupted extramucosal and single layer interrupted Connell sutures for intestinal anastomosis in children in elective and emergency laparotomy as regard technical, functional and financial aspects. Patients and Methods: his study was carried out on 40 patients candidate for intestinal anastomosis in elective and emergency laparotomy managed at Pediatric Surgery Department, Al-Azhar University in Cairo throughout the period from January 2017 to May 2019. Results: As regard the most frequent diagnosis or cause for anastomosis in our study, jejunal atresia was the most common cause of anastomosis with 9 cases (45%) in the extramucosal group and one case (5%) in the Connell group, then the intussusception with 2 patients (10%) in the extramucosal group, and 7 patients (35%) in the Connell group, then ileal atresia, 3 patients (15%) in the extramucosal group, and one patient (5%) in the Connell group. Conclusion: We concluded that both techniques for intestinal anastomosis are effective, safe and successful. We prefer single-layer interrupted extramucosal technique in elective and emergency laparotomy due to less operative time, and valuable cost-effectiveness.

This study aimed to assess the dietary effects of rosemary and clove essential oils separately and in combination on the growth performance; immunological, hematological, and physiological responses; and antioxidant status of growing rabbits. One hundred forty-four of 42-day-old growing V-line rabbits (both sexes with initial live body weights of 765 ± 6 g) were randomly allocated into four treatment groups of 36 rabbits each. Each group was further sub-divided into 12 replicates of 3 rabbits in a completely randomized design. The 1

Post renal transplant patients are generally immunosuppressed and remain at a higher risk for getting bacterial and viral infections. Most of these patients are taking immunosuppressive medications, including steroids. This case series highlights the clinical outcomes and characteristics of 8 post renal transplant patients who acquired COVID-19.

Software developers use issue trackers (e.g. Jira) to manage defects, bugs, tasks, change requests, etc. In this paper we explore (a) how architectural knowledge concepts (e.g. architectural component behavior, contextual constraints) are textually represented in issues (e.g. as adjectives), (b) which architectural knowledge concepts commonly occur in issues, and (c) which architectural knowledge concepts appear together. We analyzed issues in the Jira issue trackers of three large Apache projects. To identify ``architecturally relevant'' issues, we linked issues to architecturally relevant source code changes in the studied systems. We then developed a code book by manually labeling a subset of issues. After reaching conceptual saturation, we coded remaining issues. Our findings support empirically-grounded search tools to identify architectural knowledge concepts in issues for future reuse.

Background and objective Type 2 diabetes affects a large number of people all over the world; hence, it is worthy to supplement those patients with a food formula containing biologically active ingredients that can help to control the disease and its complications. The present study was designed to prepare a plant formula in the form of a juice taken during treatment to synergies and reduce the drug dose used and minimize disease complications. Materials and methods The formula is formed of spinach, broccoli, celery, green beans and chickpea. The total fat, fatty acids, polyphenol content and the antioxidant power of the formula were determined. The blood sugar tolerance curves of the volunteers were followed after breakfast alone, breakfast and treatment dose, also when this formula was given before breakfast. Results The vegetable and legume juice could reduce postprandial glucose level when given before the breakfast and the effect was more or less similar to the effect of the treatment drug. The juice proved to contain some polyphenols and possess an antioxidant character. Analysis proved that it is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion It is recommended to use this juice for diabetic patients to reduce hyperglycemia and synergize the effect of the used drug. It can thus avoid health problems that occur to those patients when using drugs for long time and in massive amounts.

Background: Laparoscopic One-anastomosis gastric bypass (LOAGB) has proved to be safe and effective, with short learning curve and low morbidity rate. Methods: This was a prospective

Aim: This study is to assess tumor size as a prognostic factor predicting outcomes after one staged hepatectomy for cirrhotic patients with solitary hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients and methods: The study included 41 patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of different sizes who underwent single-stage hepatectomy. Patients were divided according to their tumor size into 2 groups, group A involved patient with tumors ≤ 5 cm and group B which involved patients with tumors > 5 cm. The effect of the tumor size on overall survival and disease-free survival was studied in both groups. Results: The mean age of the studied groups was 59.60±6.89 years. Hepatitis C infection was found 82.9% of patients. Six patients (17.1%) received treatment of HCV. All patients were of Child-Pugh class A (77.1% were scores 5 and 22.9% were score 6). The median Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level was 240 ng/ml. The mean operative time was 186.4±52.4 min. During the follow-up period (12-24 months), 12 patients (34.3%) developed recurrence. The mean time of recurrence was 15.50±4.23 months. Cumulative disease-free survival (DFS) at the end of the study was 65.7%. The cumulative overall survival (OAS) proportion at the end of the study was 74.3%. Conclusion: Our results suggest that surgical resection for large HCC is safe and effective and that the first-line treatment for large HCC to be considered is surgical resection in selected patients. Our study showed that hepatectomy for large HCC could be performed with an acceptable morbidity and mortality rate. With the improvement in patient selection and treatment strategy, solitary large HCC is not a contraindication to surgical therapy.

Background: Advanced age usually suffer from painful osteoarthritis of knee (OA). Treatment of OA pain by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory is of restricted benefit and surgery is challenging in many patients due to associated medical problems. In this study we used either intraarticular PRF or radiofrequency neurotomy to control pain in patients with chronic knee pain. Aim: The primary outcome of the study was the pain score 10 cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The secondary outcome of the study was (1) WOMAC scores (2) Amount of analgesic medications. Methods: This study was conducted on 100 adult patients more than 60 years with chronic knee pain (grade 3 or grade 4) osteoarthritis. Patients were divided into two groups each group contain 50 patients. In group I (intraarticular PRF), patients were treated with PRF where patient was placed in a supine position on the fluoroscopy table, knee joint was flexed to 15°, No genicular block tests were performed. Group 2 (radiofrequency neurotomy), patients were treated with radiofrequency neurotomy. Where patients were placed in a supine position on the fluoroscopy table, knee joint was flexed to 15° and genicular block tests were performed. Results: Our results showed that both groups were comparable regarding age, sex, weight and height. A significantly improvement of pain was noticed in group II when compared to group I at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months, 9 months and 12 months (3.2 ± 1.9, 1.8 ± 0.4, 1.9 ± 0.5, 2.1 ± 0.8, 2.2 ± 0.5, 2.9 ± 0.6) p