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Straipsnyje analizuojama moterų, patiriančių seksualinę prievartą artimoje aplinkoje, pagalbos prieinamumas problemų, su kuriomis jos susiduria, nustatymo kontekste. Smurto prieš moteris problema Lietuvoje pradėta kelti santykinai neseniai, tik atkūrus Lietuvos Nepriklausomybę. Pirmieji tyrimai atlikti dar XX amžiaus paskutiniajame dešimtmetyje, bet visuomenė problemos mastą įsisąmonino gerokai vėliau. 2011 m. priimtas LR Apsaugos nuo smurto artimoje aplinkoje įstatymas, nuo kurio prasidėjo sisteminė valstybinė pagalba smurto artimoje aplinkoje (toliau – SAA) aukoms. Tik pastaraisiais metais pradėta kalbėti apie smurto problemas specifinėse grupėse (pvz., seksualinis SAA). Be to, pastebėta, kad tiek tyrimuose, tiek kovos su smurtu praktikoje dominuoja viena smurto rūšis – fizinis smurtas, o bene labiausiai nutylimas seksualinis smurtas tiek artimoje aplinkoje, tiek už jos ribų. Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti problemas, su kuriomis susiduria moterys, patiriančios seksualinę prievartą artimoje aplinkoje, ir pagalbos prieinamumo galimybes. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: smurtas, artima aplinka, seksualinis smurtas artimoje aplinkoje, apsaugos nuo smurto artimoje aplinkoje įstatymas. The article analyses the situation of access to help for women who have experienced sexual abuse, and identifies the problems they face after experiencing sexual abuse in a close relationship. The European Commission’s Strategy on the Rights of Victims of Crime 2020–2025 identifies the need to improve assistance and support for the most vulnerable victims of crime. Domestic violence has recently become one of the most debated topics in the field of human rights protection and criminal justice in Lithuania. Violence is directly linked to a complicated phenomenon, the categories of force, power and authority. The Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Protection against Violence in a Close Relationship ‘aims to protect people from violence in a close relationship, which is classified as an act of public importance due to its damage to society, to react quickly to the threat, to take preventive measures, to apply protective measures, and to provide appropriate assistance’. In order to assess the problems faced by women experiencing sexual violence in a close relationship, from 2020 to 2023 the Klaipeda Social and Psychological Support Centre, together with its partners, implemented the project # StopNow! of assistance for victims of gender-based violence, aiming to increase accessibility to the specialised complex assistance provided, by empowering specialists from Specialised Complex Assistance Centres to provide assistance to women experiencing sexual violence in a close relationship. The aim of the article: to highlight the problems faced by women experiencing sexual violence in a close relationship and the possibilities of access to assistance. The subject of the article: the problems faced by women experiencing sexual abuse in a close relationship and the possibilities of access to help. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, legal documents and statistical data, analysis of secondary data sources, questionnaire survey of specialists working in the field of protection from violence, assistance, provision of services and prevention, focus group interviews with experts, and interviews with women who have experienced sexual violence in a close relationship. The paper is divided into five parts. The first part provides a brief overview of the issues, scope, legal and policy context, and research on domestic violence in Lithuania. The second part describes how the empirical material was handled, and the principles of the analysis. The third part analyses data from a survey of professionals working in the fields of protection from violence, assistance, service provision and prevention. The fourth part provides an overview of the specificities in the provision of assistance to female victims of sexual violence and the experience of professionals. The fifth part analyses the experience of women victims of sexual violence, based on an interpretation of the data obtained. There are many studies or parts of studies on the prevalence of sexual violence against women, but it is difficult to know how reliable they are, as women tend to hide these crimes. In a 1994 study, 20% of women and 3.6% of men responded positively to the question of whether the respondent had experienced an attempted rape. In a 2000 survey, 14% of women and 1% of men said they had experienced attempted rape. According to the Victimology Survey in Lithuania, 26.5% of adult women have been sexually assaulted at least once by strangers since they were 16 years old, 18.2% by men they know, and 17% have been forced to have sex by their dating partners. Sexual violence is also prevalent in families: 8.6% of married or cohabiting women were forced to have sex by their spouse or partner, and 14% by an ex-spouse or partner, either by pushing them or by inflicting pain in some way. Researchers who have studied criminal legal protection in the context of violence in a close relationship argue that sexual violence is particularly latent, and this is due to a number of factors: the extremely private nature of sexual relationships, stereotypical attitudes towards gender roles, and inadequate criminal justice responses. The research was based on quantitative (a survey) and qualitative research methodologies proposed by the social sciences, using mixed purposive sampling and three sampling methods: survey, individual interviews, and focus group interviews. The first group of respondents were professionals working in the field of protection, assistance, service provision and prevention of violence. The second group of respondents were expert professionals who have provided assistance or services to victims of violence in a close relationship. The third group of respondents were women who have experienced sexual violence in a close relationship. Almost half the respondents confirmed that their workplaces have certain algorithms or guidelines on how to provide protection or assistance to women victims of sexual violence, while just over half said that there are none. The most aware of such algorithms or instructions are health-care workers and law enforcement officials, while the least aware are employees of SKPCs and social service providers, and those in management positions. [...] Keywords: violence, close environment, sexual violence in a close environment, law on protection against violence in a close environment, Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Protection against Violence in a Close Environment.

2007–2011 metais vyko aktyvūs alkoholio politikos formavimo, teisėkūros kaitos procesai, tad šiame straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip keitėsi Lietuvos visuomenės sveikatos koalicijos veikla politikos lauke analizuojamuoju laikotarpiu. Tyrimui konceptualizuoti taikytos advokataujančių koalicijų modelio koncepcijos. Metodologijos pagrindu pasirinktas kokybinis tyrimas, derinant jį su dokumentų analize. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad 2006–2007 m. pradėjusi telktis visuomenės sveikatos koalicija galutinai struktūravosi alkoholio politikos lauke 2011–2012 m. Lietuvos visuomenės sveikatos koalicijos sutelkimą nulėmė nuoseklus lyderio veikimas ir tinkama komunikacija. 2011 m. susiformavo plati alkoholio pramonės koalicija, lėmusi konfliktą tarp visuomenės sveikatos ir alkoholio pramonės koalicijos. Šia koalicija siekta liberalizuoti alkoholio reklamą ir jai tai pavyko 2011 m. pabaigoje. Nepaisant to visuomenės sveikatos koalicija sėkmingai įgyvendino savo strateginius tikslus – sustiprino ir sutelkė plačią koaliciją, kurdama alkoholio politiką ir ją griežtindama sėkmingai pasitelkė mokslinius įrodymus, jais pagrįsdama savo pozicijas ir siekdama strateginių tinklų. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: alkoholio politika, advokacijų koalicijos modelio teorija, visuomenės sveikatos koalicija, nevyriausybinės organizacijos. The article analyses changes in the activities of the Lithuanian Public Health Coalition in the political arena from 2007 to 2011. The process of Lithuania’s alcohol policy is almost unexplored in terms of the involvement, contributions and impact of the Public Health Coalition (PHC). Concepts of the model of advocacy coalitions were used in order to conceptualise the study, and based on them, the following qualitative problems were raised: 1) to investigate the ways in which some NGOs and favourably disposed politicians joined the coalition (conditionally called the Public Health Coalition) and acted in the political process under the belief in the harmful social consequences of alcohol; 2) to study the effect of resonance calamities (violent crimes against children and adults committed by drunk people) on the change in the alcohol policy process. This study is focused on the initial stages in the Lithuanian alcohol policy process and the roles of its actors (mainly the PHC, but also politicians, the alcohol industry, and other business interests and executive authorities involved). Due to the harmful effects caused by alcohol drinkers, the greatest attention is focused on NGO involvement in the PHC. The process on Lithuanian alcohol policy is examined thematically. Qualitative research, combined with document analysis, was applied as a basis for the methodology. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in order to help the analysis of attitudes, convictions and actions of alcohol policy actors. In selecting interviewees, most importance was given to the criteria of involvement in Lithuanian alcohol policy, and the corresponding roles assumed. The qualitative research included 36 informants. The research was carried out from March to December 2021. Alongside the interviews, other sources disclosing the performance of the PHC, such as common agreements and statements, documents of public policy analysis and monitoring, communication media, etc, were employed. Document analysis was used to complement interview data relating to the expression of PHC alcohol policy beliefs. The research data revealed that the formation of a professionally functioning PHC was initiated thanks to the joint efforts of organisations supporting the temperance movement (NGOs in the political arena). In the later stages, some state institutions and some of their members (usually on the basis of collaboration in the advocacy process), institutions of the Catholic Church and individual activists became involved. No less important was the PHC partnership with separate political forces: political parties, separate groups of members of parliament, etc. The process of creating a broad coalition was long-lasting, quite dynamic, and depended on the context of alcohol policy. The main actor in creating a collective advocacy operation (the roles of strategy development, leadership, coordination, attracting support, and roles in making tactical solutions) were the National Tobacco and Alcohol Control Coalition and its leaders. They initiated the creation, maintenace, and, if necessary (due to the changing circumstances in alcohol policy), the expansion of the coalition. In the period 2008 to 2011, the coalition made use of four key tactics, responding to the aforementioned strategies: 1) working directly with decision makers (various political institutions) in order to persuade them to change their position, and, in the long-run, expecting their support; 2) active networking in order to take advantage of favourably disposed officials (public policy mediators) and their involvement in networking; 3) symbolic politics by exploiting publicity-friendly communication (effective messages, promotions and symbols), thus also aiming indirectly at influencial decision makers; 4) making use of international organisations and their support as a basis for strengthening their communication and overall position. The implementation of PHC strategies is explained by the advocacy campaign of 2011. It was directed against the liberalisation of alcohol advertising. All the events analysed in the study showed quite a high level of conflict (or at least moderate as far as the advocacy model is concerned). This was determined not only by the specific subsystem of alcohol policy, but also by moral values and oppositional networking. Having summarised the results of the study, it was observed that the activitities of the National Tobacco and Alcohol Coalition, being guided and coordinated by the PHC, were neither short-term nor trivial. Starting with the gathering in 2006 and 2007, the PHC was finally structured in the field of alcohol policy in 2011 and 2012. The PHC had applied the following relevant strategies (in terms of the availability of resources, the composition of coalition members, and the organisation of networking): 1) alcohol policy based on scientific evidence; 2) PHC strengthening with the aim of creating a wide network of NGOs and partner organisations (thus building a broad coalition). [...] Keywords: alcohol policy, advocacy coalition, model theory, Public Health Coalition, non-governmental organisations.

