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The study aimed at evaluating the socio-economic impact of landcover / landuse changes in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria using remote sensing and GIS with a view to improving the quality of life and social development through its objectives; to identify the changes of the landcover and landuse pattern of the study area for a period of 30 years i.e. 1987 to 2002 to 2017, to evaluate the socio-economic and environmental impact of these changes and to predict future impact of landcover / landuse changes in the study area. The methodology adopted in this study involved sourcing of satellite data from United States Geological Survey (USGS) for the period of years under study, social survey in Owerri Municipal Area for socio-economic impact monitoring. ArcGIS 10.5 and QGIS 2.9 software were used for data processing, analysis and presentation. The study observed a significant increase in built-up area from 1987 (34%) to 2017 (65%), on the contrary, there was a noticeable decrease in the class of bare land (26% to 12%) and vegetation. (37% to 15%) followed by water body which kept fluctuating as result of rainfall. Rapid population growth triggered by rural urban migration coupled with hasty socio-economic development were the main drivers of these changes. Results showed that remote sensing and GIS approach are recommended for further studies as the tools are efficient for landcover/landuse mapping.

The world has been assaulted by COVID-19. Unpredictable changes in all sectors of economies and societies will manifest themselves over the coming months and years. The most robust health systems have become overwhelmed and pre-occupied in response to the virus. The impact of COVID-19 will evolve from an acute medical emergency response to a chronic ‘maintenance’ phase, with health services adapting to life with the virus as another infectious agent. However, economic and societal costs will vastly outweigh initial medical costs, given the widely predicted global depression—trivial compared with the cost of preparedness that should have been undertaken. The most vulnerable in society will be driven into deeper poverty. The consequential mental health morbidity and suicidal ideations will place an increased burden on already overstretched services, against the background of mental illness being the world's leading cause of morbidity.1 This is likely to be exacerbated by increased violence and social stress on already depressed economies with high levels of unemployment. There may be hope for a vaccine, but its efficacy, duration of immunity and the complexities of distribution in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) will be major challenges. The longer-term consequences of the pandemic for Africa will be profound, given health system fragilities.2 In this editorial, we discuss the potential impact of COVID-19 on neglected tropical disease (NTD) programmes as health services seek to function in the newly changed COVID-19 environment

The socio-economics of six fisherwomen co-operative societies in coastal Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh were studied through field surveys by interviewing a total of 185 respondents. Respondents were mostly middle aged (31 – 56 years; 61.6%) living in nuclear families (64.9%). Majority of the fisherwomen were found illiterate (88.1%). A greater proportion (84.9%) of fisherwomen involved in fish marketing as a primary occupation followed by salting and curing (9.73%) and pickling of fishes (5.4%). More than half (56.2%) of the respondents earned > Rs. 25,000 (USD$ 1 = Rs. 75) every month. The study revealed that the socio-economic condition of the fisherwomen in the study area is poor, with a high percentage of the illiteracy. Necessary steps should be taken by the Governments organizations, NGOs and respective stakeholders to improve the literacy level as well as livelihood status.

The COVID-19 disease has infected many countries, causing generalized impacts on different income categories. We carried out a survey among households (n = 412) representing different income groups in Nigeria. We used validated food insecurity experience and socio-psychologic tools. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The earning capacities of the respondents ranged from 145 USD/month for low-income earners to 1945 USD/month for high-income earners. A total of 173 households (42%) ran out of food during the COVID-19 pandemic. All categories of households experienced increasing dependency on the general public and a perception of increasing insecurity, with the high-income earners experiencing the greatest shift. In addition, increasing levels of anger and irritation were experienced among all categories. Of the socio-demographic variables, only gender, educational level of the household head, work hours per day, and family income based on society class were associated (p < 0.05) with food security and hunger due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although psychological stress was observed to be greater in the low-income earning group, household heads with medium and high family income were more likely to have satisfactory experiences regarding food security and hunger. It is recommended that socio-economic groups should be mapped and support systems should target each group to provide the needed support in terms of health, social, economic, and mental wellness.

Socio-economic constraints like gender, education, age, and income significantly affect the adoption of improved agricultural technologies. The objective of this study was to determine socio-economic factors that affect the adoption of improved cowpea varieties in the Senegalese peanut basin. The study was conducted in three (Bambey, Kebemer, and Kaffrine) of six regions of the peanut basin based on regional importance of cowpea production and rainfall gradient. In each study region, ten villages were selected, and random sampling was used to select eight heads of agricultural households within each village. The questionnaires were administered to 240 randomly selected farmers across the three study regions, 7 communes, and 30 villages. Results showed most heads of households were middle-aged (52–54 years old), married (95–100%), illiterate (84%), and men (95–100%). Households were mostly agriculture dependent (87%), low literacy rates (26% least primary school), and large family sizes (average of 15 members). The median cowpea yields across the study area varied from 35–100 kg ha−1, well below the ~300–400 kg ha−1 average yields reported for Senegal and Sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of farmers (67%) in the study regions did not use improved varieties, and the main reasons were low seed availability (78.8%) and limited access to technical knowledge and information (76.3%), but only 5.8% indicated seed price as a barrier to improved variety adoption. Major uses of cowpea in the study area were for marketing, livestock feed, and human consumption. In Kaffrine, fodder production was the major (85%) criterion for cowpea variety selection, whereas in the north (Bambey and Kebemer), taste, maturity date, and grain yield were major selection criteria. Factors that had positive effect on the likelihood of using improved cowpea varieties include; access to extension services, membership in farmers’ organization, cowpea being the main crop of production, organic farming, market, and livestock-oriented production systems, access to farmland and credit, dependence on agriculture as the main source of household income, and education of head of household. We conclude that there is a critical need for training, access to improved seeds, awareness, and financial support to producers to increase the adoption of new improved cowpea varieties, yields, profitability, and nutritional security among smallholder farmers in the Senegalese peanut basin.

With the emergence of ride-sourcing and ride-splitting services, more options are available to support shifts away from transit, where maintaining transit ridership increases requirements for transit service quality, so as to promote high-capacity and sustainable transport systems. In this endeavor, proper transit stop spacing is critical for both service accessibility and in-vehicle trip efficiency, as well as operation cost. This research explores acceptable stop spacing for three kinds of transit services from the perspective of travel behavior, drawing on the 2017 National Household Travel Survey in the United States. A stochastic frontier model is developed to infer passengers’ unobservable vertex of acceptable transit access times on the basis of observed walk time, which can be converted to the tolerance with respect to stop spacing with the average walking speed. Significant explanatory variables on the vertex of acceptable transit stop spacing are further identified with their quantified impacts, including household density, household income, wait time, trip distance, transfer, and maintenance purpose, while the inefficiency variance is significantly related to traveler age, wait time, secondary walk time, and trip frequency. Recommended response strategies follow. Findings from this study provide insights, guidelines, and implementation plans for different transit agencies when considering stop spacing redesign, to strengthen transit service appeal and to promote cooperative and sustainable multi-modal urban transport systems.

