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The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano erupted on 15 January 2022 with an energy equivalent to around 61 megatons of TNT. The explosion was bigger than any other volcanic eruption so far in the 21st century. Huge quantities of particles, including dust and water vapour, were released into the atmosphere. We present the results of a preliminary study of the effects of the explosion on observations taken at Paranal Observatory using a range of instruments. These effects were not immediately transitory in nature, and a year later stunning sunsets are still being seen at Paranal., Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, published in ESO Messenger vol. 190

Since 2005 ESO has been working with its community and industry to develop an extremely large optical/infrared telescope. ESO's Extremely Large Telescope, or ELT for short, is a revolutionary ground-based telescope that will have a 39-metre main mirror and will be the largest visible and infrared light telescope in the world. To address specific topics that are needed for the science operations and calibrations of the telescope, thirteen specific working groups were created to coordinate the effort between ESO, the instrument consortia, and the wider community. We describe here the goals of these working groups as well as their achievements so far., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

Molecfit is a general tool to correct for telluric absorption lines based on synthetic modelling of the Earth's atmospheric transmission. It combines a publicly available radiative transfer code, a molecular line database, atmospheric profiles, and various kernels to model the instrument line spread function. As a result, the standard deviation of the residuals after correction of unsaturated telluric lines is frequently better than 2% of the continuum. In this presentation, I will briefly describe the tool and the current developments: (a) integration within the ESO pipelines, (b) various improvements, (c) deployment of radiometers at Paranal for precise measurements of the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. In particular, in some specific conditions, molecfit is able to blindly correct telluric lines to a high accuracy.

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The presence of strong absorption lines in the atmospheric transmission spectrum affects spectroscopic observations, in particular those in the near- and mid-infrared. Therefore, there is the need to correct scientific observations for this effect, a process known as telluric correction. The use of a detailed model of the atmospheric transmission spectrum brings several advantages over the method of empirically deriving corrections using observations of a telluric standard star. In this paper, we discuss and compare the two methods applied to K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (KMOS) observations and show the improvements in the quality of the final products obtained by implementing the modelling technique offered by the ESO molecfit sky tool., Published in The Messenger vol. 177, pp. 14-18, September 2019.

Replacing the unused ADC by a polarizing filter would transform the VST into the first large polarimetric optical survey telescope, without affecting the current capabilities of the VST+OmegaCAM system. Scientific cases include: mapping the Milky-Way and Magellanic clouds magnetic fields, surveys of quasar polarization, identification and variability of polarized brown dwarfs, polarimetric characterization and mapping of solar-system objects (incl. the moon, comets, and asteroids), detection of polarized signal around the L4 and L5 Lagrange points, a census of magnetic white dwarfs and Herbig Ae/Be stars, etc. The design of the VST limits the technical implementation for the polarimetric unit to a single-beam system: therefore, we will develop data-driven calibration methods to achieve a sub-percent polarimetric accuracy. The proposed implementation is of low cost and requires no major development, as polarizing filters of the needed size are readily available. In particular, it does not require major modification neither of VST, nor of OmegaCAM. In fact, the currently offered capabilities of the VST+OmegaCAM are preserved as the polarizing filter can be removed from the optical beam. Would this project be accepted, efforts will be needed on the design of the polarimeter unit to optimize accuracy and execution times, on the design of the calibration plan, and on the extension of the data reduction pipeline to extract the polarization signals.

"Molecfit is a tool to correct for telluric absorption lines based on synthetic modelling of the Earth's atmospheric transmission. \nWe will present the tool, its applicability, its limitations, examples of applications at ESO and at other observatories, as well as recent and future developments."

We present the largest mid-infrared atlas of active galactic nuclei at sub-arcsecond spatial scales containing 249 objects. It comprises all ground-based HR MIR observations performed to date. This catalog includes a large number of new observations. The photometry in multiple filters allows for characterizing the properties of the dust emission for most objects. Because of its size and characteristics, this sample is very well-suited for AGN unification studies. In particular, we discuss the enlarged MIR--X-ray correlation which extends over six orders of magnitude in luminosity and potentially probes different physical mechanisms. Finally, tests for intrinsic differences between the AGN types are presented and we discuss dependencies of MIR--X-ray properties with respect to fundamental AGN parameters such as accretion rate and the column density and covering factor of obscuring material., Comment: Proceedings of the Torus Workshop 2012 held at the University of Texas at San Antonio, 5-7 December 2012. C. Packham, R. Mason, and A. Alonso-Herrero (eds.); 8 pages, 5 figures; slides are available via http://files.gemini.edu/~torus2012/asmus_torus2012_web.pdf