Platesnės apimties ir išsamesnių tyrimų, skirtų mirties reiškiniui Lietuvos kariuomenėje 1919–1940 m., kol kas nėra atlikta. Lietuvos istoriografijoje apsiribojama tarpukario (tarp 1926 ir 1937 m.) Lietuvos kariuomenės arba jos buvusių karininkų paskelbtais karo nuostolių skaičiais. Teiginys apie 1,4 tūkst. žuvusiųjų Lietuvos nepriklausomybės kare 1919–1920 m. istoriografijoje buvo virtęs savotiška aksioma. Atskirą tyrimą galima rengti apie tai, kaip plito 1937 m. Petro Rusecko paskelbtas aukų skaičius (su vardiniu sąrašu) skirtingų autorių darbuose (panašūs skaičiai tarpukariu buvo publikuojami ir kituose leidiniuose), nors istorikas Paulius Šležas dar tais pačiais 1937 m. P. Rusecko duomenis sukritikavo. Esminė minėtų duomenų spraga, kad juose į vieną sąrašą ir apibendrintą statistinį skaičių sujungti žuvę Lietuvos kariai nuo 1919 m. iki 1928 m., – aktyvūs karo veiksmai jau buvo pasibaigę de jure 1920 m. (remiantis Lietuvos kariuomenės įsakymu) arba de facto 1923 m., nors pavienių incidentų pasienyje su Lenkija pasitaikė visą tarpukarį. Kitas šios problemos aspektas, kad į žuvusiųjų sąrašą P. Ruseckas įtraukė ir tuos, kurių mirtys tiesiogiai su karo veiksmais nebuvo susijusios. Tarp karo aukų yra savižudžių, skenduolių, nelaimingų atsitikimų aukų. Be to, į aukų sąrašus nepateko dalis mirusiųjų, kadangi sąrašas buvo sudaromas pirmiausia remiantis palaidojimais, nes karo medicinos tarnyba mirčių neregistravo, tik vedė sužeistųjų ir susirgusiųjų statistiką. Į apskaitą nepateko ir dalis tų, kurie buvo išvežti palaidoti į šeimos kapavietes, ir kitais atvejais. Šis tyrimas siekia aptarti karių mirčių, tiesiogiai nesusijusių su kariniais veiksmais, priežastis Lietuvos kariuomenėje tarpukariu. Įgyvendinant tai, iš karių mirčių statistikos pirmiausia reikėjo išskirti tuos, kurie mirė taikos metu. Toliau bandyta sugrupuoti mirčių priežastis pagal kategorijas. Galiausiai, remiantis vieno kariuomenės dalinio, 7-ojo pėstininkų pulko, pavyzdžiu, straipsnyje atskleidžiamas atskirų mirčių priežasčių kategorijų dažnumas ir pasiskirstymas pagal metus. Vykdant tyrimą, duomenys apie mirusius karius buvo imami iš penkių šaltinių: 1) iš duomenų apie kariuomenės netektis – duomenis 1937 m. paskelbė P. Ruseckas; 2) iš karių kapų registro, kuris paskelbtas 2003 m. atlase; 3) iš karo aukų sąrašo, kuris iškaltas Vytauto Didžiojo karo muziejaus kriptoje esančiose lentose; 4) iš Lietuvos centriniame valstybės archyve saugomų dokumentų; 5) iš kariams skirto savaitinio žurnalo Karys, kurį Lietuvos kariuomenė leido 1920–1940 m. Pašalinus pasikartojančius atvejus, suvesti duomenys leido sudaryti maksimaliai išsamų mirusių karių sąrašą, apimantį beveik 3,5 tūkst. Lietuvos karių mirčių atvejų. Sąrašas nėra baigtinis, nes pavieniai mirčių atvejai fiksuojami ir toliau. Dėl šios priežasties straipsnyje susitelkta ne į kiekybinių duomenų pristatymą, o į bandymą identifikuoti ir sugrupuoti mirčių priežastis taikos metu. Šias priežastis ne tik bandyta apibendrinti visos Lietuvos kariuomenės mastu. Vieno kariuomenės dalinio pavyzdžiu straipsnyje pateikiama ir kiekybinė mirties priežasčių charakteristika. 7-asis pėstininkų Žemaičių kunigaikščio Butegeidžio pulkas tam pasirinktas dėl kelių priežasčių. Pirmoji, tai faktas, kad šis pulkas egzistavo nuo 1919 m. iki pat 1940 m., t. y. jis nebuvo išformuotas 1923 m. ar 1926 m., o vėliau (1934 m.) atkurtas, kaip kai kurie kiti kariuomenės pulkai. Tai leidžia disponuoti duomenimis apie visą laikotarpį. Antroji priežastis – šis pulkas karo metu aktyviai dalyvavo kovos veiksmuose, skirtingai nei dalis kitų Lietuvos kariuomenės vienetų, kurie Nepriklausomybės karo metais buvo rezerve arba saugojo nepagrindinius fronto ruožus. Tai leidžia aiškiau išskirti taikos meto aukas iš bendro aukų skaičiaus. Galiausiai trečioji, ne mažiau svarbi, priežastis yra nuosekliai ir sistemingai pulke vestas mirusių karių sąrašas, kuris išliko ir šiuo metu saugomas archyve. Toks sąrašas leido analizuoti išsamius duomenis apie šio pulko mirusius karius. Tyrimo metu surinkti ir susisteminti duomenys leidžia teigti, kad, be karinių veiksmų, karių mirtis Lietuvos kariuomenėje tarpukariu lėmė virtinė kitų priežasčių. Straipsnyje pateiktas mirties priežasčių pristatymas ir vieno pulko atvejo tyrimas rodo, kad reikšmingą dalį mirties priežasčių sudarė įvairios ligos. Tarp jų išsiskiria vidurių šiltinė, gripas ir plaučių uždegimas. Rečiau identifikuoti tokie fataliniai susirgimai kaip tuberkuliozė, rožė, apendicitas, leukemija, meningitas, paratifas ir kt. Pulko atvejo analizė rodo, kad tarp jaunų vyrų dažniausia medicinine mirties priežastimi tapdavo infekcinės ligos, ypač vidurių šiltinė ir plaučių uždegimas. Tokioms ligoms plisti palankią terpę sudarydavo tarnybos sąlygos ir higiena, ypač gyvenamųjų patalpų būklė. Infekcinės ligos plito ne vien dėl ankštos kasdienės karių aplinkos, bet dėl naudojimosi tais pačiais vandens šaltiniais ir kita infrastruktūra, kuria miestuose su įgulomis naudojosi ir civiliai gyventojai. Tą ypač aiškiai parodo Tauragės atvejis: ligos plitimą įguloje ten lėmė miesto infrastruktūra, o didelį mirtingumą – kareivinių uždarumas. [...] Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Lietuvos kariuomenė, ligos, mirtys, nelaimingi atsitikimai, patyčios, nestatutiniai santykiai, homoseksualumas, savižudybės. Between the First World War and the Second World War, approximately 280 thousand men served in the Lithuanian armed forces. This is a significant figure for a country that only had a population of two to 2.5 million. Even though the Lithuanian armed forces were only involved in active military operations and low-intensity fighting from 1919 to 1923, servicemen died during the entire period up to 1940. The numbers of deaths during the Wars of Independence are well known; however, the causes of death in the Lithuanian armed forces, both from 1919 to 1920 and in later years, have not been investigated in great depth. We understand that one cause of death in an active army is active combat. In the study of war, deaths in action are further classified into deaths caused by artillery fire, machine gun and rifle fire, bayonets, etc. This allows scholars to determine the effectiveness of weapons systems and tactical elements used on the battlefield. However, the focus of this article is the causes of soldiers’ deaths that are not directly combat related. In the first section, I discuss causes of death in the Lithuanian armed forces during periods of war and peace, and provide a host of examples, which include deaths caused by disease, accidents, homicide and suicide. In the last section, I present the results of quantitative analysis. The quantitative analysis is a case study of a single regiment that demonstrates the predominant causes of death from 1919 to 1940, with a separate analysis of causes of death for the period 1919 to 1920. Keywords: Lithuanian armed forces, disease, mortality, accidents, bullying, non-statutory relations, homosexuality, suicide.

This article analyzes social work with individuals having alcohol usage problems in Lithuania. In this survey-based quantitative research, frequency data was gathered to examine the usage of methods, services, practices and challenges in this specific area. The results revealed a strong orientation towards individual intervention in social work with individuals having alcohol usage problems. Uncommon usage of group, community or network methods was observed in research data. Low usage of social action or social welfare methods might represent a weak policy-making function. Among services, providing information, consultation and representation are the most often applied. Lithuanian social workers also favor social skills development and family consultation in terms of specific practices, as those are the most often used. Finally, professionals acknowledge that low the motivation among clients to change is among the biggest challenges in this field. Improvements in social work with individuals having alcohol usage problems could be made through the enhancement of skills and practices that are the most effective in the substance abuse area, although relatively rarely used in social work in Lithuania. Keywords: social work, alcohol usage, social work methods, services, practices.

Tyrimai rodo COVID-19 pandemijos ir karantino poveikį žmonių psichikos sveikatos būklei ir galimą savižudybės rizikos grėsmę. Lietuvoje didžiausi savižudybių rodikliai skaičiuojami regionuose ir, tikėtina, atspindi ten jau ir taip susidariusius psichosocialinius sunkumus, tad svarbu stebėti pagalbos sistemos veikimą šiuose regionuose per pandemiją. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo išsiaiškinti, kokie yra specialistų, dirbančių regionuose ir dalyvaujančių savižudybių prevencijos sistemoje, darbo COVID-19 pandemijos metu ypatumai. Šiame tyrime naudoti rezultatai iš platesnio savižudybių prevencijos sistemos vertinimo projekto, vykusio 2020 m. Pusiau struktūruoto interviu būdu apie savižudybių prevencijos sistemos veikimą buvo apklausta 30 specialistų (10 savižudybių prevencijos sistemos koordinatorių, 20 tiesiogiai teikiančių pagalbą psichikos sveikatos specialistų). Šiame straipsnyje susitelkta į klausimus apie pandemijos poveikį pagalbos sistemai. Transkribuoti rezultatai išanalizuoti remiantis Boyatzis teminės analizės metodu. Rezultatuose išskirti šie kodai: pagalbos teikimas pandemijos metu (psichikos sveikatos specialistai ir įstaigos prisitaikė prie pandemijos sąlygų, nuotolinis darbas apsunkina pagalbos teikimą, dėl pandemijos pagalba sunkiau prieinama); kreipimasis pagalbos pandemijos metu (dėl pandemijos žmonės mažiau kreipiasi pagalbos, nuotoliniu būdu kreiptis pagalbos paprasčiau, pandemijos metu pagalbos kreipimosi dažnis nesikeitė); pandemijos poveikis ir valdymas (pandemija didina emocinius ir psichikos sunkumus, pandemijai pasibaigus gali blogėti žmonių psichikos būklė, pandemijos valdymas Lietuvoje galėtų būti sklandesnis). Tyrimas atskleidžia ne tik pozityvius psichikos sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų ir specialistų prisitaikymo prie krizinės situacijos aspektus, bet ir reikšmingas problemas, susijusias su nuotoliniu darbu ir pagalbos prieinamumu bei bendra gyventojų psichikos sveikata. The COVID-19 pandemic can influence the situation of suicide rates and mental health in rural regions even more than in major cities. The aim of the current study was to explore the functioning of mental health service provision during the COVID-19 pandemic through interviews with mental health professionals and other specialists who work with suicide prevention in rural areas. Thirty specialists were interviewed using a semi-structured interview format. The following codes were identified during the thematic analysis: providing help during the pandemic (mental health professionals and institutions adapted to the conditions of the pandemic, remote counselling makes providing help more difficult, the help is less reachable); help-seeking during the pandemic (people seek less help because of the pandemic, seeking remote help is easier, the frequency of help seeking didn’t change); the effects and governing of the pandemic situation (the pandemic can have negative effects on mental health; after the pandemic mental health might get worse; the governing of the pandemic situation in Lithuania could be more fluent). The current study reveals positive aspects of mental health professionals’ adaptivity during the pandemic, as well as severe problems which are related to the access to the mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The concept of social exclusion is widely used in academia and social policy discourse in European countries. However, one of the constituents of social exclusion, namely, exclusion from social relationships, remains unclear and underdeveloped both conceptually and empirically. Moreover, knowledge on the patterns of exclusion from social relationships among men and women in later adulthood is even less advanced. Therefore, we developed a multidimensional scale for measuring an individual's level of embeddedness in social relationships and examined the gender patterns of social embeddedness. We applied latent class analysis to survey data collected on a sample of 2015 residents of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia aged 50+. We derived a seven-class model based on a continuum from strong to weak social embeddedness. We identified two classes with a high level of exclusion from social relations and, conversely, two classes with a high level of social embeddedness. Subsequent multinomial regression analysis revealed that gender was a statistically significant predictor in the cases of the most excluded class and one of the most socially embedded classes.

Įvadas. Socialinių normų teorija pagrįstų intervencijų efektyvumo mažinant studentų alkoholio vartojimą tyrimų rezultatai prieštaringi. Manoma, kad šios intervencijos veiksmingai mažina rizikingų vartotojų alkoholio vartojimą, tačiau gali skatinti mažiau ir rečiau už referentinės grupės narius alkoholio vartojančių asmenų vartojimą. Tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti 1) galimą neigiamą normatyvinio grįžtamojo ryšio, perteikiančio realius alkoholio vartojimo rodiklius (aprašomosios normos poveikis), poveikį mažiau už referentinės grupės vidurkį vartojančių alkoholio studentų ketinimams jo vartoti; 2) ar grįžtamojo ryšio pateikiama informacija apie alkoholio vartojimo priimtinumą referentinėje grupėje (įsakomosios normos poveikis) gali apsaugoti nuo minėto neigiamo poveikio. Metodai. Studentų alkoholio vartojimo ir požiūrio į bendraamžių vartojimą rodikliai buvo surinkti apklausiant 234 universiteto studentus. Iš jų eksperimente dalyvavo 26 mažiau ir rečiau už visų apklaustų studentų vidurkį alkoholio vartojantys studentai. Intervenciją sudarė normatyvinio grįžtamojo ryšio, perteikiančio studentų alkoholio vartojimą ir požiūrį į bendraamžių vartojimą, pristatymas. Rezultatai. Aprašomosios normos poveikį patyrę tyrimo dalyviai spiritinius gėrimus nurodė ketinantys vartoti didesniais kiekiais nei šio poveikio nepatyrę tyrimo dalyviai. Ketinimai suvartoti daugiau spiritinių gėrimų patyrus įsakomosios normos poveikį nesumažėjo. Išvados. Aprašomosios normos poveikio taikymas gali sustiprinti mažiau už referentinės grupės narius vartojančių studentų ketinimus vartoti spiritinius gėrimus didesniais kiekiais. Įsakomosios normos poveikis, kaip priemonė eliminuoti šį neigiamą efektą, galbūt nėra veiksmingas. Background. Social norms theory-based interventions have been widely used to reduce alcohol consumption among college and university students. Lately, it has been argued that such interventions may actually increase alcohol use among light drinkers. However, little studies have been focused on testing this possible negative effect. Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the possible negative impact of descriptive normative feedback (DNF) on drinking intentions among students whose baseline drinking scores were below the average of a reference group. We also studied the preventive effect of injunctive normative feedback (INF). Methods. Actual descriptive and injunctive norms were collected from 234 university students. From those who reported drinking below the norm, 26 were randomly assigned to a control or intervention condition that received normative feedback via PowerPoint presentations over two meetings. Results. DNF increased students’ intentions of spirits drinking frequency and quantity. Meanwhile intentions to drink beer, cider, wine and cocktails remained the same. Increased intentions to drink spirits were not reduced by INF. Conclusions. Findings suggest that DNF-based interventions might negatively affect the use of spirits among those students who consume less than their peer norm by increasing their intentions to drink spirits more often and in larger quantities. Ways other than the INF to prevent this negative effect need to be further explored.

Sveikatos raštingumas – svarbi visuomenės sveikatos sritis. Nepakankamas sveikatos raštingumo lygis gali lemti paauglių žalingą elgesį, turintį neigiamos įtakos jų sveikatai, todėl svarbu plėtoti ir vertinti visuomenės sveikatos intervencijas, kurios galėtų skatinti geresnį paauglių ir jaunų žmonių sveikatos informacijos supratimą ir jos panaudojimą. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti 11-12 (III-IV gimnazijos) klasių mokinių alkoholio vartojimo ir sveikatos raštingumo sąsajas. Tyrimo metodai. Anoniminės anketinės apklausos metodu buvo apklausti 1038 Lietuvos mokyklų 11-12 (III-IV gimnazijos) klasių mokiniai. Sveikatos raštingumo lygiui įvertinti buvo naudojamas HLS-EU-Q47 išsamus 47 klausimų sveikatos raštingumo klausimynas, išverstas į lietuvių kalbą. Kita anketos dalis sudaryta iš socialinių-demografinių klausimų bei klausimų apie alkoholio vartojimą. Statistinė analizė buvo atlikta naudojant statistinių duomenų apdorojimo programas SPSS, Microsoft Excel ir WinPepi. Kategorinių duomenų analizei buvo naudojamas χ2 kriterijus ir Fisher palyginimo testas. Dviems nepriklausomoms ranginėms imtims buvo naudotas Mann-Whitney U testas, o kelioms nepriklausomoms ranginėms imtims – Kruskal-Wallis testas. Ryšiams tarp ranginių kintamųjų nustatyti buvo naudojamas Spearman koreliacijos koeficientas (rs). Rezultatai. Daugiau kaip pusės (53,3 proc.) mokinių sveikatos raštingumo lygis buvo pakankamas arba puikus, o kas 10 mokinio – neadekvatus. Berniukų ir 11 (III gimnazijos) klasių mokinių sveikatos raštingumas blogesnis, nei mergaičių (p