The Can I Afford to Live on My Own? unit is part of the Living on My Own module from the extensive Money Talks series. Included in the workbook are exercises and quizzes to help young people understand the emotions and realities of living on their own. Lessons include: Needs and Wants, How Much Will My Own Place Cost?, Rental Application Costs, Move-in Costs, Monthly Costs, Making Your Budget

The I Want My Own Place! What Should I Know unit is part of the Living on My Own module from the extensive Money Talks series. Included in this leader’s guide are learning objectives, background information, activities with accompanying handouts and visuals, a glossary, and a list of additional resources. The background information is meant to prepare instructors to both teach the unit and to provide discussion materials for use with the participants. It also corresponds with the five activities included in the leader’s guide and the participant guide.

The I Found the Perfect Place to Live! Now What? unit is part of the Living on My Own module from the extensive Money Talks series. Included in the workbook are exercises and quizzes to help young people understand the emotions and realities of living on their own. Lessons include: Rental Agreements, Security Deposits, Communicating with the Landlord, Pet and Parking Policies, Rental Insurance, Roommates, When Your Rental Agreement Is Up, Don’t Get Evicted!

Author(s): Peterson, Shirley; Varcoe, Karen; Soule, Katherine; Robinson, Derrick; Wooten Swanson, Patti; Money Talks Workgroup | Abstract: The I Want My Own Place! What Should I Know? unit is part of the Living on My Own module from the extensive Money Talks series. Included in the workbook are exercises and quizzes to help young people understand the emotions and realities of living on their own. Lessons include: Why am I Moving On?, Where Should I Live?, Money Matters, Your Rental, Search, Get Ready to View Rentals, Roommates or No Roommates?, Rental Review

The I Found the Perfect Place to Live! Now What? unit is part of the Living on My Own module from the extensive Money Talks series. Included in this leader’s guide are learning objectives, background information, activities with accompanying handouts and visuals, a glossary, and a list of additional resources. The Background Information is meant to prepare instructors to both teach the unit and provide discussion materials for use with the participants. It also corresponds with the four activities included in the leader’s guide and the participant guide

The energy landscape is changing dramatically. Communities are being impacted in different ways. Positive impacts include reductions in air pollution and new tax revenues from renewables. Negative impacts include lost jobs and foregone tax revenues after closure of large fossil fuels generation facilities and coal mines. The contours of this transition have been further altered by recent events such as the global oil market crash and the COVID-19 pandemic. While economic and social issues can be addressed through thoughtful policy design, the pace of change, and the extent to which communities have a say in what comes next, matter. Though the technical issues of transitions are well-researched, the socio-economic aspects of the energy transition remain both emergent and essential to an equitable transition to a low-carbon energy system. This article provides an overview of the history and current status of just transitions.

Family-related factors, like parent’s educational level, their values and expectations have a significant impact on child’s early skills and later educational outcomes. Further, parents provide their child, alongside with other learning environments, a broad mathematical and early literacy input. This study investigates the relationship between family-related socio-economic and other factors like, parental education, amount of books at home, parental attitudes towards mathematics and science, parental perception of child’s early skills and student’s later academic achievement. This is studied in the light of the Finnish data collected for Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2015. The results are presented with the help of a geospatial method called Kriging that reveals regional variance. The results indicate that family-related background variables have different effects on child’s later achievement in mathematics across Finland. The results suggest, that some areas in Finland are better in ‘levelling the playing field’ for children and minimising the effect of family related variables on educational outcomes than others.

Infections, especially pneumococcal septicemia, meningitis, and Salmonella osteomyelitis, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD increased susceptibility to infection, while infection leads to SCD-specific pathophysiological changes. The risk of infectious complications is highest in children with a palpable spleen before 6 months of age. Functional splenectomy, the results of repeated splenic infarctions, appears to be an important host-defense defect. Infection is the leading cause of death, particularly in less developed countries. Defective host-defense mechanisms enhance the risk of pneumococcal complications. Susceptibility to Salmonella infections can be explained at least in part by a similar mechanism. In high-income countries, the efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine has been demonstrated in this disease. A decreased in infection incidence has been noted in SCD patients treated prophylactically with daily oral penicillin. Studies in low-income countries suggest the involvement of a different spectrum of etiological agents.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify important gaps in the public health evidence base and consider the implications of these for public health and public health economics. STUDY DESIGN: This was a review and critique of public health policy in the UK. METHODS: Using two key psychological concepts relating to cognitive biases, viz. cognitive dissonance and heuristics, the shortcomings in public health approaches to confronting the prevalence of non-communicable diseases are described. The implications are drawn out. RESULTS: Two cognitive biases in public health thinking are identified. (i) A dissonance between what is known and what is done, resulting in the repetition of solutions that have previously been shown to have had little or no effect. (ii) The habitual use of set of heuristics which mean that simple solutions to complex problems are preferred to undertaking the detailed assessment of how to bring about change. These biases mean that the evidence about the dynamics of populations and the ways that the mechanisms of prevention actually operate seldom feature in the way interventions, policy and practice are undertaken. The evidence base is consequently highly skewed. CONCLUSIONS: Health economics combined with sociological reasoning has potentially an important role to play in developing the ideas that will overcome the problems attaching to the cognitive biases.