We report evidence for an anti-correlation between spin temperature $T_s$ and metallicity [Z/H], detected at $3.6 ��$ significance in a sample of 26 damped Lyman-$��$ absorbers (DLAs) at redshifts $0.09 < z < 3.45$. The anti-correlation is detected at $3 ��$ significance in a sub-sample of 20 DLAs with measured covering factors, implying that it does not stem from low covering factors. We obtain $T_s = (-0.68 \pm 0.17) \times {\rm [Z/H]} + (2.13 \pm 0.21)$ from a linear regression analysis. Our results indicate that the high $T_s$ values found in DLAs do not arise from differences between the optical and radio sightlines, but are likely to reflect the underlying gas temperature distribution. The trend between $T_s$ and [Z/H] can be explained by the larger number of radiation pathways for gas cooling in galaxies with high metal abundances, resulting in a high cold gas fraction, and hence, a low spin temperature. Conversely, low-metallicity galaxies have fewer cooling routes, yielding a larger warm gas fraction and a high $T_s$. Most DLAs at $z>1.7$ have low metallicities, [Z/H] $< -1$, implying that the HI in high-$z$ DLAs is predominantly warm. The anti-correlation between $T_s$ and [Z/H] is consistent with the presence of a mass-metallicity relation in DLAs, suggested by the tight correlation between DLA metallicity and the kinematic widths of metal lines. Most high-$z$ DLAs are likely to arise in galaxies with low masses ($M_{\rm vir} < 10^{10.5} M_\odot$), low metallicities ([Z/H]$< -1$, and low cold gas fractions., 5 pages, 2 figures; accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters

Spectroscopy of QSO absorption lines provides essential observational input for the study of nucleosynthesis and chemical evo- lution of galaxies at high redshift. But new observations may indicate that present chemical abundance data are biased due to deficient spectral resolution and unknown selection effects: Recent high-resolution spectra reveal the hitherto unperceived chemi- cal nonuniformity of a molecule-bearing damped Lyman-alpha (DLA) system, and the still ongoing H/ESO DLA survey produces convincing evidence for the effect of dust attenuation. We present a revised analysis of the H2-bearing DLA complex toward the QSO HE 0515-4414 showing nonuniform differential depletion of chemical elements onto dust grains, and introduce the H/ESO DLA survey and its implications. Conclusively, we aim at starting an unbiased chemical abundance database established on high-resolution spectroscopic observations. New data to probe the temperature-redshift relation predicted by standard cosmology and to test the constancy of fundamental constants will be potential spin-offs.

We present an HST STIS spectrum of the HeII Gunn-Peterson effect towards HE2347-4342. Compared to the previous HST GHRS data obtained by Reimers et al. (1997), the STIS spectrum has a much improved resolution. The 2-D detector also allows us to better characterize the sky and dark background. We confirm the presence of two spectral ranges of much reduced opacity, the opacity gaps, and provide improved lower limits on the HeII G-P opacity in the high opacity regions. We use the STIS spectrum together with a Keck--HIRES spectrum covering the corresponding HI Lya forest to calculate a 1-D map of the softness S of the ionization radiation along the line of sight towards HE 2347-4342, where S is the ratio of the HI to HeII photoionization rates. We find that S is generally large but presents important variations, from S ~ 30 in the opacity gaps to a 1 sigma lower limit of 2300 at z~2.86, in a region which shows an extremely low HI opacity over a 6.5 A range. We note that a large S naturally accounts for most of the large SiIV to CIV ratios seen in other quasar absorption line spectra. We present a simple model that reproduces the shape of the opacity gaps in absence of large individual absorption lines. We extend the model described in Heap et al. (2000) to account for the presence of sources close to the line of sight of the background quasar. As an alternative to the delayed reionization model suggested by Reimers et al. (1997), we propose that the large softness observed at z~2.86 is due to the presence of bright soft sources close to the line of sight, i.e. for which the ratio between the number of HI to HeII ionizing photons reaching the IGM is large. We discuss these two models and suggest ways to discriminate between them., Comment: 43 pages, incl. 10 figures. Revised version accepted for publication in ApJ. Tentatively scheduled for the v564 n2 ApJ January 10, 2002 issue. More discussion about the origin of high opacity regions