Bandymas žudytis paveikia ne tik bandantį žudytis, tačiau ir jo šeimą, jį supančius žmones. Pastarieji išgyvena netekčiai būdingas gedėjimo stadijas. Tėvų išgyvenimus galima skirstyti į psichologinius (baimė, šokas, panika ir kt.) ir fizinius (galvos skausmas, silpnumas, pykinimas ir kt.) pojūčius. Tyrimo metu tėvai išsakė lūkesčius, susijusius su nepakankama sveikatos priežiūros specialistų teikiama informacija, netaktišku bendravimu, psichosocialine ir finansine pagalba tėvams ir visai šeimai. Tėvai tikisi, kad pasikeis visuomenės požiūris į psichikos sutrikimų turinčius asmenis. Šį stigmatizuotą požiūrį galėtų mažinti ar visai panaikinti visuomenės švietimas apie psichikos sutrikimus, bendravimo ypatumus su psichikos sutrikimais sergančiais bei būdus, kaip suteikti pagalbą šiems asmenims. Tėvai norėtų, kad ugdymo specialistai mokėtų atpažinti savižudybės riziką, mokėtų spręsti susidariusias problemas ir su tėvais, ir su riziką turinčiais vaikais. Tyrimo metodika. Šiam darbui atlikti buvo pasirinktas kokybinio tyrimo metodas, buvo atliekamas pusiau struktūruotas, individualus interviu. Tyrimui pasirinkti tėvai, kurių vaikai yra po parasuicido ir tyrimo metu gydėsi psichiatrijos skyriuje. Gauti tyrimo duomenys analizuojami turinio dedukcinės kokybės analizės metodu. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti tėvų išgyvenimus ir lūkesčius po vaiko parasuicido. Tyrimo klausimai: 1) kokie tėvų išgyvenimai po vaiko parasuicido? 2) kokie tėvų lūkesčiai po vaiko parasuicido? Attempted suicide affects not only the person trying to commit suicide, but also his family and the people around him. The latter go through the stages of mourning characteristic of loss. Parents’ experiences can be divided into psychological (fear, shock, panic, etc.) and physical (headache, weakness, nausea, etc.) sensations. Parents, during the study, expressed expectations regarding the lack of information provided by health care professionals, tactless communication, and psychosocial and financial assistance not only to parents but to the whole family. Parents expect a change in public attitudes towards people with mental disorders. This stigmatized approach could be reduced or eliminated by educating the public about mental disorders, the peculiarities of communication with people with mental disorders, and ways to aid these people. Parents want educators to be able to recognize the risk of suicide, to be able to solve problems with both parents and children at risk. The aim of the study: To analyse the parents’ experiences and expectations after the child’s parasuicide. Research method. For this work, the method of qualitative research was chosen, and a semi-structured, individual interview was conducted. Parents whose children were after parasuicide and were treated at the Psychiatric Clinic during the study were selected for the study. The obtained research data was analysed by the method of content deductive quality analysis. Research questions: 1. What are the parents’ experiences after the child’s parasuicide? 2. What are the parents’ expectations after the child’s parasuicide?

Objective Higher education students express high levels of suicidal ideation. However, data on students’ knowledge of suicide and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help are lacking. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate students’ suicidal ideation, suicide literacy and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and to assess whether these variables were interrelated. Methods Higher education students completed an online survey that consisted of 12 questions on suicide literacy (based on the Literacy of Suicide Scale), the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale and the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale. Results A total of 2004 students completed the survey. Female students and biomedical students showed the highest suicide literacy and most positive help-seeking attitudes. Higher study year was associated with more positive help-seeking attitudes. Art students expressed the highest levels of suicidal ideation. Suicide literacy had a weak positive correlation with help-seeking attitudes (Spearman’s rho = 0.186). Conclusions Suicidal ideation, suicide literacy and help-seeking attitudes may differ according to student’s gender, study year and study field. Better suicide literacy may promote psychological help-seeking behavior.

This study investigated early dating experiences by exploring the complex aspects of firsttime and later romantic involvement as well as the surrounding circumstances. In total, 377 young people (with the median age being 17 years) were investigated in six high schools in two cities in Lithuania using a questionnaire designed for research purposes by the authors. The results from this study in Lithuania contribute to the field by showing current data on the cultural and psychosocial aspects of dating experiences in high schools. This investigation into first-time and later dating creates an appropriate window to explore and investigate the attitudes, dating habits, and experiences of late adolescents, comprising negative experiences and sexual harassment, which could be used to build preventative programmes. The obtained results provide various data that are useful for trying to better understand the current habits and experiences of young people, for public health specialists, educators, and doctors and also provide an opportunity for monitoring trends, dynamic changes over time, and cross-cultural comparisons. Keywords: dating; high school students; adolescents; dating violence; sexual harassment; alcohol use; drug use; inebriation; sex education; cultural contexts.

BackgroundAlong with other suicide risk factors, masculinity has been analyzed as an important subject for suicidal behavior in men. This study examines masculinity as a gender self-confidence which is the intensity of an individual's belief that he meets his standards for masculinity. We use Hoffman and her colleague's concept, which provides two theoretical constructs as elements of gender self-confidence: gender self-definition and gender self-acceptance. Gender self-definition relates to how salient masculinity is in one's identity; gender self-acceptance relates to how positively one views his masculinity.MethodsThe quantitative research approach was applied in the study. The survey with a nonprobability quota sampling design was implemented to collect the data. The sample consisted of 562 Lithuanian men from various age groups and regions. The age of participants varied from 18 to 92 years (M = 42.99, SD = 17.18); 40.9% of men were from cities, 28.1% from towns, and 30.8% from rural locations. We used the Hoffman Gender Scale to measure gender self-definition and gender self-acceptance. Suicide risk was estimated with the Suicide Behavior Questionnaire—Revised. Patient Health Questionnaire-2 was used to measure depression symptoms as a controlled variable. Statistical analysis of regression and moderation was used to test the hypothesis.ResultsHigher gender self-definition and higher gender self-acceptance were associated with lower suicide risk. The moderation analysis showed that in men with relatively low gender self-definition, the effect of gender self-acceptance on suicidality was larger than in men with high or moderate gender self-definition.DiscussionWe conclude that a stronger gender self-confidence is an important protective factor in male suicide risk. Both, a smaller part of masculinity in one's identity and a negative view of one's masculinity have a cumulative effect on increased suicide risk. The findings have been discussed in accordance with the theories that explain suicidal behavior through the lenses of self-concept.

Background The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) includes a new diagnosis of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). There has been very little research investigating associations between CPTSD symptoms and suicide risk following sexual abuse. This and questions concerning similarities and differences between CPTSD and borderline personality disorder (BPD), led to the current study that aimed to explore indirect associations between sexual abuse and suicide risk through the symptoms of CPTSD and borderline traits. Methods The study sample comprised 103 adults with a history of traumatic experiences (Mage = 32.64, SDage = 9.36; 83.5% female). In total, 26.3% of the participants reported experiencing sexual abuse during their lifetime. The clinician-administered International Trauma Interview (ITI) was used for the assessment of ICD-11 CPTSD symptoms. Self-report measures were used for the evaluation of borderline pattern (BP) symptoms and suicide risk. Mediation analyses were performed to evaluate the mediating effects of CPTSD and BP symptoms for the association between sexual trauma and suicide risk. Results In a parallel mediation model, CPTSD and BP symptoms mediated the association between sexual abuse and suicide risk, following adjustment for the covariates of age, gender, and whether the traumatic experience occurred in childhood or adulthood. Around 73% of participants who met diagnostic criteria for CPTSD reported previous suicide attempt(s). Conclusions Suicide risk assessment and intervention should be an important part of the management of victims of sexual abuse with CPTSD and BP symptoms.

Aim. Social care institutions in Lithuania meet the major physical needs of elderly people in Lithuania; however, the psychological, social, and emotional aspects can often get neglected. The aim of the article is to fi nd a theoretical solution to the problem of satisfying the community needs of the Elderly at long-term inpatient care institutions. Methods. The article uses theoretical methods of reviewing, analyzing and summarizing the scientific literature to reveal the following problematic issues: What is the meaning of community spirit for the elderly in social care institutions? How Socio-cultural activities can strengthen the sense of community in care homes for seniors? Results. The results of the study revealed that a sense of community and safe emotional bonds in care institutions are especially important for psychosocial health and strong social ties for elderly. Socio-cultural work in communities is not only concerned with people’s social well-being and their most basic needs. It also involves interpersonal interaction between seniors of the community, helping with their self-realization, sharing common spiritual values - trust, gratitude, and respect - for a full sense of life. Conclusion. Community spirit can be strengthened by the socio-cultural traditions at the institution, the opportunities for self-expression stem from artistic activities, participation in self-education, and cultural events. The role of social workers is important, especially in motivating and involving people with greater health constraints to participate more actively in community life, ensuring equal opportunities for a full, high quality, and dignified old age.

Tikslas – įvertinti asmenų, gavusių Kauno miesto savižudybių prevencijos modelio paslaugas, požiūrį į suteiktą pagalbą ir jos veiksmingumą. Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimas atliktas kiekybinės anketinės apklausos būdu 2019 metų gegužės-rugpjūčio mėnesiais įstaigose, kuriose teikiamos Kauno miesto savižudybių prevencijos modelio paslaugos. Kiekybinė tyrimo anketa sudaryta iš klausimų, skirtų surinkti duomenis apie socialinius-demografinius rodiklius, savižudybės grėsmę, paslaugų gavimo ypatumus, pasitenkinimą paslaugomis bei požiūrį į jų poveikį. Tiriamųjų atsakymai buvo apdoroti ir analizuojami „Microsoft Excel 2007“ ir „IBM SPSS 20.0“ programomis. Rezultatai ir išvados. Dauguma Kauno miesto savižudybių prevencijos modelio paslaugas gavusių tyrimo dalyvių atvejo vadybą, psichologines ar savitarpio pagalbos grupes ir anonimines psichologo konsultacijas vertino teigiamai. Daugiausia atvejo vadybos paslaugą išbandžiusių asmenų pastebėjo teigiamus pokyčius, gaunant emocinę paramą, žinias, kur galima kreiptis pagalbos ir mažinant mintis apie savižudybę, o mažiausiai pastebėjusių teigiamus pokyčius buvo sprendžiant problemas, gerinant bendravimo įgūdžius ir asmeninius santykius. Psichologinėse arba savitarpio pagalbos grupėse dalyvavę asmenys daugiausia teigiamų pokyčių pastebėjo gaunant emocinę paramą, žinias, kur galima kreiptis pagalbos ir didinant viltį, kad pavyks išspręsti sunkumus, o mažiausiai pastebėjusių teigiamus pokyčius buvo mažinant nerimą ir stresą, sprendžiant problemas, gerinant asmeninius santykius. Daugiausia anonimines psichologo konsultacijas gavusių asmenų pastebėjo teigiamus pokyčius, gaunant emocinę paramą, didinat viltį, kad pavyks išspręsti sunkumus ir gerinant emocinę savijautą, o mažiausiai pastebėjusių teigiamus pokyčius buvo gerinant asmeninius santykius, bendravimo įgūdžius, sprendžiant problemas. Raktažodžiai: savižudybės, prevencija, psichosocialinės paslaugos, pagalbos gavėjai, veiksmingumas. The aim of the study: To evaluate the approach of the persons receiving Kaunas city suicide prevention model services to the received psychosocial help and its’ effectiveness. Methods. The research was conducted from May to August 2019 in organizations, which provide services of Kaunas city suicide prevention model. The quantitative questionnaire consisted of questions about socio-demographics, suicide risk, service delivery characteristics, the satisfaction of received psychosocial help and the approach to their impact. MS Excel 2007 and SPSS 20.0 were used for statistical data analysis. Results and conclusions. Case management, psychological or support groups and anonymous psychological counseling were rated positively by the majority of persons, who received Kaunas city suicide prevention model services and participated in the research. Participants, who received case management, most noticed positive changes in getting emotional support, increasing knowledge about psychosocial help and reducing suicidal ideation. However, positive changes in solving problems, improving communication skills and personal relationships were least noticed after involvement in case management. The participation in psychological or support groups mostly helped to get more emotional support, to increase knowledge about psychosocial help and hope about problems solved in the future while the least noticed positive changes were in reducing anxiety and stress, improving personal relationships and skills of problems solving. Participants, who had anonymous psychological consultations, were most likely to notice positive changes in getting emotional support, increasing hope about problems solved in the future and improving emotional wellbeing. However, positive changes in improving personal relationships, communication skills and solving problems were least noticed after getting anonymous psychological consultations. Keywords: suicides, prevention, psychosocial services, aid recipients, effectiveness.

Straipsnyje analizuojama pedagogų nuomonė apie agresyvaus mokinių elgesio apraiškas ir galimas jų pasekmes – AMOK. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti pedagogų nuomonę apie agresyvų mokinių elgesį ir galimas jo pasekmes – mirtinai pavojingus smurto išpuolius – AMOK. Uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti Klaipėdos „Žemynos“ ir Klaipėdos Eduardo Balsio menų gimnazijos pedagogų nuomonę apie agresyvų mokinių elgesį ir mokytojų veiksmus susidūrus su tokiu mokinių elgesiu; 2. Išsiaiškinti Klaipėdos „Žemynos“ ir Klaipėdos Eduardo Balsio menų gimnazijos pedagogų nuomonę, ar agresyvus mokinių elgesys gali išprovokuoti mirtinai pavojingus smurto išpuolius – AMOK. Tyrimo metodai: teoriniai (mokslinės literatūros analizė), empiriniai (anketinė apklausa raštu), statistinė duomenų analizė. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad „Žemynos“ ir Klaipėdos Eduardo Balsio menų gimnazijose egzistuoja agresyvaus mokinių elgesio problema, o dėl nuolatinių mokinių patyčių bei agresijos ir kitose Lietuvos mokyklose gali susidaryti sąlygos kilti mirtinai pavojingiems smurto išpuoliams – AMOK. Daugiau nei pusės tyrime dalyvavusių mokytojų nuomone, mokyklose egzistuoja agresyvaus mokinių elgesio problema, o vaikai norėdami būti populiarūs ir sulaukti daugiau aplinkinių dėmesio dažnai elgiasi agresyviai. Bullying and violence among students are becoming a sensitive issue not only for the school community and parents but also for the society, where is the increase in the growing number of aggressive students. It can cause severe social outcomes or even deadly mass assaults, in this case, AMOK. The aim of the research – to analyse teachers’ opinion on students’ aggressive behaviour and its possible consequences, deadly mass assaults, AMOK. The objectives of the research: 1. To analyse the opinion of teachers, who are working at Klaipėda Žemyna Gymnasium and Klaipėda Eduardas Balsys Art Gymnasium about student’s aggressive behaviour and teachers‘ actions when they are confronted with such student’s behaviour. 2. To reveal the opinion of teachers at Klaipėda Žemyna Gymnasium and Klaipėda Eduardas Balsys Art Gymnasium whether aggressive students’ behaviour can provoke deadly mass assaults, i.e. AMOK. The sample of the research consists of 33 teachers from Klaipėda Žemyna Gymnasium and 41 teachers from Klaipėda Eduardas Balsys Art Gymnasium. The methods of the research: theoretical (the analysis of scientific sources), empirical (a written survey), statistical data analysis. The schools’ community face with the issue of students’ aggressive behaviour, and constant bullying and aggression among students in Lithuanian schools. This may lead to deadly mass assaults – AMOK. The findings of the research show that more than half of the total number of teachers, who participated in the research, believes that the issue of students’ aggressive behaviour exists in schools, as children usually behave aggressively, as want to be popular and get more attention from other people in their environment.