The lockdown on account of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) adversely impacted the food production sector including aquaculture, globally. Unfortunately, it coincided with the major shrimp farming season in India which contributes 60% of the national annual shrimp production hence the impact was substantial. An on-line survey was carried out among the stakeholders of the shrimp farming sector to evaluate the prospective impact of COVID-19 related lockdown across the shrimp supply chain. The study estimated an economic loss of 1.50 billion USD to the shrimp aquaculture sector during the current year. It is expected that shrimp production and its export performance may be declining by 40% in the current season. The Garret ranking and Rank Based Quotient analyses projected severe constraints in shrimp seed production and supply, disruptions in the supply chain, logistics, farming, processing, marketing and loss of employment and income for the workers due to the pandemic. To mitigate the impact, the Government of India declared fisheries and aquaculture as an essential activity, facilitated the movement of inputs and services. Further, a major Fisheries Development Scheme(PMMSY) with a financial outlay of 267 million USD has been announced to usher in a blue revolution by strengthening the value chain, doubling the fisher/farmer income, employment generation, economic and social security for fishers/fish farmers adhering to the sustainability principles. Short and medium-term technical and policy measures are suggested to tide over the impact of COVID-19 related lockdown and related restrictions., Highlights • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related lockdown has adversely impacted the food production sector including aquaculture across the nations. • An assessment conducted to evaluate the prospective impact of COVID-19 lockdown in the value chain show that Indian shrimp aquaculture sector may incur an economic loss of 1.5 billion USD during the current year (2020-2021). • It was estimated that shrimp production may decline by 40% in the current season. Further, negative impacts in shrimp seed production and supply, loss of employment, disruptions in the supply chain, restrictions in transport for movement of materials, problems in processing and marketing affected the sector badly. • The Government of Andhra Pradesh the state produces 70% Indian shrimp production has announced a minimum procurement price and maximum sale price for the farmed shrimp and shrimp seed respectively which are to be implemented strongly. • Technology advisories including customised strategies in farming, promotion of indigenous Indian white shrimp species, cargo shipment of SPF shrimp brood stocks and promotion of domestic marketing were proposed to tide over the impacts of COVID-19 related lockdown and other restrictions.

This study explores issues related to the conservation of forests of western Ecuador's Amazon region (provinces of Napo, Pastaza and Morona Santiago) and its relationship with some social and economic variables, the forests were included or not to the Socio Bosque Program. The field phase was conducted between Februarysto March 2014.We analyzed data from one hundred twenty-two surveys of these two different groups of farmers. The analysis of information included data about geographical, social, labor, economic, land use and future activities. Among other results, it is evident that most owners want to keep their wooded areas with native species, but they mention the need for more frequent training about the dynamics of localecosystems and best ways to care for them. El presente estudio explora aspectos relacionados con la conservación de bosques del occidente de la región amazónica ecuatoriana (provincias de Napo, Pastaza y Morona Santiago) y la relación de ésta con algunas variables sociales y económicas. Los datos se generaron en ciento veinte y dos predios de dos grupos de finqueros: unos pertenecientes a la iniciativa Socio Bosque y otros no, la fase de campo se realizó entre febrero a marzo de 2014. En la información recogida, se incluyeron aspectos geográficos, sociales, laborales, económicos, de uso del suelo y de actividades futuras. Entre otros resultados, se evidencia que la mayoría de propietarios desea mantener sus zonas boscosas con especies nativas, pero manifiesta la necesidad de contar con capacitaciones más frecuentes en torno a la dinámica de los ecosistemas locales y las formas más idóneas para cuidarlos.

This study estimates the technical efficiency of goat rearing in the province of Isparta in Turkey using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The data used were collected from 92 goat farmers using the stratified sampling method by means of a questionnaire. The technical efficiency of the goat farming varied widely between 0.13 and 1.00. The mean efficiency of 92 goat farms was calculated to be 0.44 and 0.66 for constant and variable returns to scale assumptions, respectively. The greatest slacks were in feedstuff concentrates and labour used. The most significant factors affecting efficiency of goat production were farmer experience, cooperative membership, milk yield per goat, and family and hired labour. Technical efficiency should be improved by providing farmers with well-organised education, an extension program, and research and development programs on goat rearing.

The implementation of the sustainable development goals requires the coordinated activities at all levels of government and administration, including the regional level. The Sverdlovsk Region, one of the leading regions of the Russian Federation, actively uses the mechanisms of the strategic management in making the socio-economic policy, however, the coordination of the traditional strategic priorities and goals of sustainable development of the UN is required. Comparison of the SDGs and strategic policy directions implemented in the Sverdlovsk region made it possible to identify three groups of SDGs: highly reflected in strategic documents, partially implemented and not yet reflected in making a regional strategy. Despite the high level of coordination of the SDGs and the strategic objectives of the region, there are the problematic areas, including the activities to combat poverty and gender policy. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020.

The TRIMODE integrated model for Europe combines the simulation of transport, economy and energy systems for the assessment of major transport infrastructure projects and policies. Within a single software platform, the model components include a full four stage Transport model of passenger and freight movements, an Energy model with dynamic vehicle fleets for all transport modes and an Economy model representing the complete macroeconomic system of European countries with a two-layer General Equilibrium model that works at both a regional and a national level. Covering the whole European Union and it neighbouring countries, the model has a very detailed spatial resolution of the transport system, with a NUTS III level multimodal network, coupled with detailed disaggregation of transport demand by socio-economic groups, purposes, etc. for passengers and by NST and handling categories, etc. for freight. The model considers all types of energy sources and technologies for all modes of transport.

In response to the current development towards electric waterborne transportation, this paper introduces the consequent gap in maritime education. Although the transition is only slowly progressing, the first crew members have already started operating fully electric vessels, but without any battery-specific training or certification. In this paper, the magnitude and type of information required in the transition is assessed by comparing existing maritime educational standards with battery-specific regulations. From this comparison three focal areas are identified; safety operation behavior, electrical engineering skills and overcoming myths and misunderstandings. The paper analyzes how education can best be composed to speed up the transition to electric waterborne transportation through a case study based on the experiences from the E-ferry project and the educational strategy of the World’s first pilot courses offered by a renowned Danish maritime academy. The paper concludes by recommending a range of myths that a course concept should help put to rest.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of employment opportunities in the RUF area in devoting more than 35 hours per week (full time). The survey is conducted on 326 labor samples determined by proportional random sampling method. Using the binomial logistic regression model of socio-economic variables, it is found that gender differences and the number of assets possessed have a significant effect on the magnitude of full-time employment opportunities. Whereas other socio-economic variables such as age, education and income showed a statistically insignificant effect.

The present study was conducted to evaluate livelihood status of fishing community of the Punorvaba River under Dinajpur Sadar Upazila during the period from January to August, 2013. The livelihood status of fishermen were studied in terms of age structure, family size and type, occupation status, educational status, housing condition, drinking water facilities, sanitary facilities, health facilities, credit facilities and monthly income. It was found that most of the fishermen were belonged to the age groups of 36-45 years (40%), represented by 90% Muslim. The family size of fishing community is usually consisted of 5-7 members. Over 45% of the fishermen primarily engaged in fishing. Among them 50% was illiterate and 7% was SSC and above group. About 40% of the fishermen received health service from village doctors, 23% from upazila health complex and remaining 7% got health service from MBBS doctors. Some management strategies such as prohibition of catching brood fish, control of destructive gears, establishments of fish sanctuaries, release of fish fry have been suggested by the fishermen to stop the decreasing trend in the fish catch and to enhance fish production.