We report on HST and Palomar optical images of the field of GRB 990123, obtained on 8 and 9 February 1999. We find that the optical transient (OT) associated with GRB 990123 is located on an irregular galaxy, with magnitude V=24.20 +/- 0.15. The strong metal absorption lines seen in the spectrum of the OT, along with the low probability of a chance superposition, lead us to conclude that this galaxy is the host of the GRB. The OT is projected within the ~1'' visible stellar field of the host, nearer the edge than the center. We cannot, on this basis, rule out the galactic nucleus as the site of the GRB, since the unusual morphology of the host may be the result of an ongoing galactic merger, but our demonstration that this host galaxy has extremely blue optical to infrared colors more strongly supports an association between GRBs and star formation. We find that the OT magnitude on 1999 Feb 9.05, V = 25.45 +/- 0.15, is about 1.5 mag fainter than expected from extrapolation of the decay rate found in earlier observations. A detailed analysis of the OT light curve suggests that its fading has gone through three distinct phases: an early rapid decline (f_{nu} \propto t^{-1.6} for t < 0.1 days), a slower intermediate decline power-law decay (f_{nu} \propto t^{-1.1} for 0.1 < t < 2 days), and then a more rapid decay (at least as steep as (f_�� \propto t^{-1.8} for t > 2 days). The break to steeper slope at late times may provide evidence that the optical emission from this GRB was highly beamed., Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal (Letters). Fourteen pages. Three encapsulated figures

The spatial distribution of the Ly$\alpha$ forest is studied using new HST data for the quasar pair Q~1026--0045 A and B at $z_{em}$ = 1.438 and 1.520 respectively. The angular separation is 36 arcsec and corresponds to transverse linear separations between lines of sight of $\sim300h^{-1}_{50}$ kpc ($q_{o}$ = 0.5) over the redshift range 0.833 < z < 1.438. From the observed numbers of coincident and anti-coincident Ly$\alpha$ absorption lines, we conclude that, at this redshift, the Ly$\alpha$ structures have typical dimensions of $\sim500h^{-1}_{50}$ kpc, larger than the mean separation of the two lines of sight. The velocity difference, $\Delta V$, between coincident lines is surprisingly small (4 and 8 pairs with $\Delta V < 50 and 200 km/s respectively). Metal line systems are present at $z_{abs}$ = 1.2651 and 1.2969 in A, $z_{abs}$ = 0.6320, 0.7090, 1.2651 and 1.4844 in B. In addition we tentatively identify a weak Mg II system at $z_{abs}$ = 0.11 in B. It is remarkable that the $z_{abs}$ = 1.2651 system is common to both lines of sight. The system at $z_{abs}$ = 1.4844 %is probably associated and has strong O~VI absorption. There is a metal-poor associated system at $z_{abs}$ = 1.4420 along the line of sight to A with complex velocity profile. We detect a strong Ly$\alpha$ absorption along the line of sight to B redshifted by only 300 km/s relatively to the associated system. It is tempting to interpret this as the presence of a disk of radius larger than 300$h^{-1}_{50}$ kpc surrounding quasar A., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, A&A Letter acccepted

We report on the detection of a z_gal=0.101 galaxy projected on the sky at 4.2 arcsec (or 5.2 h^{-1} kpc for q_o=0.5) from the quasar Q 0439-433 (z_em=0.594). The HST spectrum of the quasar shows strong MgII, FeII, SiII, AlII and CIV absorption lines at the same redshift as the galaxy. The equivalent width ratios of the low ionization lines indicate that this system is probably damped with a neutral hydrogen column density of N_HI~10^{20}cm^{-2}. The CIV doublet presents a complex structure, and in particular a satellite with a velocity v=1100km/s relative to the galaxy. Additional HST and redshifted 21cm observations of this QSO-galaxy pair would offer an ideal opportunity to study the morphology of a damped absorber and the kinematics of the halo of a low-redshift galaxy., Comment: LaTeX format, l-aa style file, use psfig.sty, 4 pages, 10 PostScript figures included; accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Letter to the Editor (Corrected mistake in the title as it appears in the database; no change to the paper)