The article discusses the problem of prevention of radicalisation in religious schools in Europe. In this publication the authors of the publication aim to present a systematic analysis of the legal framework of religious education and its relationship and limitations in the aim to prevent radicalization. In order to achieve the aim of the research the following tasks will be carried out: revealing of the essence of the freedom of right of thought, religion and conscience and their relation to religious education; analysing documents, strategies and policies addressing the prevention of radicalization in Europe; evaluating the intersection of right to religious education and the need to prevent radicalisation. The question is relevant due to the ever-increasing number of terrorist acts performed by persons who have been born in European states (so called home-grown terrorists). The publication discusses the right to religion and the right to religious education and its limitations. The development of EU policy in the field of counter-terrorism and counter-radicalisation is extensively discussed. Finally, the guidelines are drawn for the conciliation of the freedom to religion and beliefs and the pressing need to prevent persons from radicalisation.

Background: A loved one’s loss due to suicide can be a traumatic experience and trigger a complex grief process. Although spirituality, defined as a search for the Sacred in a broad sense, can be a resource and an obstacle in coping with the suicide bereavement process, there is a gap in scientific understanding of the role spirituality plays during the process. Methods: To explore the role of spirituality in people bereaved by suicide, we recruited 11 women who lost a life partner due to suicide. We conducted semi-structured interviews and analyzed the data using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: We identified the following three themes: spirituality is a supportive resource that can be reached for or achieved without conscious involvement; spirituality provides helpful ways to cope with grief; spirituality makes the grief process more difficult. Conclusions: Spirituality, if personally meaningful and supported by others, can function as a resource after a loved one’s suicide and even add to post-traumatic growth after the loss. On the contrary, spirituality-related issues, such as stigmatization and a lack of personally meaningful traditions, can distress the bereaved. Difficult spiritual experiences and questions can become an intricate part of the grief process. Keywords: postvention; suicide bereavement; spirituality; religion; religious coping; spiritual coping.

Due to the high levels of alcohol use, alcohol-attributable mortality and burden of disease, and detrimental drinking patterns, Lithuania implemented a series of alcohol control policies within a relatively short period of time, between 2008 and 2019. Based on their expected impact on alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable harm, as well as their target population, these policies have been classified using a set of objective criteria and expert opinion. The classification criteria included: positive vs. negative outcomes, mainly immediate vs. delayed outcomes, and general population vs. specific group outcomes. The judgement of the alcohol policy experts converged on the objective criteria, and, as a result, two tiers of intervention were identified: Tier 1—highly effective general population interventions with an anticipated immediate impact, Tier 2—other interventions aimed at the general population. In addition, interventions directed at specific populations were identified. This adaptable methodological approach to alcohol control policy classification is intended to provide guidance and support for the evaluation of alcohol policies elsewhere, to lay the foundation for the critical assessment of the policies to improve health and increase life expectancy, and to reduce crime and violence.

Aims: The aim of this contribution was to estimate the impact of the last significant alcohol taxation increase in Lithuania in 2017 on alcohol consumption, incident cancer cases, and cancer mortality, as well as the number of cancer outcomes that could have potentially been averted in 2018 had larger increases in alcohol excise taxation been applied. Design: Statistical modelling was used to estimate the change in alcohol per capita consumption following the tax increase, and alcohol-attributable fraction methodology was then used to estimate the associated cancer incidence and mortality. Potential increases of current excise duties were modelled in two steps. First, beverage-specific price elasticities of demand were used to predict the associated decreases in consumption and cancer outcomes, and second, the outcomes arising from the actual numbers and the modelled numbers were compared. Method: Data were taken from the following sources: alcohol consumption data from Statistics Lithuania and the WHO, cancer data from the International Agency of Research on Cancer, and risk relations and elasticities of demand from published meta-analyses. Results: A total of 15,857 new cancer cases (8,031 in women and 7,826 in men) and 8,534 cancer deaths (3,757 in women and 4,777 in men) were recorded in Lithuania in 2018. Using the attributable fraction methodology, we estimate that 4.8% of 761 of these new cancer cases were attributable to alcohol use (284 in women; 477 in men), as well as 5.5% or 466 cancer deaths (115 in women; 351 in men). With the taxation increase of 2017, 45 new cases and 24 deaths will be averted over the next 10 years. Further taxation increases of 100% could double the number of new cancer cases averted or saved. Conclusion: In a high-consumption European country like Lithuania, alcohol use is an important and avoidable risk factor for cancer. Taxation is an important measure to reduce the alcohol-attributable cancer burden.

Over the three last decades, Lithuania has reported some of the highest male suicide rates in the world. This paper relies on longitudinal census-linked data for Lithuania covering the entire male population aged 30–64 years during the 2011–2017 period. The study uses multilevel modelling to examine the importance of the selected individual- and area-level contextual characteristics. One of the key findings is the persistence of a suicide disadvantage among males living in rural areas. This disadvantage could not be explained by major sociodemographic characteristics and remained statistically significant for those individuals who migrated to urban areas. Unlike some other studies, we found that socio-economic area-level characteristics retained their significance after controlling for the major individual-level characteristics. This evidence highlights the potential for policies aimed at improving area-level conditions.

Įvadas. Alkoholio vartojimas daro neigiamą poveikį vaikų, paauglių, jaunų žmonių, taip pat ir studentų sveikatai. Studentų alkoholio vartojimo ypatumų tyrimai galėtų padėti vykdyti žalingų psichoaktyviųjų medžiagų vartojimo prevenciją. Metodika. Apklausoje raštu dalyvavo 319 Klaipėdos universiteto studentų. Statistinei duomenų analizei naudota SPSS (24.0 versija) programa. Taikytas χ2 kriterijus, duomenys statistiškai reikšmingi, kai p ≤ 0,05. Rezultatai. Tyrime dalyvavo 143 (44,8 proc.) vaikinai ir 176 (55,2 proc.) merginos. Pastarųjų 12 mėnesių laikotarpiu alkoholį vartojo dauguma (90,3 proc.) studentų. Pusė respondentų alų geria kelis kartus per mėnesį (47 proc.). Kelis kartus per mėnesį vyną geria 58 proc. respondentų, o silpnus alkoholinius gėrimus (sidrą, Mix, Fizz, alkoholinius kokteilius) - 42 proc. studentų. 55 proc. respondentų minėtų silpnų alkoholinių gėrimų nevartoja. Degtinės ir kitų stipriųjų gėrimų nevartoja 54 proc. respondentų, o kelis kartus per mėnesį išgeria 43 proc. respondentų. Nuo didelio kiekio išgerto alkoholio keletą kartų apsvaigę buvo pusė (48 proc.) apklaustųjų, o daugiau nei 10 kartų apsvaigę buvo 33 proc. respondentų. Degtinę ir kitus stipriuosius gėrimus bei alų merginos ir vaikinai vartoja vienodai dažnai. Vyną reikšmingai dažniau vartoja merginos. Pusė (50 proc.) respondentų mano, kad pagrindinę įtaką jaunimo alkoholio vartojimui daro draugai, o 22 proc.- užimtumo stoka. Pagrindinis vaidmuo rūkymo ir alkoholio prevencijai, studentų nuomone, tenka tėvams (37 proc.), draugams (27,9 proc.) ir žiniasklaidai (25,1 proc.). 75,9 proc. respondentų atsakė, kad turi pakankamai žinių apie sveiką gyvenseną, o savo žiniomis abejoja 19,7 proc. apklaustųjų. Išvados. Pastarųjų metų laikotarpiu ir pastarojo mėnesio laikotarpiu alkoholį vartojo dauguma tirtų studentų. Merginos ir vaikinai beveik visus alkoholinius gėrimus vartoja vienodai dažnai. Pagrindinės studentų alkoholio vartojimo priežastys yra draugų įtaka ir tinkamo užimtumo stoka. Nors tyrimas atskleidė, kad dauguma studentų mano, kad jie turi pakankamai žinių apie sveiką gyvenseną, visgi rekomenduotina paauglių ir jaunimo alkoholio vartojimo prevencijai skirti daugiau dėmesio. Alkoholio vartojimo mažinimas turėtų būti prioritetinis uždavinys formuojant sveikatos politiką vietiniu ir nacionaliniu lygmenimis. Raktažodžiai: paaugliai, jaunimas, studentai, alkoholio vartojimas, psichoaktyviosios medžiagos, prevencija. Introduction. Alcohol consumption has a negative impact on the health of children, adolescents and young people, including students. Students’ alcohol consumption studies could help prevent the use of harmful psychoactive substances. Materials and Methods. 319 university students participated in the written survey. SPSS (version 24.0) programme has been used for statistical data analysis. The criterion χ2 has been applied and the data was considered to be statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. Results. The study involved 143 (44.8%) boys and 176 (55.2%) girls. The majority of students (90.3%) have consumed alcohol in the period of the last 12 months. Half of the respondents (47%) indicated that they consume beer several times a month. 58% of the respondents consume wine, and low-alcohol beverages (Cider, Mix, Fizz, alcoholic cocktails) several times a month are consumed by 42% of students. 55 % of the respondents do not consume above mentioned low-alcohol beverages at all. Vodka and other strong alcoholic drinks are not consumed by 54% of the respondents at all, while 43% of the respondents consume these beverages several times a month. Half of the respondents (48%) have for several times been under the influence of alcohol after having drunk large amounts of alcohol, and 33% of the respondents have been under the influence of alcohol more than ten times. Both girls and boys consume vodka and other strong alcoholic beverages equally often. However, girls rather than boys consume wine significantly more often. Half of the respondents (50%) have noted that friends make major impact on the consumption of alcohol by young people, while 22% of the respondents believe that it is the lack of employment and busyness. In the students’ opinion the key role in the prevention of smoking and alcohol drinking lies with parents (37%), friends (27.9%) and the media (25.1%). 75.9% of the respondents said that they had enough knowledge about a healthy lifestyle, and 19.7% of the respondents said that they have doubts as regards their knowledge on healthy lifestyle. Conclusions. Over the last year and during the last month alcohol has been consumed by the majority of students that participated in the survey. Both girls and boys consume alcohol equally often. The key causes of alcohol consumption by students are the influence of friends and the lack of employment and busyness. The study has revealed that most students believe that they have enough knowledge about healthy lifestyles. However, it is recommended to pay more attention to prevention of alcohol consumption by adolescents and young people. Reducing alcohol consumption should be a priority in health policy formulation at local and national levels. Key words: adolescents, young people, students, alcohol consumption, psychoactive substances, prevention.

Tikimasi, kad moteris, svarbiausia vaiko globėja, atpažins ir patenkins visus jo poreikius. Socialinio darbuotojo pagalbos procesas prasideda kylant įtarimų, kad vaikas kenčia nuo nepriežiūros, artimoje aplinkoje patiria bet kokios formos smurtą. Darbuotojas pasiūlo konkrečius veiksmus, kurie padėtų šeimai keisti situaciją. Tyrimai atskleidžia, kad socialiniai darbuotojai, teikdami pagalbą šeimai, prioritetą teikia moterims-motinoms. Šiuo straipsniu siekiama aptarti, kaip tyrime dalyvavę socialiniai darbuotojai konstruoja pagalbą moteriai-motinai, kuri dėl alkoholio vartojimo per mažai rūpinasi vaikais. Straipsnyje vadovaujamasi kokybine hermeneutine metodologine perspektyva, kuri leidžia išryškinti socialinių darbuotojų profesinio vaidmens sampratą teikiant pagalbą šeimai ir motinai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: socialinis darbas, šeima, motinystė, hermeneutika, vaikų dienos centras. Contemporary social policy pays much attention to the ability of parents to secure a child’s future opportunities which would create social policy that anticipates the failure of the child as a future adult if the situation of families at social risk remains unchanged. It is expected that a woman will be the main carer of the children – she will recognise and satisfy all their needs. A social worker’s helping process starts with a suspicion that the child is suffering from neglect, experiencing some form of violence from his or her immediate surroundings; the social worker proposes specific professional actions that would help the family to change the situation. The purpose of this article is to discuss how social workers involved in the research are constructing a helping process for a woman-mother who, because of alcohol consumption, does not provide enough care for her children. The article is based on a qualitative hermeneutical methodological perspective, which allows to highlight the concept of the role of social workers in the provision of a helping process to the mother as a representative of whole family. The study revealed that a woman-mother is the main person with whom a social worker interacts within a family because women are understood to be responsible for family relationships and its financial situation. It can be assumed that in cases where a woman-mother abuses alcohol, the participants of the study believe that a control process should be initiated, but no research participant presented a family situation in the course of the research which would reflect the specific support provided by social workers to the dependent woman-mother. Keywords: motherhood, family, social work, hermeneutics, children day care centre.