Camps are temporal spaces where refugees are provided with humanitarian aid until durable solutions are made possible. During this period of ‘endless waiting’, these camps are planned to be economically self-contained. However, through time, refugee camps tend to urbanise: their initial empty spaces transform into vibrant markets, habitats and social spaces. In response to this ‘unexpected’ - and sometimes ‘unwanted’ - process, the economically self-contained system of camps breaks. This paper looks into the emerging socio-economic dynamics in Zaatari camp in Jordan, on the light of its urbanisation process and the Jordanian economy. It first explains the how humanitarian aid is provided, and then shows how and why, refugees use it to diversify the economy of the camp. The findings of this paper are then articulated on the existing policies to reduce the financial aid such as ‘self-reliance’ and ‘development’.

A network of Protected Areas (PAs) has been the main strategy adopted in India for conservation of biodiversity and wildlife. Thus, more than 600 PAs are established; however, pressures from the human settlements in the proximity have been a serious concern for their management. To appreciate the interplay of governance of PAs and human settlements around them, we selected Keoladeo National Park (KNP), a Ramsar and world heritage site in India, as a model. We compared the socio-economic state of the inhabitants in the 13 villages and their dependency on KNP for resources two decades ago with that of the present. Information on socio-economic indicators was collected from the villagers using a customized questionnaire. Data was also collected from concerned government departments. Significant changes in human population, literacy, households, fuel use, water level, agriculture, occupations and irrigation techniques were seen. Much of the traditional agricultural fields are now open for other uses. The changes reflect reconciliation by the neighborhood community with the governance strategy and a shift in their resource utilization. The major local driver for the changes was an abrupt change in conservation praxis in the KNP.

When we think of human nature, and of her organized unity, society, we realize that these structures entail a certain social order and that its main lines of development are shaped within such an order. The nature of the social order reveals, indirectly, essential characteristics of a human and society. Thus, the present thesis attempts at constructing an axis that could help us to deal with the generality of these issues of nature and social order. First moment in this attempt is to understand, philosophically, how the fiction for an idealized order can be constructed. Our first moment in this journey is to deal with the issue of constructing the philosophically idealized social order, on the basis of Plato’s and Aristotle’s writings. According to these two eminent philosophers, wisdom and well-being (“the good life”) form the main axis of such an order. In the next step, we are to be witnessed the intersection of this idealized fiction with the political reality itself, Spinoza being the specific example this time. Idealization and rationality escape, however brief, from the glamour of transcendental vis a vis passion and desire. Our inquiry of the social order proceeds, then, towards the issue of power through the writings of two monumental figures, Machiavelli and Hobbes, who present us the reality of the order directly and in its whole nakedness. Locke is our next step for the very reason that he was the one who reveals the essence of this reality quite explicitly through his emphasis on private property as the foundation of the social order. Construction of the social order encounters some, albeit partial, not essential, criticisms with the arguments of Rousseau’s. Rousseau represents, all the same, longing of the past, embarrassment of the present, and the opacity of the future. At the end, we will see that philosophical and political language in the attempt at constructing the social order will yield its prominence to the economic language devised by Adam Smith, who places the individual guided by her self-interest at the very center of the construction of the social order, with his notion of the “Invisible Hand”. In other words, our journey of constructing the social order that started with the constitutive power of the wise man ends with the actions of the individual whose conduct rests on the simplest and the most concrete motive of self-interest. This, in the end, completes our attempt at constructing the main axis of the social order from Plato to Smith. Keywords Social order, human nature, society, law, power, interest, private property, wealth. İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY…………………………………………………………………….. i BİLDİRİM…………………………………………………………………………….. ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI…………………… iii ETİK BEYAN………………………………………………………………………… iv TEŞEKKÜR…………………………………………………………………………... vi ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………………... x ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………... xi İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………………………………… xiii BİR BAŞLANGIÇ 1 BÖLÜM 1 İDEAL UYUM EVRENİ………………………………………………...10 1. 1. Bir Bilgelik Filozofu: Platon……………………………………………… 10 1. 2. Bir İyi Yaşam Filozofu: Aristoteles………………………………………. 23 BÖLÜM 2 İDEALE MESAFE ALIŞ; TOPLUMSAL, İNSANSAL GERÇEKLİĞE DOKUNUŞ…………………………………………………………………………… 36 2. 1. Bir Zorunluluk ve Olanak Filozofu: Benedictus Spinoza………………. 36 BÖLÜM 3 İDEAL OLANDAN SAPMA; DOĞRUDAN SOSYAL GERÇEKLİK................................................................................................................ 54 3. 1. Machiavelli’nin Büyüsü 54 3. 2. Bir İtaat Filozofu: Thomas Hobbes 60 3.3. İnterlüd. Bir Mülkiyet Filozofu: John Locke 71 BÖLÜM 4 SOSYAL GERÇEKLİĞİN İÇERİSİNDE İDEALİN YENİDEN KEŞFİ, ONA DUYULAN ÖZLEM 75 4. 1. Bir Pastoral Senfoni: Jean-Jacques Rousseau 75 BÖLÜM 5 YENİDEN AMA ÇOK DAHA KUVVETLİ, BASİT, SAF SOSYAL GERÇEKLİK 96 5. 1. Bir Sempati ve Zenginlik Filozofu: Adam Smith 96 YENİ BİR BAŞLANGIÇ İÇİN SON 122 KAYNAKÇA 135 EK 1. Etik Kurul İzni Muafiyet Formu…………………………………………….152 EK 2. Orijinallik Raporu……………………………………………………………153 İnsanın, onun örgütlü bir bütünlüğü olan toplumun doğası üzerine düşündüğümüzde, bu yapıların belirli bir sosyal düzeni içerdiğini, gelişiminin ana hatlarının bu düzen altında şekillendiğine tanık oluruz. Sosyal düzenin nasıllığı bize dolaylı olarak insanın, toplumun neliğini açık ediyor. Nasıllık ve nelik tartışmasının genelliği karşısında bir ana eksen belirleme çabası bu metnin özünü oluşturuyor. Felsefi, ideal bir düzen inşası kurgusu ilk uğrak. Platon ve Aristoteles özelinde, bilgelik ve iyi olmaklık ekseninde düzen örülmeye çalışılıyor. Bir adım sonrasında, Spinoza özelinde, ideal kurgunun siyasi gerçeklikle kesişimine tanık oluyoruz. İdeallik ve akılsallık; tutkunun, arzunun karşısında aşkın büyüsünden biraz biraz sıyrılıyor. Siyaset alanın, o muazzam güç, iktidar zemininin iki anıtsal figürü ile düzen soruşturması ilerliyor. Machiavelli ve Hobbes, bize düzen gerçekliğini tüm çıplaklığıyla, doğrudanlığıyla sunuyor. Bu gerçekliğin üzerine titrediği özü en yalın biçimiyle açık eden Locke, tam da bu yalınlığı özelinde, metnin harcına ekleniyor ilerleyen sayfalarda. Düzen inşası, Rousseau’nun argümanları üzerinden kısmı bir eleştiriyle yüz yüze kalıyor. Geçmiş zaman özlemi, şimdiki zaman sıkıntısı, gelecek zaman bulanıklılığı ve Rousseau. Felsefi, siyasi dil son sözü iktisadi dile bırakıyor ve Smith, kişisel çıkar temelinde durumunu iyileştirmeye çalışan insanı, “Görünmez El” dolayımı ekseninde düzen inşasında en başa yerleştiriyor. Böylelikle bilge kimsenin kurucu gücüyle başlayan düzen inşası serüveni, en basit, somut güdüyle iş gören, kişisel çıkarını izleyen insanın eyleyişinde düğümleniyor. Platon’dan Smith’e sosyal düzenin inşası bu eksende tamamlanıyor.

Areca nut (Areca catechu L) also known as betel nut or supari is the second most important plantation crop of Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) after coconut It has been observed that wide differences in productivity of areca nut exist among the farmers with in a village due to socio-economic status. A survey based study was conducted to understand the knowledge level of areca nut growers and link to productivity vis-a-vis socio-economic status. For this purpose, 120 areca nut farmers from four villages of Harinagar Panchayat were randomly selected. Data collected were analysed following standard statistical procedures. The results showed that 52.5% of areca nut growers had poor knowledge of cultivation and marketing. The study also revealed that about 45% growers had poor knowledge about selection of suitable site, soil and spacing requirement for plants. The analysis of socio-economic factors with knowledge level of farmers revealed that knowledge of respondents increased with the increase in their education and land holdings whereas it was negatively correlated with age and annual income. Further, the study also suggests that, educating the farmers through mass media, capacity building and demonstration will help them in learning/ adopting new technologies, which in turn help them to increase their productivity level and farming income on sustainable basis.

Communication networks often have limited resources to serve all users and flows, and therefore different network resource assignment schemes have been deployed that satisfy fairness notions such as max-min fairness or proportional fairness. The justification of why one notion suits over other must be given due analysis in designing and administrating of communication networks. We explore the development of such fairness notions and resource assignment policies from philosophical and economics roots and how they translate into network communications and its layered protocol architecture. We find that resource assignment policies are not commutative, which impacts communications traffic and its bidirectional nature. We observe the effect of prioritisation in assigned resource amounts under different notions of the α-fairness spectrum and when the proportion of prioritised participants is varied. After an exploratory discourse, we formulate steps for designing and administrating resource allocation schemes for network communications that takes distributive justice into consideration.

The objective of this paper is to discuss the use of geographical information and spatial analytical methodologies in urban safety research and planning. Based on previous empirical examples, the paper investigates the advances and challenges of studying crime and perceived safety using geographical information and spatial analytical methodologies. Studies of crime and perceived fear at the micro-level in the urban landscape are also reviewed, followed by a discussion of ecological studies, which often search for associations between crime and socio-economic characteristics of small areas. The use of geographical information and visualisation techniques has been incorporated into research and planning in public participation schemes and, more recently, into new methodologies aiming at predicting human movement patterns using real-time data. The paper reviews some of the current challenges for spatial urban safety research and concludes with prospects on the value of this form of analysis in the near future. QC 20131203

Economic support of the population in the Russian Federation suggests ways to interact with the help of which the specialists of social work have an impact on material and moral, national, family and other social interests and needs of subjects of social work. These methods play a leading role in the process of impact of social work on the individual and social groups. Socio-economic methods are applied in the form of natural and financial aid, establish benefits and lump sum benefits and compensation, patronage and consumer services, moral incentives and sanctions and so on. The correct application of economic methods in the technology of social work is assessed by their effectiveness, i.e. achieving the greatest social impact for clients and society with optimal expenses. Economic methods of support for population and social work occupy a Central place in the mechanism of social support; they affect the main aspects of the system of social protection, on the one hand, encouraging the individual to self-realization of its potential opportunities and self-sufficiency, providing individual, family, group specific socio-economic support in a crisis situation.

In establishing effective restoration goals, one of the four key issues of increased attention that Hobbs calls for is in the area of incorporating socio-economic investigations and theories into restoration practice in a synergistic manner. Although often commented upon by restoration practitioners, this is an area of research that is poorly developed, and because it relies on an uneasy combination of empirical and interpretative research methodologies a multidisciplinary alignment may be problematic in practice. This opinion piece is drawn from experiences in examining the after-use of industrially mined peatland landscapes, and synthesizes ideas that have emerged from socio-economic research over several years in order to offer an opinion on how Hobbs' call may be addressed. Because socio-economic concerns are at the root of all restoration projects, sociological methods may be useful as tools in stakeholder engagement in research and planning for landscape rehabilitation as a mechanism for reducing the potential for conflict and for facilitating participative or collaborative restoration. Author has checked copyright Names JG

Understanding the socio-economic factors that are associated with fishers’ willingness to delay gratification may be useful for designing appropriate fisheries management and conservation policies. We aim to identify the predictors of low discounting behaviour among fishers, which is analogous to having a longer-term outlook. We base our empirical study on two small-scale tropical reef fisheries in Sabah, Malaysia, and Fiji. We use an experimental approach to identify fishers with low discount rates, and then use a logistic regression model to identify predictors of low discount rates. We find that 42% of the respondents have low discount rates, and that site and village level variables are significant predictors of low discount rates. Within Sabah and Fiji, boat ownership and relative catch differentiate low discounting from non-low discounting fishers, but these variables have contradictory effects in Sabah and Fiji. Overall, our results imply that a substantial proportion of reef fishers may be willing to engage in conservation initiatives, however, local socio-cultural, economic, and ecological conditions have to be considered first during the process of designing management interventions.