Standartizuoti mirtingumo dėl alkoholio vartojimo rodikliai Lietuvoje yra vieni iš aukščiausių tarp visų Europos Sąjungos šalių, o nesaikingas alkoholio vartojimas yra įvardijamas kaip viena iš pagrindinių aukšto vidutinio amžiaus vyrų mirtingumo lygio priežasčių. Lietuvoje atlikta nemažai epidemiologinių ir visuomenės sveikatos tyrimų, kuriuose nagrinėjamos su alkoholio vartojimu susijusios visuomenės sveikatos problemos, tačiau mažai dėmesio skiriama tyrimams, kuriuose nagrinėjamas alkoholio vartojimas darbo vietoje. Šis tyrimas yra pirmasis, kuriame nagrinėjami unikalūs Lietuvos darbuotojų blaivumo patikros rezultatai. Iš viso buvo atlikta 2626903 blaivumo patikros testų analizė. Testai skirtingose Lietuvos įmonėse buvo atliekami nuo 2018 m. sausio mėn. 1 d. iki 2018 m. gruodžio mėn. 31 d. Statistinė duomenų analizė atskleidė, kad 0,32 proc. visų blaivumo patikros testų buvo teigiami. Testų dažnio rodikliai varijavo priklausomai nuo savaitės dienos ir mėnesio. Didžiausios teigiamų testų dažnio reikšmės buvo užfiksuotos vasarą. Pirmadienis iš kitų savaitės dienų išsiskyrė itin aukštomis rodiklio reikšmėmis. Tai liudija žalingo alkoholio vartojimo kultūros laisvalaikiu apraiškas Lietuvoje ir iš to išplaukiančia alkoholio žala darbui. Alkoholio žala darbui siejama ne tik su girtumo, bet ir pagirių sindromo keliamomis pasekmėmis. Alkoholio patikros sistema galėtų būti efektyvi prevencinė priemonė siekiant išvengti rizikų, kurios kyla dėl apsvaigusių darbuotojų. Alcohol consumption and alcohol related mortality rates are among the highest in Lithuania compared to other EU countries. Many epidemiological researches have been conducted in the field of alcohol related problems in Lithuania, however, this is the first study based on unique alcohol testing in the workplace database. Overall 2 626 903 alcohol workplace tests were analyzed. Routine and random alcohol at a workplace tests were conducted during the period of January 1– December 31, 2018 in different business companies in Lithuania. The results of descriptive statistical analysis show that 0.32% of all alcohol workplace tests were positive. The average blood alcohol concentration was 0.41 per mille among positive test results. Majority of positive tests (64.46%) did not exceeded 0.4 per mille – blood alcohol concentration at a workplace limit in Lithuania. The results of frequency analysis demonstrated that positive test frequency was statistically significantly higher in July (0.48%) and August (0.44%) compared to the annual average (0.32%). Frequancy analysis by weekdays results showed that positive test frequency was highest on Mondays (0.42%). Thus, positive test prevalence was higher in summer months, after weekends and national holidays. The results of our research highlighed hangover at a workplace problem related to drinking culture in Lithuania. Furthermore, routine alcohol testing system at a workplace may prevent loses of productivity and workplace accidents.

The article includes a description of taxes paid by Jews to the state treasury / royal treasury, which contributed to the budget of cities. The analysis was divided into two parts. The first of them addresses taxes the distribution of which was handled by the Lithuanian Waad. These were: the Jewish poll tax, return taxes, housing tax and general poll tax. The analysis of the treasury materials and minutes of the Lithuanian Waad made it possible to state that the poll tax rate depended on the political situation of the state and the Jews were obliged to pay larger sums during wars. The comparison of the Jewish sources with the sources of the treasury of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania allowed for a detailed description of the return tax, which was imposed on Lithuanian Jews in the first half of the 16th century and continued to exist until the 18th century. It constituted a minor royal income but a significant burden for Lithuanian Jews. Tax sources also show that Jews paid their housing taxes and general poll taxes. The system of taxes paid by the Jews at the local level, through the local qahals, was not transparent. The amount and type of taxes collected from the Jews were determined by many local factors, among them the most important were the position of the burghers and the policy of the city owner. Depending on the centre, the system of collecting rents from Jews differed. In some centres the Jews were obliged to pay: the hiberna tax (winters bread), the czopowe tax (excise tax), the kapszczyzna tax (alcohol tax) and paleczkowe tax. In many cities, besides paying taxes, Jews were also obliged to participate in defensive military actions.

Comparative analysis of the EU countries’ socioeconomic indicators is carried out here along with the systematic analysis of the global and the EU strategic documents, the European Commission’s communiqués, the European Commission’s (committees’) and individual working groups’ studies on employment issues. Potential scenarios for increasing employment are considered basing on the analysis of socioeconomic conditions in Lithuania. The article uses the methods of systematic scientific literature analysis, general and logical analysis, comparison, summation and abstraction as well as the mathematical and statistical processing methods. Situation analysis is based on the data of the Eurostat, specialized surveys and the results of statistical calculations. The article substantiates that in order to increase employment, efficient resource allocation and targeted economic policy focused on social problems of the country are needed, and appropriate measures for its implementation are proposed. Employment-friendly macroeconomic policy-making is seen here as a fundamental strategic guideline to address the problems of employment and social economic inequality. Green economy and green jobs’ development are one of the priority directions in increasing employment in Lithuania. Employment policy guidance in green technologies (renewable energy sources, recycling, and green building), the green economy, and promotion of professional skills in this area are recommended. Transition to green economy, eco-villages and ecological communities would be one of the fundamental directions in increasing employment among the most vulnerable groups. Furthermore, regional policies must be intensified in Lithuania to enhance economic (investment) and social attractiveness of less populated areas.

Straipsnyje apžvelgiamas sumaniosios edukacijos įgalinimas, siekiant mažinti savižudybių rizikas. Analizuojama savižudybės samprata, jos rizikos apibrėžtis ir veiksniai. Pasitelkiant gerosios praktikos analizę bei Pasaulio sveikatos organizacijos rekomendacijas, išskiriamos taikomos savižudybių rizikos prevencijos, kurių pagrindu projektuojamas edukacinis savižudybių rizikos valdymo modelis. Pasitelkiant atvejo analizę, išryškinama edukacijos svarba atpažįstant suicidinio elgesio signalus bei projektuojant įtraukties veiksmus per sumaniąją edukaciją. The article reviews the empowerment of smart education in order to reduce suicide risks. It analyzes the concept of suicide, definition of its risk and factors. Through the analysis of good practice and the recommendations of the World Health Organization, the educational suicidal risk management model is designed, based on the distinguished suicide prevention tools. Through case studies, the importance of education is highlighted in identifying signs of suicidal behaviors and in designing engagement actions through smart education.

Šiame straipsnyje dėmesį skirsime gatvės benamių subkultūrai. Pirmoje dalyje aprašomas gatvės benamystės fenomenas – samprata, priežastys, tapsmas, taip pat analizuojama teorinė kasdienės gyvensenos koncepcija, kuri siejama su Maslou (angl. Maslow) žmogaus motyvacijos teorija. Antroje straipsnio dalyje, remiantis 2016 m. tyrimu Vilniaus mieste, pristatomi autorės užfiksuoti gatvės benamių kasdienio gyvenimo ypatumai. Analizuojami tokie pagrindiniai informantų gyvensenos aspektai kaip būstas ir buitis, pragyvenimo šaltiniai ir pajamos, mityba, socialiniai ryšiai, sveikata, savivoka. Tyrimas padėjo atskleisti ne tik bendrą gatvės benamių charakteristiką, bet ir jų kasdienybės subtilybes. Mūsų tiriamiesiems gatvė jau seniai tapo neatskiriama gyvenimo dalimi. Nors iš pirmo žvilgsnio atrodo, kad gatvės benamių grupė yra monogeniška, vis dėlto išsiskiria jos daugialypumas, atsispindintis kasdienėje gyvensenoje, kuri tiesiogiai priklauso nuo šių žmonių nakvynės vietų ir buities organizavimo bruožų. This article focuses on the lifestyle of street homeless people. The first part describes the phenomenon of street homelessness: the concept, causes, development and theoretical conception of everyday life, which is associated with A. H. Maslow’s theory of human motivation. The second part presents the findings of the research on the peculiarities of everyday life of street homeless people, conducted in Vilnius city in 2016. This article analyses the main aspects of the informants’ lifestyle: housing and mode of life, life-sources and income, nutrition, social relationships, health, and self-perception. The study has helped to reveal not only the general characteristics of street homeless people, but also the subtlety of their everyday life. The street is an integral part of life for our study informants. Although at the first glance it seems that the group of the street homeless is homogeneous, it is multifaceted, which is reflected in everyday lifestyle that directly depends on the characteristics of these people’s lodging places and facilities, as well as the peculiarities of the mode of life organisation. The lifestyle of homeless people is different and depends on people, who live either in the open air or under bridges / in abandoned buildings. Everyday lifestyle can be as follows: from “negligent” satisfaction of needs to careful cherishing of everyday life, i.e. to caring for the quality of everyday life.

Straipsnyje pristatoma ligi šiol mažai pažinta Mogiliove gimusio Vilniaus piešimo mokyklos auklėtinio, vėliau gyvenusio ir kūrusio daugiausia Miunchene, tapytojo ir grafiko Roberto Genino (1884–1941) asmenybė. Menininko biografijos vingiai ir kūrybos kelias rekonstruoti remiantis autoriaus įvairiuose pasaulio muziejuose bei privačiose kolekcijose surastais dailininko darbais, jo surengtų dailės parodų analize bei kritikų atsiliepimais. Sukaupta medžiaga leido autoriui ištyrinėti jo kūrybos vingius ir išskirti pagrindines stilistines dailininko kūrybos kryptis, nustatyti atskirus jos laikotarpius. 1911–1914 m. Geninas kūrė daugiausia grafines daugiafigūres kompozicijas neoklasicizmo įtakoje, daugeliui kūrinių suteikdamas simbolinę prasmę. 1915–1924 m. dailininkas atsidavė ekspresionistinei išraiškai, o 1925–1935 m. jo tapyboje vyravo lyrinėmis nuotaikomis persmelktas primityvizmas. Remiantis šia Genino kūrybos periodizacija ir stilistinėmis tendencijomis, straipsnio autoriui pavyko nustatyti daugelio nedatuotų kūrinių sukūrimo laiką bei aplinkybes, nulėmusias siužetų įvairovę. The article is devoted to the artistic development and biography of the painter and illustrator Robert Genin (1884–1941), who was born in Belarus, studied art in Vilnius, Odessa, Munich and Paris, lived in Paris, Munich, Ascona and Moscow, created numerous paintings, illustrations and some frescos.

Introduction and Aims. Eastern Europe is known to suffer from a large burden of alcohol-related mortality. However, persisting unfavourable conditions at the national level mask variation at the sub-national level. We aim to explore spatial patterns of cause-specific mortality across four post-communist countries: Belarus, Lithuania, Poland and Russia (European part). Design and Methods. We use official mortality data routinely collected over 1179 districts and cities. The analysis refers to males aged 20–64 years and covers the period 2006–2014. Mortality variation is mainly assessed by means of the standardised mortality ratio. Getis-Ord Gi* statistic is employed to detect hot and cold spots of alcohol-related mortality. Results. Alcohol-related mortality exhibits a gradient from very high levels in northwestern Russia to low levels in southern Poland. Spatial transitions from higher to lower mortality are not explicitly demarcated by national boundaries. Within these countries, hot spots of alcohol-related mortality dominate the territories of northwestern and western Russia, eastern and northwestern Belarus, southeastern Lithuania, and eastern and central Poland. Discussion and Conclusions. The observed mortality gradient is likely associated with the spread of alcohol epidemics from the European part of Russia to the other countries, which appears to have started more than a century ago. Contemporary socioeconomic and demographic factors should be taken into account when developing anti-alcohol policies. The same is true for the peculiarities of culture, norms, traditions and behavioural patterns observed in specific geographical areas of the four countries. Reducing alcohol-related harm in the areas identified as hot spots should be prioritised.

Straipsnyje analizuojama priklausomybės nuo alkoholio problema ir sveikimo galimybės anoniminių alkoholikų savipagalbos grupėje (AA). Į problemą žvelgiama sisteminiu požiūriu, aktualizuojamas biopsichosocialinis kontekstas. Teoriškai pagrindžiamos priklausomybės ir gyvenimo kokybės sampratos, pateikiami empirinio tyrimo rezultatai. Giluminio interviu duomenys atskleidžia, jog į priklausomybės „spąstus“ dažnai patenkama vaikystėje, kai perimamas psichosocialinis šeimos modelis. Savipagalbos grupėje, grindžiamoje 12 žingsnių ir tradicijų programa, vyksta nuolatinis dvasinio sveikimo procesas, pastebimi pozityvūs gyvenimo kokybės pokyčiai. The issue of alcohol addiction is one of the most pressing in contemporary society as it causes an effect in the context of poverty, violence and suicidal behaviour. After the restoration of Lithuania‘s Independence a new helping profession such as social worker appeared: they were expected to provide professional help to people in order to help them find inner motivation for positive socialization or re-socialization. The issue of alcohol addiction/dependence was first viewed systemically, with the understanding of the need for systemic help: social, psychological, spiritual and medical. Long-term rehabilitation centres have been created and self-help groups formed: those of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Al-anon (self – help groups for friends and families who have relatives suffering from alcohol) and ACA (Adult Children of Alcoholics self-help group). The article analyzes the quality of life changes in an Alcoholics Anonymous self-help group. Qualitative survey data are presented in this article. Six life stories of people attending Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) self-help groups are provided. The age of the participants ranges from 31 to 58. The main criterion to participate in the research is: people who have or have had problems because of alcohol usage and who are Alcoholics Anonymous self-help group (AA) participants that have reached Step 12. This means they are ready to spread the message about recovering from this abuse to people who suffer from it. Deep analysis interview has been used to collect the data. Interview notional blocks are: 1) childhood experiences; 2) addiction to alcohol period and crisis; 3) changes of life quality when attending AA groups. The study data have been provided using content analysis through the deduction method. The theoretical basis is a systematic approach to a person in the course of his life‘ spiritual concepts and stages of recovery (May, 2004; Linn, Linn, 2003; Kubler-Ross, 2008) and the theory of integrated life quality (Ventegodt, Merrick, Andersen, 2003). The most important aspect of the study of ethics is cultural sensitivity and the principle of confideciality. The study was held from January to February of the year 2015. The study revealed that alcoholism is a problem which often causes concern with its consequences. And this is like a vicious circle. This addiction provides assumptions for social isolation to alcohol addicted people. In the stage of addiction the quality of life suffers. The study reveales that in the process of life change people overcome all the spiritual recovery stages: denial, anger, negotiation, depression and resignation. During the visits to AA self-help groups the life of people changes dramatically. They start seeing the meaning of life, feel life satisfaction and are happy again. The created psychological freedom and security environment context in AA self-help groups meets human needs, improves social skills and leads to better physical health. That is why it can be stated that self-help groups directly contribute to the quality of life for people with alcohol dependance problem.

Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti Lietuvos Respublikos ir Norvegijos Karalystės naudojamas priemones ir būdus siekiant užkardyti smurtui artimoje aplinkoje. Tam tikslui buvo nagrinėjamos Lietuvos ir Norvegijos praktika kovojant su smurtu artimoje aplinkoje ir nustatytos priemonės, kurios yra taikomos siekiant užkardyti smurtą artimoje aplinkoje. Rezultatų analizė parodė, kad Lietuvoje dar nepakankamai naudojamos priemonės siekiant užkardyti smurtui artimoje aplinkoje. The article contains comparative analysis of Lithuanian and Norwegian experience in fighting the domestic violence. It describes tools and measures used in the Republic of Lithuania and the Kingdomof Norway to prevent domestic violence and examines the experience of both countries in fighting against the domestic violence. Both Lithuanian and Norwegian legislation, although prepared in different time, provide protection from domestic violence both in the Criminal Codes of the countries and additional regulations on the prevention of this phenomenon. Lithuanian Criminal Code does not contain a separate criminal offense related to the domestic violence. Any kind of domestic violence is subject to criminal liability that is indicated in separate articles according to the nature of the offense during which intentional physical, mental, sexual, economic or any other type of effect was used and as a result of which a person experienced physical, material or non- pecuniary damage. Meanwhile, the Norwegian Criminal Code provides for a specific crime, established in the Article 219 of Norwegian Criminal Code, which provides for criminal liability for a long-term harrasement of relatives. However, there is no need for a separate provision in the Criminal Code to observe the phenomenon of domestic violence in general.

Gyvenimo istorijos tyrimo prieigos suklestėjimas siejamas su vadinamuoju „biografiniu posūkiu“, kai skirtingose disciplinose atsigręžta į gyvenimo pasakojimą kaip asmens išgyventą unikalią patirtį, kurią formuoja įvairūs socialiniai, kultūriniai, politiniai kontekstai ir aplinkybės, neišvengiamai darančios įtaką savęs suvokimui ir įgytos patirties vertinimui. Biografinė tyrimo prieiga ir naratyvo analizės technikos yra gana plačiai taikomi marginalizuotų visuomenės grupių tyrimuose ne tik dėl galimybės chronologiškai atkurti struktūruotą asmens gyvenimo pasakojimą, bet ir pasitarnauja kaip vadinamasis išlaisvinimas pasakojant, dekonstruojant socialines normas ir procesus, neišvengiamai formuojančius asmeninio gyvenimo trajektorijas. Refleksyvusis naratyvinio tyrimo dėmuo, anot A. Giddenso (2000), įgalina gyvenimo istoriją pasakojantį asmenį peržvelgti savo praeitį per numatomos ateities prizmę ir konstruoti bei permąstyti savąją tapatybę. Apžvelgus gyvenimo istorijos analizės galimybes benamystės tyrimuose šio metodo taikymas iliustruojamas gyvenimo istorijos interviu pavyzdžiais. The popularity of the narrative inquiry and biographical approach in the last few decades of the 20th century is associated with the so called ‘biographical turn’, when different disciplines turned towards life narrative as a unique experience of a person shaped in different social, cultural and political contexts and circumstances that have an inevitable influence on his/her self-identity and on the ways he/she makes sense of their experience. Biographical approach and the life history method are rather widely applied in the research of marginalised social groups because it reconstructs a chronologically structured personal life narrative and also sets an individual free through a narrative by deconstructing social norms and processes that shape the trajectories of a personal life. According to Anthony Giddens (2000), the reflexive element of the narrative inquiry enables a person telling his/her life history to see his/her past through the prism of a foreseen future and to construct and reconsider his/her identity. The application possibilities of biographical research strategies in the research of homelessness are reviewed and illustrated with life history interviews.

In this article are presented situations in which the feeling of dignity of a person is lost or decreases and cannot be restored without professional intervention. This loss is one of the reasons of social exclusion in communities. A person with social issues has no abilities to emphasize her/his own uniqueness and authenticity, s/he stops to progress physically, intellectually and spiritually. In this way these persons enter the field of social worker’s help. In this field of help, one of the main factors in the restoration of human dignity is the social worker her/himself: her/his personality can have a huge influence on his client. The main research question in this study is the following: How should a social worker construct the helping process to help the client to restore her/his human dignity? Research object was the social worker’s help in the process of the restoration of human dignity. Research aim was to reveal the elements of the social worker’s support process that help to restore human dignity. Analysis of the reseach-based conceptual literature was the core method to explore and reveal the answers to research questions. The findings of the analysis highlighted that in situations, when people loose their feeling of dignity within social exclusion then they experience the self-deprecating. In the process of social help a main role is played by social worker’s professional communication with the client: the social worker stimulates the maintenance and restoration of client’s dignity by applying the principle of acting together. This principle is based on moral values, reciprocal responsibility, mutual respect, sincerity, confidentiality and empathy. These components create a trustful environment where, by sustaining client’s free choice and a right of decision, the possibility to achieve client’s openness emerges.

The role of the family as the social environment in shaping adolescent lifestyle has recently received substantial attention. This study was focused on investigating the association between familial and parenting predictors and alcohol use in school-aged children. Adolescents aged 13- and 15-year from a representative sample (N = 3715) of schools in Lithuania were surveyed during the spring of 2014. The methodology of the cross-national Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study was applied. HBSC international questionnaires were completed in the classroom anonymously for obtaining information about drinking of alcoholic beverages and family characteristics – family’s affluence and structure, style of communication in the family, parenting style, parental monitoring, family time together, etc. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied for assessment of the association between familial variables and weekly alcohol use. Analysis has demonstrated that adolescents from non-intact families tended to show significantly higher risk of being weekly drinkers (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.30–2.19). The following parenting factors were associated with weekly use of alcohol: father’s and mother’s low monitoring, father’s authoritarian-repressive and mother’s permissive-neglectful parenting style. Frequent family time together and frequent electronic media communication with parents showed an inverse negative effect than was predicted. The study suggests that alcohol misuse among adolescents could be associated with a non-intact family structure as well as with complex family and parenting determinants which should be investigated more thoroughly by further studies.

Atlikta išorinių mirties priežasčių, nustatytų teismo medicininiais tyrimais 1985-2012 m., analizė, siekiant apžvelgti nužudymų, savižudybių, nelaimingų atsitikimų, neblaiviais žuvusiųjų pokyčius atskirų mirties priežasčių grupėse ir pagal vyravusias atskiras išorines mirties priežastis. Duomenų apimtis - iki 98 procentų visų išorinių mirties priežasčių Lietuvoje. Analizuotų duomenų imtį sudarė 131278 išorinių mirties priežasčių atvejai. Nustatyta, kad daugiau nei pusė (56,8 proc.) mirusių prieš mirtį buvo vartoję alkoholį (mirė būdami neblaivūs). Tarp tirtų išorinių mirties priežasčių nustatyta 35212 patvirtintos savižudybės atvejų, 8533 nužudymų atvejai. Savižudybės ir nužudymai sudarė trečią dalį (33,3 proc.) visų išorinių mirties priežasčių. Daugiausia savižudybių buvo nuo uždusimų pasikariant, nusiskandinant (89 proc.), daugiausia nužudymų (91,7 proc.) buvo įvykdyta „kruvinuoju būdu“ (nuo mechaninių sužalojimų bukais ir aštriais daiktais). Mirties priežasčių nuo nelaimingų atsitikimų daugiausia įvyko dėl mechaninių sužalojimų (44,8 proc.), vyraujant eismo įvykių traumoms (26 proc. visų nelaimingų atsitikimų) ir dėl nukritimų patirtoms traumoms (14,4 proc.). 24,6 proc. nelaimingų atsitikimų sudarė atsitiktiniai apsinuodijimai, 19 proc. mirties priežastys nuo uždusimų, apie 7 proc. visų nelaimingų atsitikimų sudarė mirties priežastys nuo šalčio poveikio. Nuo 2009 m. mažėjo išorinių mirties priežasčių (daugiausia nuo mechaninės kilmės sužalojimų). Atliktos analizės duomenimis, Lietuvoje išliko gana aukšti neblaiviais mirusiųjų asmenų santykiniai rodikliai tarp išorinių mirties priežasčių visumos, o tarp kai kurių mirties priežasčių jie padidėjo. Gauti rezultatai, atsižvelgiant į alkoholio gamybos, realizacijos bei vartojimo paplitimą ir didėjimą Lietuvoje, parodė, kad alkoholio vartojimo paplitimas populiacijoje yra sietinas ir su mirtingumu nuo išorinių mirties priežasčių, įvykdomomis žmogžudystėmis, savižudybėmis, kurių prevencijai valstybė skiria per mažą dėmesį ir remiasi nepakankamai pagrįstais šioje srityje prioritetiniais sprendimais. The analysis of deaths due to external causes according to autopsied forensic cases in Lithuania in the period 1985-2012 was performed. We investigated 131278 cases which made up 98 % of total number of registered unnatural deaths. It was found that more than half (56.8 %) victims consumed alcohol before death. Suicides (n=35212) and homicides (n=8533) made up one third part (33.3 %) deaths due to external causes. The most of suicides was committed by hanging and drowning (89.0 %). It was determined that 91.7 % of homicides victims exhibited evidence of injuries due to blunt and sharp trauma. Among accidents prevailed deaths due to blunt trauma (44.8%), traffic accidents (26.0%), fall from height (14.4 %), fatal intoxication (24.6%), asphyxia (19.0%), hypothermia (7.0 %). We ascertained the decrease of unnatural deaths (mostly due to blunt trauma) since 2009. The prevalence of alcohol in all groups of victims allows to considerate alcohol consumption as the main contributing factor to unnatural deaths.

Straipsnyje keliamas tikslas išsiaiškinti, kaip lėtinė neinfekcinė liga ir lėtinis neinfekcinis negalavimas paveikia sergančiojo asmens santykius su aplinkiniais. Analizuojant sergančiojo asmens ir jo socialinės aplinkos santykius remiamasi sveikatos sociologijos literatūra ir empirinio tyrimo – 27 pusiau struktūruotų interviu su įvairiomis lėtinėmis neinfekcinėmis ligomis sergančiais asmenimis – medžiaga. Sergantieji asmenys patiria dvigubą riziką, susijusią ne tik su lėtinės ligos keliamais biomedicininiais sutrikimais, bet ir su lėtiniu neinfekciniu negalavimu, kuris apibūdinamas kaip sergančio asmens socialinis patyrimas. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas asmens socialinei atskirčiai, kurią lėtinis negalavimas dažniausiai suponuoja netiesiogiai, o sumažindamas sergančio asmens laiko ir finansinius resursus, kurių nepajėgios kompensuoti įvairios makro ir mezo sveikatos ir socialinės institucijos. The paper discusses the influence of chronic disease and chronic illness to the social relations of the patients and their social environment. The analysis is based on the review of sociological literature and 27 semi-structured interviews with chronically ill persons. The chronically ill persons experience double risk related to the biomedical disorder of their body and chronic illness. Chronic illness is defined as chronically ill persons’ social experience. The main subject of analysis is social exclusion which is indirectly determined by chronic illness. The chronic illness reduces the time and financial resources of ill persons and limits their possibilities to participate in the public space. There exist three types of chronic ills that influence the frequency decisions of ill persons to visit the doctors, that is, types depend on the frequency of patients’ visits to the health institutions. The first group of chronic ills does not have a large influence on persons’ everyday activities and allows them to minimize their visits to the health institutions. The second type of chronic ills determines the patients’ routine visits to the doctor in order to get a prescription and examine their health. The third type requires complex tests and cure and force patients to visit health institutions very often. This type takes most time and financial resources. All types are directly related to the diagnosis.

Pasaulinės sveikatos organizacijos duomenimis (2014), Lietuvoje suvartojamo alkoholio kiekis vienam gyventojui yra vienas didžiausių pasaulyje. Išgertas alkoholio kiekis siejamas su žala asmeniui, aplinkiniams ir visuomenei. Piktnaudžiavimas alkoholiu prisideda prie socialinės atskirties formavimo. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra ištirti alkoholio vartojimo priežasčių ir būdų įtaką alkoholio keliamai žalai ir neformaliai geriančiųjų kontrolei. Straipsnis remiasi 2014 m. kiekybine Lietuvos suaugusiųjų gyventojų apklausa, atlikta pagal projektą „Socialinė atskirtis ir dalyvavimas pokyčių Lietuvoje“ (VP1-3.1-SMM-07-K )1. Iš viso apklausta 1000 respondentų, iš jų 628 nurodė vartoję alkoholinių gėrimų per paskutinius 12 mėnesių. Kas antras alkoholį vartojantis asmuo geria nesaikingai. Vyrai vartoja alkoholio dažniau nei moterys. Faktorinės analizės būdu identifikuoti lengvabūdiško ir priklausomo alkoholio vartojimo tipai. Lengvabūdiškam vartojimo tipui būdingesni socialumo, emocijų sužadinimo alkoholiu motyvai. Priklausomam alkoholio vartojimo tipui kuriame galima atpažinti priklausomybės alkoholiui ženklus, dominuoja neigiamų emocijų ir problemų sprendimo alkoholiu motyvai. Abu išskirti alkoholio vartojimo tipai koreliuoja su socialinės žalos, susietos su alkoholio vartojimu, rodikliais. Esant priklausomam alkoholio vartojimo tipui, stipresnis žalos geriančiajam, o ne visuomenei koreliacinis ryšys, ypač tarp vyrų. Žalos visuomenei rodiklis stipriau koreliuoja, kai tarp moterų vyrauja priklausomo alkoholio vartojimo tipas, o tarp vyrų – lengvabūdiško vartojimo tipas. Remiantis tiesinės regresinės analizės rezultatais, nustatyta, kad su alkoholio vartojimu susietą socialinę žalą visuomenei prognozuoja abu alkoholio vartojimo tipų kintamieji, tačiau lengvabūdiško alkoholio vartojimo tipas daro gerokai didesnį poveikį nei priklausomo vartojimo tipas. Nors lengvabūdiškas alkoholio vartojimas labiau siejamas su socialine žala visuomenei, neformalus šio tipo alkoholio vartotojų drausminimas yra silpnas, o tarp moterų ir jaunimo nuo 19 iki 29 m. koreliacinio ryšio visai nėra. Kalbant apie priklausomo alkoholio vartojimo tipą vidutinio stiprumo koreliacija nustatyta tik su neformalaus vyrų drausminimo kintamuoju. Neformalus drausminimas intensyvėja geriančiajam senstant. Gauti duomenys leidžia daryti prielaidą, kad lengvabūdiškas alkoholio vartojimas laisvalaikiu, siekiant pozityvių potyrių, yra socialiai priimtinas, o tokio vartojimo nulemta socialinė žala geriančiajam ir visuomenei ignoruojama. Neformalus drausminimas tiesiogiai susietas tik su priklausomo vartotojo tipu, ypač tarp vyrų. Todėl prevencinės priemonės turi būti pritaikytos abiem alkoholio vartotojų tipams, ypač atskleidžiant lengvabūdiško alkoholio vartojimo keliamą žalą. Reikėtų skatinti alternatyvius laisvalaikio nevartojant alkoholio leidimo būdus, kitų ir savęs nežalojančias vyriškumo raiškos formas. [...] The article analyzes the relation between causes and patterns of alcohol consumption, the harm of alcohol and the informal control of drinkers. It is based on the data of a quantitative survey of adult residents of Lithuania conducted in 2014 as a part of the Social Exclusion and Social Participation in Transitional Lithuania project (VP1-3.1-SMM-07-K). In total, 1000 respondents were surveyed, 628 of whom indicated that they consumed alcoholic beverages in the last 12 months. Every other individual who consumed alcohol was involved in binge drinking. Men consumed alcohol more frequently than women. Using factor analysis, two types of alcohol consumption were identified: frivolous and dependent. The motives of sociability and alcoholinduced emotions were characteristic of frivolous consumption. The second type of alcohol use defined as dependent that displayed the signs of alcohol addiction and was dominated by the motives of “solving” problems and negative emotions produced by alcohol. Both identified types of alcohol use correlated with the indicators of social harm done by alcohol consumption. [...] Based on the results of the linear regression analysis, it was determined that both variables of the types of alcohol use predicted alcohol consumption-related social harm to society but the frivolous type had a much greater impact than the dependent type. [...]