The Coastal Area of Gunungkidul Regency has beautiful beaches supported by small scale fisheries activities that can attract tourists to visit. The problem of coastal management are waste overload and sectoral ego. The aims of this study are to identify socio-economics characteristics of tourists, the factors of push-pull tourists to visit, and estimate the economic value of coastal areas. Criteria of push factors tourist based on self motivation, while the pull factors based on the perception of tourists. Estimation of economic value using travel cost method. The research was conducted by survey technique. The main tourist destinations to go are to enjoy the beauty of the beach (81%), observation of natural resources (11%), and school assignment (8%), with self motivation are potential of natural resources (62%), closed distance from home (24) %), and low cost (14%). The perception of the tourists associated with the beach is quite beautiful (77%) with clean and well maintained condition (72%), but needs public facilities (38%). Estimated economic value of coastal tourism is IDR 3.1 billion per year showed that coastal areas need to be maintained for future generations. Collaborative and transparent management of coastal resources between community and government is essential to maintain coastal tourism sustainability.

This article reports the findings on analyses of landscape morphology by density and green space distribution of the Stockholm county region, correlations between morphology and socio-economic data and assessments of two regional development scenarios for 2030 modelled in the proposed regional plan (The Office of Regional Planning and Urban Transportation in Stockholm 2010). Today, Stockholm is a relatively green and spacious metropolitan region with a small compact city core. We found the correlations between compactness (product of floor area and nature recreation area) and highly mixed parcels (R 2 = 0.729, p < 0.001), between compactness and overweight (R2 = 0.47, p < 0.001) and between accessibility to nature recreation and reduced psychological well-being (R 2 = 0.40, p < 0.001). It seems that new housing developments and income levels are driven by compactness in the city centre and spaciousness (quotient of nature recreation area and floor area) in the suburban periphery. The scenario FÖRDELAD is more spread out and spacious in the periphery and the scenario TÄT is more compacted in the city centre; however, both scenarios decrease in compactness and spaciousness in the inner suburbs. We consider that the decline in spaciousness in inner suburbia would be accepted if compactness also increased a situation that is not part of either scenario. The apparent risk of this development is that suburbia will lose its attractiveness and this will fall to a level that it will fuel even more peripheral sprawl. With support from the correlation studies and other sprawl research, we suggest that this planned development could have severe negative consequences for sustainability and attractiveness, which are claimed to be the core goals in the proposed regional plan. QC 20120216 greenbelt, socio-economics, landscape morphology, nature recreation

Journal quality is a major consideration for authors, readers, and promotion and tenure committees, among others. Unfortunately, most behavioral economics and socio-economics journals are not included in published rankings or in Journal Citation Reports. Consequently, no objective ranking of these journals exists. To address this need, a list of journals in behavioral economics and socio-economics was compiled, and the number of articles that cited each journal was recorded for the periods 2001-2005, 1996-2000, and 1996-2005. In all periods Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization was ranked first and Journal of Economic Psychology second. In 2001-2005 Journal of Socio-Economics ranked third.

Our study seeks to prove that German Stability Culture is a myth. The concept is a core legitimizing element of economic policy discourse in Germany and used regularly to juxtapose Germany and northern Europe and the euro area periphery. Using Eurobarometer surveys we construct a measurement for Stability Culture which is based on the priority assigned to the fight against inflation. Our empirical analysis covers the 2002 to 2010 timespan and includes 27 European Union Member States. Our results show that the distinction between northern states with an allegedly strong and southern states with an allegedly weak Stability Culture is a myth. Controlling for actual inflation, we find that the northern Member States with an allegedly high Stability Culture are less concerned with price stability than the rest of the EU. Intermediate version; University of Edinburgh, School of Law Research Paper 2015/34; Europa Institute Working Paper 2015/06

Beijing, the capital city of China, is one of the largest and most rapidly-urbanizing cities in the world. In this work, we present the main results of one decade’s research on urban vegetation and plant diversity changes in different urban structural units. Urban vegetation/plant diversity has been studied at two different levels: at the landscape level (greening percentage, fragmentation degree) and at the plant species level (structure, composition, and origin). Finally, concerns with the ability to study Beijing’s plant urban ecology are discussed.Pekín, la capital de China, es una de las urbes más pobladas y a la vez con una de las tasas de expansión urbana más rápidas del mundo. En el presente trabajo, se presentan los principales resultados tras una década de estudio de los cambios en la vegetación y diversidad vegetal urbana a lo largo de las diferentes unidades estructurales urbanas. La vegetación y la diversidad vegetal urbana se han estudiado a dos niveles: a nivel de paisaje (porcentaje de zonas verdes, grado de fragmentación) y a nivel de especie (estructura, composición y origen). En último lugar se discuten algunos aspectos relacionados con la metodología de estudio de la ecología urbana en Pekín. [zh] 不同时空尺度上的城市绿地和植物多样性：以北京市为例。— 中国的首都北京是世界上最大且发展最快的城 市之一。本文展示了过去10余年间北京不同城市结构单元中城市绿地和植物多样性变化的主要研究结果。我 们对城市绿地和植物多样性在两个不同的尺度上进行了研究：在景观尺度上（如绿化率，破碎化程度等）和 植物群落尺度上（植物结构，组成和来源等）。最后，我们对未来城市植物学研究谈了几点看法。

Recent evidence suggests that the burden of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa is concentrated among young people, especially females. Even in a country such as South Africa where knowledge among young people of how to protect oneself from infection is rather high, such information may not always be usable in daily situations of economic and social disadvantage that characterise many of their lives. Despite this possibility, there are surprisingly few definitive studies that examine the effects of socioeconomic status on HIV risk and prevention behaviours among youth in South Africa.Using household survey data collected in 2001, this study investigates how socioeconomic disadvantage has influenced the sexual behaviour and experiences of 4 000 young women and men aged 14–24 years in KwaZulu-Natal province — an area characterised by high HIV prevalence and high rates of poverty and inequality. Socioeconomic disadvantage, measured here as low relative household wealth, is found to be associated with a variety of unsafe sexual behaviours and experiences, particularly for females. Among young women low wealth is associated with earlier sexual debut, having had multiple sexual partners in the year before the survey, and lower chances of condom use at last sex. It is also associated with increased chances that first female sexual experience is non-consensual and with higher odds of females having traded sex and having experienced physically forced sex. For females and males, low wealth reduces the chances of discussing safe-sex practices with the most recent sexual partner. Without sufficient attention, during the design and placement of HIV prevention programmes, to the gendered economic and social conditions in which individuals live — conditions that can make people more or less vulnerable to behaviours and experiences that may lead to infection — the potential effectiveness of the global response to HIV/AIDS is sacrificed. Keywords: HIV/AIDS; inequality; prevention; socio-economics; social epidemiology; youthAfrican Journal of AIDS Research 2005, 4(1): 37–50

St Lucia is one of the largest estuarine systems in Africa, and attracts thousands of anglers each year. Catch card data from the National Marine Linefish System for the years 1986–1999 were analysed to determine catch composition, catch per unit effort ( cpue ) and seasonality of catches by recreational anglers. Because not all anglers completed catch cards, estimates of total catch were made using additional data on the number of private boat outings, the number of boat trailers at boat slipways and the number of boats recorded entering the campsite gates during 1992 and 1993. In all, 27 fish families, constituting 55 species, were recorded by recreational anglers. Dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus , spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii , perch Acanthopagrus berda , Natal stumpnose Rhabdosargus sarba , springer Elops machnata and mini-kob Johnius dorsalis were the most prominent species caught in terms of numbers and mass. Catch rates expressed numerically (fish angler -1 h -1 ) peaked during the summer and early winter. However, in terms of mass, catch rates peaked during late winter and spring, when there were increased landings of large dusky kob. Fluctuations in cpue were linked to salinity and estuary mouth conditions (i.e. mouth closure). Despite annual fluctuations in cpue , regression analysis revealed an overall downward trend for the dominant species (dusky kob and spotted grunter) and a gradual increase for stumpnose, perch and springer, but with the exception of stumpnose, these trends were not significant. Socio-economic aspects of the fishery were also investigated by conducting an independent boat-angler survey. The value of the recreational fishery, in terms of accommodation and direct angler expenditure, was estimated to be in the region of R9 million during 1992. Angler attitudes towards fishing regulations were positive and anglers generally had a good knowledge of the regulations for target species. Based on this assessment, a number of suggestions are made regarding the future management of the recreational fishery at St Lucia. Keywords: catch and effort, management, recreational angling, socio-economics, St Lucia estuarine system African Journal of Marine Science 2002, 24: 263–279

Lake Chad commonly serves as a major hub of fertile economic activities for the border communities and contributes immensely to the national growth of all the countries that form its boundaries. However, incessant and multi-decadal drying via climate change pose greater threats to this transnational water resource, and adverse effects on ecological sustainability and socio-economic status of the catchment area. Therefore, this study assessed the extent of shrinkage of Lake Chad using remote sensing. Landsat imageries of the lake and its surroundings between 1987 and 2005 were retrieved from Global Land Cover Facility website and analysed using Integrated Land and Water Information System version 3.3 (ILWIS 3.3). Supervised classification of area around the lake was performed into various land use/land cover classes, and the shrunk part of its environs was assessed based on the land cover changes. The shrinkage trend within the study period was also analysed. The lake water size reduced from 1339.018 to 130.686 km 2 (4.08–3.39%) in 1987–2005. The supervised classification of the Landsat imageries revealed an increase in portion of the lake covered by bare ground and sandy soil within the reference years (13 490.8–17 503.10 km 2 ) with 4.98% total range of increase. The lake portion intersected with vegetated ground and soil also reduced within the period (11 046.44–10 078.82 km 2 ) with 5.40% (967.62 km 2 ) total decrease. The shrunk part of the lake covered singly with vegetation increased by 2.74% from 1987 to 2005. The shrunk part of the lake reduced to sand and turbid water showed 5.62% total decrease from 1987 to 2005 and a total decrease of 1805.942 km 2 in area. The study disclosed an appalling rate of shrinkage and damaging influences on the hydrologic potential, eco-sustainability and socio-economics of the drainage area as revealed using ILWIS 3.3.

El presente estudio explora aspectos relacionados con la conservación de bosques nativos del occidente de la regiónamazónica ecuatoriana (provincias de Napo, Pastaza y Morona Santiago) y la relación de ésta con algunas variablessociales y económicas. Los datos se generaron en ciento veinte y dos predios de dos grupos de finqueros: unos pertenecientesa la iniciativa Socio Bosque y otros no, la fase de campo se realizó entre febrero a marzo de 2014. En lainformación recogida, se incluyeron aspectos geográficos, sociales, laborales, de uso del suelo y de actividades futuras.Entre otros resultados, se evidencia que la mayoría de propietarios desea mantener sus zonas boscosas conespecies nativas, pero manifiesta la necesidad de contar con capacitaciones más frecuentes en torno a la dinámica delos ecosistemas locales y las formas más idóneas para cuidarlos.

Purpose This study explored cross-country differences in the additive effects of socio-economic characteristics, health behaviors and medical comorbidities on subjective health of patients with diabetes. Methods The study analyzed data from the Research on Early Life and Aging Trends and Effects (RELATE). The participants were 9,179 adults with diabetes who were sampled from 15 countries (i.e. China, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, United States, Mexico, Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Uruguay, India, Ghana, South Africa, and Russia). We fitted three logistic regressions to each country. Model I only included socio-economic characteristics (i.e. age, gender, education and income). In Model II, we also included health behaviors (i.e. smoking, drinking, and exercise). Model III included medical comorbidities (i.e. hypertension, respiratory disease, heart disease, stroke, and arthritis), in addition to the previous blocks. Results Our models suggested cross-country differences in the additive effects of socio-economic characteristics, health behaviors and comorbidities on perceived health of patients with diabetes. Comorbid heart disease was the only condition that was consistently associated with poor subjective health regardless of country. Conclusion Countries show different profiles of social and behavioral determinants of subjective health among patients with diabetes. Our study suggests that universal programs that assume that determinants of well-being are similar across different countries may be over-simplistic. Thus instead of universal programs that use one protocol for health promotion of patients in all countries, locally designed interventions should be implemented in each country.

ObjectiveTo investigate the sociodemographic determinants of diet quality of the elderly in four EU countries.DesignCross-sectional study. For each country, a regression was performed of a multidimensional index of dietary qualityv. sociodemographic variables.SettingIn Finland, Finnish Household Budget Survey (1998 and 2006); in Sweden, SNAC-K (2001–2004); in the UK, Expenditure & Food Survey (2006–07); in Italy, Multi-purpose Survey of Daily Life (2009).SubjectsOne- and two-person households of over-50s (Finland,n2994; UK,n4749); over-50 s living alone or in two-person households (Italy,n7564); over-60 s (Sweden,n2023).ResultsDiet quality among the EU elderly is both low on average and heterogeneous across individuals. The regression models explained a small but significant part of the observed heterogeneity in diet quality. Resource availability was associated with diet quality either negatively (Finland and UK) or in a non-linear or non-statistically significant manner (Italy and Sweden), as was the preference for food parameter. Education, not living alone and female gender were characteristics positively associated with diet quality with consistency across the four countries, unlike socio-professional status, age and seasonality. Regional differences within countries persisted even after controlling for the other sociodemographic variables.ConclusionsPoor dietary choices among the EU elderly were not caused by insufficient resources and informational measures could be successful in promoting healthy eating for healthy ageing. On the other hand, food habits appeared largely set in the latter part of life, with age and retirement having little influence on the healthiness of dietary choices.