Straipsnyje remiantis 15 pusiau struktūruotų interviu su Vilniaus ir Kauno nakvynės namų gyventojais ir fokus grupės interviu su ekspertais, įvairių organizacijų, dirbančių su tiriama grupe, atstovais, nagrinėjami benamių stigmatizavimo, kriminalizavimo ir įkalinimo klausimai, benamystės ir įkalinimo patirčių sankirtos. Aptariamos socialinės atskirties kriminalizavimą nagrinėjančios teorijos, įrodančios, kad socialinės gerovės ir baudžiamojo aprūpino sąjunga socialines problemas, ypač nedarbo, linkusi spręsti naudodama baudimo ir įkalinimo mechanizmus. Tik du kalinimo patirties turintys benamiai tyrimo metu turėjo darbą, nė vienas iš tyrime dalyvavusių nakvynės namų gyventojų tyrimo metu neturėjo sutuoktinės ir negyveno kohabitacijoje, taip pat didesnė dalis tyrime dalyvavusių nebuvo vedę ir turėję vaikų. Būdami atskirti nuo darbo rinkos ir neturėdami stabilių ir artimų šeiminių ryšių benamiai ypač stokoja pagalbos ir paramos. Tačiau, informantų manymu, valstybė jų problemas sprendžia paviršutiniškai. Įsitraukimą į darbo rinką komplikuoja jų išsilavinimo ir kvalifikacijos, darbinių ir darbo išlaikymo įgūdžių stoka, stigmatizavimas dėl kriminalinės praeities. Benamiai, turintys įkalinimo patirties, privalo susitaikyti ir susigyventi su dviguba nusikaltėlio ir benamio stigma. Skurdo, įkalinimo, benamystės, gyvenimo probleminėse šeimose ir vaikų globos namuose patirčių kompleksas lemia daugiadimensinę atskirtį ir komplikuoja bandymus išvengti viena po kitos ištinkančių benamystės ir įkalinimo situacijų. Using insights of criminological and sociological theories, the article explores the dynamic connection between incarceration and homelessness and identifies specific vulnerabilities related to unemployment, family background, addiction, and stigmatization. According to Garland (2011) and Young (2007), late modern welfare state and neoliberal economics (Wacquant 2009a, 2009b & 2012) developed and institutionalized penal-welfarism as a strategic solution to class conflict, unemployment and poverty. The article analyzes 15 semi-structured interviews with sheltered homeless men in Vilnius and Kaunas and one focus group interview with members of the NGOs dealing with homelessness. The results of the research demonstrate that only two research participants had jobs and none of them had stable partnership at the time of the interviews. Most research participants have never been married and had no children. Their lack of education, working skills and stigmatizing criminal background determined these men’s unemployment. Excluded in both the labor market and family sphere the homeless men are in an extreme need of the welfare state support. However, support offered by the welfare state is rather insufficient. Moreover, the homeless men face and have to cope with the overlapping double stigma: being homeless and ex-prisoners. Their experiences of poverty, incarceration, homelessness, unstable family and foster houses demonstrate these men’s multidimensional social exclusion and insurmountable cycle of homelessness and incarceration.

Straipsnyje, remiantis kokybinio tyrimo, focus grupės ir pusiau struktūruotų interviu su religinių mažumų bendruomenių nariais, analizuojami šių socialinių grupių socialinės atskirties šiuolaikinėje Lietuvos visuomenėje aspektai. Teorinėje straipsnio dalyje, pasitelkiant Pierre’o Bourdieu ir Antonio Gramsci įžvalgas, aptariamas religijos ir socialinės atskirties santykis bei socialinės atskirties raiškos būdai. Empirinių duomenų analizė atliekama trijų visuomenės gyvenimo lygmenų – makro-, mezo- ir mikro-, atsiskleidusių religinių mažumų bendruomenių narių pasakojimuose, pagrindu. Empirinis tyrimas1 parodė, kad religinių mažumų socialinė atskirtis reiškiasi visuose Lietuvos visuomenės gyvenimo lygmenyse, bendruomenės ir jų nariai stigmatizuojami ir marginalizuojami, ribojama bendruomenių veikla viešosiose erdvėse. The article contributes to the theoretical and empirical discussions about the social exclusion of religious minorities in contemporary Lithuania. It is based on the data of the empirical qualitative research – focus group and semi-structured interviews with members of religious minorities in Lithuania. The theoretical part of the article focuses on the relationship between religion and social exclusion and the features of its manifestation; it discusses Pierre Bourdieu and Antonio Gramsci’s theoretical insights. The analysis of empirical data conducted according to the three levels of societal life – macro, meso and micro – that were reflected in the respondents’ narratives demonstrated that social exclusion of religious minorities is manifested at every level of societal life: religious communities and their members are stigmatized and marginalized and their activities in the public sphere are restricted.

gam alkoholio vartojimui nustatyti. Tyrimuose žalingas alkoholio vartojimas nustatomas apsibrėžiant saikingo alkoholio vartojimo ribą ir įvardijamas kaip probleminis alkoholio vartojimas ar tiesiog piktnaudžiavimas alkoholiu. Apibendrinant AUDIT testo rezultatus, šiame tyrime analizuojamas probleminio alkoholio vartojimo paplitimo Lietuvoje reiškinys 2007 m. Metodai. Reprezentatyvus 15–74 m. amžiaus Lietuvos gyventojų tyrimas buvo atliktas 2007 m. spalio- gruodžio mėnesiais. Anketą iš viso užpildė 3302 asmenys. Žalingo alkoholio vartojimo paplitimui įvertinti buvo panaudotas AUDIT klausimynas. Respondentų buvo papildomai paprašyta nurodyti demografinius duomenis bei išlaidas alkoholiniams gėrimams. Rezultatai. Penktadalis 15–74 m. amžiaus Lietuvos gyventojų alkoholį vartoja žalingai. Didžiausias žalingo alkoholio vartojimo paplitimas nustatytas 35–44 m. amžiaus vyrų ir 25–34 m. amžiaus moterų grupėse. Vyrams pavojingas alkoholio vartojimas nustatytas beveik 3 kartus dažniau nei moterims. Taip pat didesnis probleminio alkoholio vartojimo paplitimas nustatytas žemesnį išsilavinimą turinčių, kaimiškose vietovėse gyvenančių, bedarbių bei vienišų asmenų grupėse, o probleminiu alkoholinių gėrimų vartojimu pasižymintys asmenys per mėnesį išleisdavo vidutiniškai 4 kartus didesnę sumą alkoholinių gėrimų įsigijimui. Šis tyrimas parodė, kad alkoholio vartojimo problemos yra aktualios pakankamai didelei daliai Lietuvos gyventojų, o ypatingą susirūpinimą turėtų kelti tai, kad jau pačiose jauniausiose tiriamųjų amžiaus grupėse nustatytas didelis alkoholio vartojimo rizikos lygis. AUDIT test is a traditional methodology to diagnose harmful use of alcohol. The study summarizes the AUDIT test results from the public survey data which was performed in 2007. Methods. The representative sample of Lithuanian adult (15-74 years old) population has been surveyed in October-December 2007. In total 3302 respondents filled in the questionnaire. The level of harmful use of alcohol was estimated with the AUDIT test. The respondents were also asked to provide additional demographic information as well as information about their expenditure on alcoholic beverages. Results. The harmful use of alcohol was observed in 1/5 of 15-74 years old Lithuanians. The highest prevalence of harmful use of alcohol was among 35-44 years old males, and 25-34 years old females. It was around three times more common among males then among females. The lower education, unemployment, living in rural areas, and living alone were the factors more closely associated with the higher prevalence of problematic alcohol use. Problematic alcohol users spend in average 4 times more money to purchase alcoholic beverages. According to the study results alcohol related problems are associated with significant proportion of Lithuanian population. Special concern must be attributed to a fact that the problematic use of alcohol is high among the people in youngest age groups.

Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti vyresniųjų klasių moksleivių polinkį į savižudybę bei jo kitimus 2000–2010 metais, nustatyti polinkio į savižudybę ryšį su psichosocialiniais veiksniais priklausomai nuo lyties. Tyrime dalyvavo Lietuvos administracinio rajono (Kauno raj.) vyresniųjų klasių (11, 12 kl.) moksleiviai. Tyrime dalyvavo 3603 tiriamieji: 2013 (55,9 proc.) merginų ir 1590 (44,1 proc.) vaikinų. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas penkis kartus ( 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2010 metais). Darbe taikyta apklausa raštu moksleivių prisitaikymui nustatyti. (A. Goštautas, 1998). Pagal polinkio į savižudybę skalės įvertinimų išreikštumą tiriamieji, suskirstyti į tris grupes (nulinio, vidutinio ir aukštesnio polinkio) bei išskirti tiriamieji, bandę nusižudyti. Atlikta polinkio į savižudybę kitimų 2000-2010 metais analizė atskirai vaikinų ir merginų grupėse. Tyrimo duomenimis, 2000–2010 metais vyresniųjų klasių moksleivių (tiek merginų, tiek vaikinų) polinkis į savižudybę pagal polinkio į savižudybę skalės įvertinimus reikšmingai sumažėjo. Polinkis į savižudybę labiau būdingas merginoms nei vaikinams, tačiau stebima šio skirtumo nykimo tendencija – 2010 metais statistiškai reikšmingo skirtumo tarp merginų ir vaikinų polinkio į savižudybę nėra. Aukštesnio suicidiškumo tiriamųjų grupėje merginos pasižymi reikšmingai aukštesniais nei vaikinai depresiškumo, žemos savivertės, nerimastingumo, vienišumo, impulsyvumo, mokymosi ir elgesio problemų bei šeimos problemų rodikliais; vaikinai pasižymi reikšmingai aukštesniais nei merginos konfliktiškų santykių su mokytojais, narkotinių medžiagų vartojimo ir patirto smurto rodikliais. The purpose of the study was to assess the tendency towards suicide and its changes in 2000-2010 among male and female schoolchildren of 11th and 12th grades, establish relationship between male and female suicidal tendencies and psychosocial adjustment. Subjects in the study were schoolchildren of 11th and 12th grades of one of the administrative districts (Kaunas region) in Lithuania. There were a total of 3603 subjects: 2013 (55.9 %) female and 1590 (44.1%) male. The study was conducted in 2000- 2010 on five occasions (2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, and 2010). During the research the schoolchildren answered questionnaires to assess their adaptation in writing (A. Goštautas, 1998). According to the total score of Suicidal Tendencies Scale, three groups of suicidal tendencies were formed (zero, average and elevated suicidal tendencies). Subjects who attempted suicide were identified using relevant questions. The analysis of the changes in suicidal tendencies in 2000-2010 among male and female adolescent was performed. According to the research results there was a significant decline in suicidal tendencies among schoolchildren of 11th and 12th grades (both females and males) from 2000 to 2010 as measured by Suicidal Tendencies scale. Suicidal Tendencies scale scores are significantly higher for females than for males, but this difference between female and male gradually declined 2000-2010. There is no significant difference between female and male suicidal tendencies in 2010. In elevated suicidal tendencies group females have significantly higher scores of depression mood, low selfesteem, loneliness, anxiety, impulsivity, learning and behavioural problems, adverse family environment scales than male. Males have significantly higher scores of conflict-ridden relationships with teachers, experienced violence and substance abuse (alcohol, drugs, nicotine) scales than females.

Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti paauglių, augančių alkoholio vartojimo problemų turinčiose šeimose, vaidmens šeimoje ir akademinių pasiekimų sąsajas. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad paauglių, augančių alkoholio vartojimo problemų turinčiose ir neturinčiose šeimose, akademiniai pasiekimai nesiskiria. Paauglių, augančių alkoholio vartojimo problemų turinčiose šeimose, akademinius pasiekimus prognozuoja vaikų vaidmenys šeimoje ir lytis. Parental alcoholism leads to a dysfunctional environment in the family, which carries the potential to cause various difficulties for the children. The aim of the research is to exam of the correlation between the academic achievements of adolescents from alcoholic families and the adolescent’s role in the family. For this purpose CAST-6 (Children of Alcoholics Screening Test, Hodgins and Shimp, 1995) was used; it is meant for identifying the individuals from alcoholic families. To assess the child‘s role in family was used CRI (Children’s Role Inventory) by A. Potter and D. Williams, 1991. Academic achievements of adolescents were asked about their average grades in mathematics and Lithuanian of the last semester. The subjects of the study were 320 schoolchildren in their 8th – 11th school year. 192 girls (60 %) and 128 boys (40 %). The results of the study showed that the Lost Child role in girls is more expressed in families with drinking problems. The rest of the roles are expressed with the same frequency in families with and without drinking problems. The academic achievements of adolescents from families with drinking problems do not differ from the academic achievements of adolescents from families without drinking problems.The academic achievements of adolescents can be predicted by examining their roles in the family and their sex. A strongly expressed role of the Hero determines higher average grades in mathematics, while a strongly expressed role of the Mascot results in lower average grades in the same subject. A strongly expressed role of the Hero in the family together with being a female determines higher average grades in the Lithuanian language, while a strongly expressed role of the Mascot results in lower average grades in the Lithuanian language.