Our study seeks to put the assumptions of German Stability Culture to the test. The concept is a core legitimizing element of economic policy discourse in Germany and used regularly to juxtapose Germany and northern Europe and the euro area periphery. Using Eurobarometer surveys we construct a measurement for Stability Culture which is based on the priority assigned to the fight against inflation. Our empirical analysis covers the 2002 to 2010 timespan and includes 27 European Union Member States. Our results show that the distinction between northern states with an allegedly strong and southern states with an allegedly weak Stability Culture is a myth. Controlling for actual inflation, we find that the northern Member States with an allegedly high Stability Culture are less concerned with price stability than the rest of the EU.

The study examined the effects of improved fish production technology on the output of fish farmers in Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. A total of 125 respondents were selected. Primary data was collected with the use of structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for the study. Mean age of respondents was 39.8 years. Also majority were male (83.2%), had tertiary education (84.0%) and kept Catfish (90.4%). The mean income earned was N 1,012,320.00. Commonly used/ adopted improved fish technologies were floating feeds (84.8%), standard feeding regimes (84.0%), improved breeds of fingerlings (80.0%) and provision of inlet and outlet devices in pond (78.4). Farmers’ perceptions were that the use of improved fish production technology saves time (mean=1.34), increases profit/improved income (mean=1.12) and conserves fish farmers’ energy (mean=1.08). This study found average increase in output: input ratio as 0.77 kg of harvest per fish fingerlings stocked due to improved fish technology when compared to that before adoption of improved technology. Most indicated constraints faced by fish farmers were inadequate capital (88.0%), high cost of feed (79.2%) and high cost of fingerlings (71.2%). Profit increase/improved income of catfish farmers via higher yield/harvest due to adoption of new technology was found to be positively correlated with age (p

La terminologie employée pour la définition des trames vertes urbaines (projet, infrastructures aménagées, flux, corridors, amélioration du cadre de vie, collectivités territoriales) rappelle celle des infrastructures de transport, éléments fixes d’un réseau permettant la circulation des personnes et des biens dans des territoires. Cet article examine l’apport des différentes méthodes socio-économiques d’évaluation des infrastructures de transport pour la prise en compte, par les aménageurs, des trames vertes urbaines. Il pointe les limites de ces méthodes pour les trames vertes urbaines, du fait de la pluralité des services écosystémiques liés à la biodiversité, de la diversité des acteurs concernés et des échelles d’aménagement. Il préconise une méthode d’évaluation multicritères pluraliste spatialisée, avec des indicateurs monétaires et non monétaires et envisage les conditions d’une évaluation démocratique. The terminology used for the definition of urban greenways (project, developed infrastructure, flows, corridors, improvement of living conditions, local authorities) is reminiscent of the transport infrastructures, fixed elements of a network for the movement of people and goods inside territories. This article examines the contribution of socio-economic evaluation methods of transport infrastructures to evaluate, by developers, the urban greenways. It highlights the limits of these methods for the urban greenways, because of the plurality of ecosystem services related to biodiversity, the diversity of stakeholders and scales of development. It advocates a spatial pluralistic Multi-criteria evaluation method, with monetary and non-monetary items, and takes into consideration the conditions for a democratic evaluation.

Many researchers have found that socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in determining physiological and psychological health levels of the population. This implies that socioeconomic inequalities tend to produce health inequalities. It is also generally accepted that the level of unemployment, income inequality and poverty levels are largely affected by economic policies and the economic cycles. They can also influence economic growth, human capital levels and thus productivity which play an important role on health inequalities. Economic policies can also influence the occurrence, frequency, duration and the strength of economic cycles which in turn influence socioeconomic factors and therefore health inequalities. Thus, this short review will discuss the conduct and the effects of economic policy on health inequalities especially during recessionary periods. The paper starts with a discussion of the need and of the instruments of economic policy and also its effectiveness in smoothing the economic cycle. It also examines the interplay between main policy targets such as unemployment and inflation with political considerations. Finally, it concentrates on the effects of economic policies for health inequalities in view of economic recessions.

Nepal being the poorest country in the world, poverty remains one of the crucial development agenda in Nepal since it started its development effort in 1956. Therefore, this review paper analyzes the poverty and food insecurity in Nepal. Macro economic indicators of the country i.e., Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate and inflation rate shows that the country is historically a low growth country with inflation rate always higher than the GDP growth rate. Therefore, macroeconomic indicators are not in favorable condition to tackle the overarching problem of poverty incidence in the country. Since 1976/77, poverty incidence is in increasing trend in Nepal. It was only in 2003/04, some progress in reducing poverty was reported, which was mainly due to the significantly higher inflow of remittance compared to earlier years, rapid urbanization, and an increase in non-farm incomes. This resulted not only in the decline in proportion of population suffering from poverty but also decline in the absolute number of population suffering from poverty. However, such decline in incidence of poverty was achieved at the cost of increased inequality.The gini coefficient increased from 0.24 in the year 1984/85 to 0.41 in 2003/04. Imbalanced growth in rural and urban areas could be the reason for increase in gini coefficient. Reduction of poverty in urban areas remains always high compared to that of rural areas. Therefore, poverty incidence remains always the highest in Mid-western and Farwestern rural hills. Also, poverty and food insecurity is the highest among female headed household, dalit and ethnic communities, small landholding households, households engaged in laboring and agriculture. This is mainly due to unequal distribution of resources such as land, social discrepancy, and lack of access to basic social and economic structures. Government has been giving the fi rst priority to the reduction of poverty since eighth five year plan (1992). But the government’s programs are failed to reach the target population. For instance government programs represent less than 10% of the national food deficit. Therefore, besides in-depth analysis of poverty at household level in order to understand location specifi c problem of poverty and food insecurity, expansion of government programs focusing on targeted population is very critical in dealing with the problems of poverty and food insecurity.

Europe's Lisbon strategy has reinforced e-Government as a potential provider of major entomic boost by facilitating new and better services for all citizens and companies and reinforcing e-Democracy developments. The NMS are invited to play an active role in elaborating the new Information Society policy issues identified. This paper will explore the e-Readiness of NMS services environment, focusing in the case of Cyprus, in the framework of four specific socio-economic domains identifying policies and technological e-Services research implications as regards. 161 169 Conference code: 94350