Homelessness is a voluntary or involuntary way of life, that does not meet the behavior standards and values in the society and for which the society „punishes“ by stigmatizing and discriminating people. People, who experience homelessness, have unbalanced relationships with their micro, mezzo and macro environment. These people are not only called „border people“, but they are also pushed out of the society thus creating social isolation groups. Through social isolation process, various stereotypes and accusations are created, which complicate integration of the homeless people into the society and force them to behave in the way the attitudes are formed about them. The aim of the research of homeless men social relations is to better understand the phenomenon of the research by revealing the social relations importance in person‘s life and also to see the possibilities how a social worker can help when working with homeless people. In order to reveal the experiences of homeless men‘s social relations, the strategy of qualitative research was chosen. Research participants were 11 men that live in Kaunas and Klaipėda night shelters and get temporary accommodation services. Theme analysis as data analysis method was chosen. Theme analysis allows data identifying, analyzing and structuring. The research data revealed that most of the men experienced breakdowns of social relations and contacts in their childhood. Lack of love, intimacy, attention, secure attachments, and death of one parent or parental absence led to disturbed relationships in their adult life. The research revealed that the night shelter residents find it difficult to discover the meaning of life and to start long-term relationships built on trust and mutual respect with the similar fate people. However, despite this, it was noticed that men have no discomfort in communicating with social workers or organizations that provide social services and help. The research showed that men who get temporary accommodation services have more possibilities to work. Though often working illegally, men face discrimination and manipulation by employers that cause mistrust and insecure feelings and stimulate homeless men to distance themselves from society.

This study analyses the range of problems of the enterprises that integrate disabled persons into the labour market, evaluating the capacity of their staff to deal with the emerging problems of employees’ safety from psychological violence in the cultural context. Attention is drawn to the fact that social enterprises implementing govern‐ mental programmes for the employment of persons with disabilities are oriented only to the guarantees of the physical working conditions, but the issues of psychological safety, psychological well-being, and social exclusion are not dealt with. The latter questions are not discussed neither in the government programme nor in policies of the enterprises; therefore, they are dealt with depending on the established business management culture. The management personnel of companies with the status of social enterprises perceives the function of the enterprise as a certain niche in the market, receiving the state aid for the implemented requirements to employ disabled persons and adapt the physical environment for them. This approach highlights such side effects as unaddressed (suppressed) discriminatory attitude towards employees with disabilities in enterprises, organisational weakness in dealing with interpersonal conflicts, the lack of competence of the managerial staff and the lack of systematic knowledge on work with personnel. In this case, there is a debatable question of whether the efforts of the state will reach the desired goal, i.e. the fully-fledged work and social integration of the people who the investments are intended for, or continue the traditions of silent social segregation? This study shows that it is necessary to critical‐ ly evaluate the selected model for fostering businesses to integrate into the labour market, in which the issues of psycho-social welfare and social initiative of enterpris‐ es are underestimated.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos mokinių smurto prieš mokytojus bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje atsiradimo priežastys ir raiškos formos. Analizuojami mokinių smurtą prieš mokytojus skatinantys objektyvūs ir subjektyvūs veiksniai. Aptariamos mokinių smurto prieš mokytojus formos ir jų pasekmės. Parodoma, kad toks smurtas griauna pasitikėjimo ir būtino bendradarbiavimo tarp mokinių ir mokytojų pagrindus, be kurių efektyvus ugdymo ir žinių perdavimo bei mokymosi procesas yra sunkiai įmanomas. Aptariamos galimos priemonės šio smurto išvengti The violence against teachers discussed in this article is a phenomenon realistically existing in schools and it reflects the processes of modern society and their outcome for the youth as well as the interpersonal value priorities and relation with the surrounding world. This article shows the significantly changed situation in schools and the changed teachers’ work conditions. Teachers working at schools do not feel safe. The pupils’ violence influences not only motivation of teacher’s work but also the quality of education service. The appearance and development of pupils’ violence against teachers is stimulated by both objective (social-psychological situation promoting the provisions of aggressiveness in the country, prolonged Education reform and constant reconstruction of schools, derogation and degradation of teacher’s job) and subjective preconditions and first of all - the pupils’ structured model of behaviour with the surrounding people, which is influenced by negative impact of school and peer groups as well as by propagation of violence in mass media and experience of violence in the family. In modern school pupils use both kinds of violence - physical and psychological. Physical violence can be used against a) the personality of the teacher and b) teacher’s possession, thing or animal. This kind of violence can be committed by a single person (pupil) when an offended pupil uses violence against the teacher or his possession or by a group of persons (pupils) when a group of pupils on agreement or spontaneously uses violence against the teacher or his possession. Actually, physical violence against teachers (the usage of physical power) is rather rare. The most frequently met in the relations between pupils and teachers is the psychological violence and such its forms as teachers’ derogation, devaluation, harassment, assault, isolation, rejection, alienation, terrorizing, etc. The violence against teachers is specific because it destroys the basis of trust and cooperation without which the effective education process of knowledge communication and its acceptance is hardly possible. Reduction of pupils’ violence against teachers is not only the matter of school. In order to reduce the expression of violence against teachers the society should support changing the attitude towards the importance of teacher’s job, as well as state institutions making appropriate decisions concerning material evaluation of teacher’s job, and also the teacher himself doing his job honestly and with responsibility and always ready to understand the needs of modern youth and to react creatively

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami 1991 – 2004 m. Klaipėdos laikraščiuose pateiktų savižudybių aprašymų ypatumai. Straipsniai buvo analizuoti remiantis 28 požymių įvertinimo schema (pagal Gailienė, Trofimova, 1999). Straipsnių apie savižudybes kiekybinė ir kokybinė analizė parodė, kad dauguma jų neatitinka rekomendacijų, kaip apie savižudybę reiktų pranešti žiniasklaidoje. Svarbiausi Klaipėdos laikraščiai beveik neskiria jokio dėmesio savižudybių prevencijai ir pagalbai. Be to, straipsniuose beveik nepateikiama statistinių duomenų ir rezultatų, pagrįstų moksliniais tyrimais. The paper examines the peculiarities of reporting suicides in Klaipėda‘s newspapers during the period from 1991 to 2004. The articles were analyzed using 28 features evaluation scheme (according to Gailienė, Trofimova 1999). The qualitative and quantitative analyses of articles covering suicides revealed that majority of them do not satisfy the recommendations for suicides to be reported in media. Main newspapers in Klaipėda almost do not pay any attention to suicide prevention and help. Moreover, the articles practically do not publish statistical data and results based upon scientific research.

Straipsnyje analizuojama vaiko socializacijos-asocializacijos samprata, kurią lemia pasaulyje plačiai ratifikuota 1989 m. Jungtinių Tautų vaiko teisių konvencija. Aptariami kraštutiniai vaikų asocializacijos atvejai - nusikalstamumas, savižudybės. Akcentuojama, kad vaiko teisės, jų įtvirtinimas demokratinėje (žmogaus teisių) visuomenėje lemia vaiko socializacijos sėkmę. Apžvelgiamos tarptautinių organizacijų iniciatyvos siekiant užtikrinti vaiko teises, teisiniai aktai vaiko teisių klausimais, vaiko teisių apsaugos institucijos Lietuvoje bei jų veikla (iki 1999 m.). Pabrėžiama, jog tarptautinė kooperacija, bendradarbiavimas, dalijimasis patirtimi įgyja ypatingą reikšmę panašėjant Vaiko teisių konvenciją ratifikavusių šalių švietimo tikslams. Daromos išvados: šiandieninės tarptautinės teisės normos keičia vaikystės sampratą ir vaiko statusą visuomenėje; nepaisyti vaiko teisių šiandieninėje visuomenėje reiškia sudaryti sąlygas vaiko asocializacijai; ženklus nepilnamečių sunkių kriminalinių nusikaltimų augimas Lietuvoje liudija apie visuomenėje aktyviai veikiantį jaunimo agresiją skatinantį faktorių; ryškėja Lietuvos jaunimo poliarizacija; demokratinėje visuomenėje kiekvienam žmogui svarbu būti matomam ir reikšmingam, tad ir vaiko socializacijos sėkmei būtinas vaiko dalyvavimas sprendžiant vaikui aktualius klausimus; žmogaus ir vaiko teisių įgyvendinimo pagrindinis įrankis - švietimas; vaiko teisių įgyvendinimas visuomenėje reikalauja institucinio ir kultūrinio - išreiškiančio žmonių mentalitetą, požiūrius, vertybes, socialinius santykius - konteksto pertvarkymo. The article discusses the conception and factors of child socialization in a democratic society. Official ideology of a child, advocated by various legal documents, in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child in particular (1989), concedes for a child universal human rights to justice, equality, freedom, selfdetermination and participation. Negation of those rights for a v creates conditions for child's asocialization. The discrepancy between rights advocated and rights realized advances asocialization and children delinquency. The data on extreme cases of children asocialization, delinquency, truancy and suicides in Lithuania have been presented. Tendencies of undesirable phenomena in Lithuania and other Western countries have been compared. Delinquency prevention and successful children socialization are related to adequate implementation of children rights. This is the concern of various international organizations: JTO, Council of Europe, Save the children, Childwatch International c care.

Paskutinis XX amžiaus dešimtmetis pasižymėjo tuo, jog Lietuva tapo pirmaujančia Europoje valstybe pagal gyventojų savižudybių skaičių, tenkantį 25–64 metų amžiaus gyventojų daliai, tiek vyrų, tiek moterų tarpe. Straipsnyje analizuojamos savižudybių tendencijos tarp miesto gyventojų, atsižvelgiant į metų, lyties ir savižudybės būdo faktorius. Tyrimas apima laikotarpį nuo 1984 iki 2003 metų. Šiam laikotarpiui būdinga tai, jog nuo 1986 iki1995 metų savižudybių skaičius Lietuvoje didėjo, tuo tarpu vėlesniais metai jis buvo linkęs šiek tiek mažėti. Tyrimo metu buvo naudojami oficialūs statistiniai duomenys, atspindintys mirtingumo lygį, asmenų lytį, laikotarpį ir savižudybės būdą Kauno mieste. Tyrimo duomenys atskleidė, jog miesto gyventojų vyrų grupėje savižudybių skaičius viso laikotarpio metu didėjo, tuo tarpu moterų grupėje tokie pokyčiai nebuvo statistiškai reikšmingi. Pastebėta, kad tiriamuoju laikotarpiu įvyko daug pokyčių renkantis savižudės būdą. Šie pokyčiai atsispindėjo tiek vyrų, tiek moterų grupėje. Moterų grupėje pastebėtas didelis savižudybės pasikorimo ir nusinuodijimo būdu santykio pokytis. Vyrų grupėje išryškėjo tokių savižudybės būdų kaip nusinuodijimas ir nusišovimas daugėjimas. Daroma prielaida, jog savižudybės būdų pokyčių tendencijos galėjo įtakoti ir savižudybių skaičių. Manytina, kad tolimesni savižudybės būdų pokyčių įtakos savižudybių skaičiui tyrimai galėtų prisidėti kuriant prevencines savižudybių priemones. The last decade of the 20th c. is important because Lithuania was the first state in Europe according to the number of suicides of people from 25 to 64 years old in both men and women groups. The article analyses suicide tendencies between citizens according to their age, sex and way of a suicide. The research was performed in the period of 1984–2003. During this period, the number of suicides was increasing in Lithuania from 1986 to 1995, later the number had a tendency to decrease. Official statistic data determining the level of mortality, period and the way of a suicide in Kaunas were used during the research. The research data revealed that the number of suicides in the group of men living in the town was increasing all the time, meanwhile in the group of women such changes had no statistic importance. It was noticed that during this period a lot of changes regarding the choice of the suicide method took place. The changes were noticed in both groups: men and women. In the group of women, a huge change was noticed regarding the suicide rates by hanging and poisoning oneself. In the group of men, an increase of poisoning and shooting oneself was noticed. An assumption is made that the change of suicide methods may have influenced the number of suicides. It is considered that further researches regarding the influence of the change of suicide methods to the number of suicides may contribute to the development of preventive measured against suicides.

Lietuvoje savižudybės tampa svarbia visuomenės sveikatos problema, reikalaujančia tyrinėjimų ir papildomo dėmesio. Viena iš pirmaujančių mirties priežasčių, ypatingai darbingų vyrų grupėje, yra savižudybė. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra ištirti sezonines savižudybių tendencijas, atsižvelgiant į lyties, amžiaus ir savižudybės būdų kriterijus. Tyrimui pasirinkti 1993–2002 metų laikotarpio oficialūs mirčių registravimo duomenys. Pastebėtina, kad naudoti duomenys gali iš dalies neatspindėti realios situacijos, kadangi tiriama buvo tik mirtimi pasibaigusių savižudybių duomenys, tuo tarpu nepavykę bandymai nusižudyti nėra atspindimi tyrime. Tyrimo duomenys atskleidė, jog Lietuvoje ryškiai atsispindi savižudybių sezoniškumo tendencijos, didžiausią skaičių savižudybių fiksuojant vasaros sezonu ir gruodžio mėnesį. Gruodžio mėnesio statistika pasirodė net didesnė nei vasaros laikotarpio savižudybių skaičiai. Tačiau pastebima, kad tirtu laikotarpiu, sezoniniai skirtumai yra linkę mažėti. Ištirta, jog tiek vyrų, tiek moterų tarpe, populiariausias savižudybės būdas buvo pasikorimas. Būtent šis savižudybės metodas pasižymėjo dideliu sezoniškumu. Tokie rezultatai leidžia teigti, jog vasaros laikotarpio savižudybių didesnis skaičius yra susijęs su būtent padidėjusiu pasikorimų kaip savižudybės būdo skaičiumi tuo laikotarpiu. Autorių nuomone, tolimesni savižudybių sezoniškumo tyrimai gali prisidėti prie prevencijos priemonių kūrimo ir savižudybių skaičiaus mažinimo. Background: In Lithuania, suicides are a grave public health problem, requiring more extensive investigation. The aim of the study was to assess the seasonal variations of suicides in Lithuania throughout the years 1993–2002, describing patterns by gender, age and method of suicide. The study material consisted of all registered suicides (n=16,147) committed throughout 1993–2002 in Lithuania. Smoothed trends were inspected. The seasonal effect was explored using monthly ratio statistics and spectral analysis. Suicides in Lithuania have a distinct annual rhythm with peaks in summer and troughs in December. The December frequencies fell by more than 23% in men and 30% in women, while June peak reached nearly 23% in men and July peak exceeded 29% in women, compare with the average levels, (p