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In the previous study we have already known that SIR model can be used to deal with the public opinion problem. On the basis of this, in this paper we proposed a new model which can describe the dissemination of the public opinion, especially the negative ones more precisely and efficiently. We separate people into 4 parts to describe their different state when received the information and use method of dynamic system to find out the final state of the system. From this study, we give a explanation about the phenomenon that public opinions always disappear.

This study aims to examine the association between intergenerational support and self-rated health (SRH) levels using data collected from Chinese older adults residing in Honolulu, United States ( N = 329). We also investigated the mediating role of resilience and the moderating role of gender in the association. We found that receiving emotional support was significantly and positively associated with better SRH for the whole sample. The positive effect of receiving emotional support on health was significant among older women only. In contrast, the beneficial effect of providing economic support on health was significant among older men only. We found that resilience significantly mediated the positive effect of received emotional support on SRH, and this effect was found for the whole sample and among older women. However, resilience did not mediate the positive effect of the economic support provided on SRH among older men.

The density derived electrostatic and chemical (DDEC) approach for calculating the charges of atoms in a metal-organic framework (MOF) is considered to be the most accurate (yet computationally costly) one among many charge-assignment methods. Here, we conducted a comparative study on five different types of atomic partial charges (namely CM5, Mulliken, Qeq, EQeq and PACMOF) prepared for a subset of MOFs with affordable computational costs and benchmarked them with respect to the DDEC charges, which is particularly relevant because currently most databases lack MOFs with pre-calculated DDEC charges. To find a suitable charge type alternative to the DDEC approach, we statistically ranked the five charge types based on two metrics, the relative standard deviation of charges and relative dipole moment difference, based on which we provide general guidance as well as suggestions for specific MOFs according to bond polarity analyses. Finally, we recommend a possible and more accurate parametrization scheme for future studies.

In order to improve the estimation accuracy of the state of charge (SOC) of lithium ion batteries and accurately estimate the state of health (SOH), this paper proposes an improved firefly algorithm to optimize particle filter algorithm to estimate the SOC and SOH of lithium batteries. Aiming at the particle degradation problem of the traditional sequential importance sampling in the standard particle filter algorithm, the improved firefly algorithm is used to replace the re-sampling of the traditional particle filter to suppress the particle depletion during the execution of the standard particle filter algorithm; Establishing a second-order RC equivalent circuit model and use the recursive least square method with forgetting factor to identify relevant battery parameters. The ohmic resistance is regarded as a characteristic parameter of the battery state of health (SOH), and the battery SOH is estimated on this basis. IFA-PF algorithms are used for the joint estimation of SOC and SOH. Through simulation verification under DST conditions, the accuracy of using the improved particle filter algorithm to estimate battery SOC is within 2%, with an average error of 0.81%, and its SOH estimation accuracy remains at about 2%, with an average error of 1.34%, which proves the superiority of the joint estimation algorithm.

There is evidence that greater aesthetic experience can be linked to artworks when their corresponding meanings can be successfully inferred and understood. Modern cultural-expo architecture can be considered a form of artistic creation and design, and the corresponding design philosophy may be derived from representational objects or abstract social meanings. The present study investigates whether cultural-expo architecture with an easy-to-understand architectural appearance design is perceived as more beautiful and how architectural photographs and different types of descriptions of architectural appearance designs interact and produce higher aesthetic evaluations. The results showed an obvious aesthetic preference for cultural-expo architecture with an easy-to-understand architectural appearance design (Experiment 1). Moreover, we found that the aesthetic rating score of architectural photographs accompanied by an abstract description was significantly higher than that of those accompanied by a representational description only under the difficult-to-understand design condition (Experiment 2). The results indicated that people preferred cultural-expo architecture with an easy-to-understand architectural appearance design due to a greater understanding of the design, providing further evidence that abstract descriptions can provide supplementary information and explanation to enhance the sense of beauty of abstract cultural-expo architecture.

Theoretical models have recently been used to simulate deionization technology by capturing electrochemical processes at atomistic, electrode, and plant length scales in electrodialysis, capacitive deionization using electric double layers, and Faradaic deionization using intercalation materials and redox-active polymers. We review the salient features of such models, identifying their major accomplishments in quantifying energy consumption and ion removal, analyzing the feasibility of large-scale systems, and discovering new electrode materials and understanding their deionization mechanisms. After summarizing strengths and weaknesses of recent modeling strategies, we identify research directions to expand modeling capabilities that can be used to inform electrode material/microstructure design, to assign energy losses to electrode-scale mechanisms, to bridge length scales, and to capture Faradaic kinetic/diffusion processes.

Natural materials possess many distinctive "living" attributes, such as self-growth, self-healing, environmental responsiveness, and evolvability, that are beyond the reach of many existing synthetic materials. The emerging field of engineered living materials (ELMs) takes inspiration from nature and harnesses engineered living systems to produce dynamic and responsive materials with genetically programmable functionalities. Here, we identify and review two main directions for the rational design of ELMs: first, engineering of living materials with enhanced performances by incorporating functional material modules, including engineered biological building blocks (proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids) or well-defined artificial materials; second, engineering of smart ELMs that can sense and respond to their surroundings by programming dynamic cellular behaviors regulated via cell-cell or cell-environment interactions. We next discuss the strengths and challenges of current ELMs and conclude by providing a perspective of future directions in this promising area.

The effect of identity loss in image-to-image domain translation using generative adversarial networks (GAN) remains largely uncertain given its wide application in many successful GAN architectures, e.g., CycleGAN. In this study, negative identity regularization and idempotence regularization are identified from several related studies, and a novel loss, positive identity loss which limits the generative model’s output on the input of positive samples from the source domain, is defined. Results from identity regularized GANs and those without are compared and analyzed. This study concludes that: 1) negative identity loss is helpful in regularizing CycleGAN’s tendency to apply inversible but non-identity transform on non-features such as coloration and background landscapes; 2) positive identity loss significantly increases resolution, details, and affinity with the original image on top of negative identity loss; 3) idempotence loss has positive but limited impacts on output image quality.

In clinics it is extremely important for implanted devices to achieve the property of enhanced lubrication and bacterial resistance; however, such a strategy has rarely been reported in previous literature. In the present study, a surface functionalization method, motivated by articular cartilage-inspired superlubrication and mussel-inspired adhesion, was proposed to modify titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) using the copolymer (DMA-MPC) synthesized via free radical copolymerization. The copolymer-coated Ti6Al4V (Ti6Al4V@DMA-MPC) was evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, water contact angle, and Raman spectra to confirm that the DMA-MPC copolymer was successfully coated onto the Ti6Al4V substrate. In addition, the tribological test, with the polystyrene microsphere and Ti6Al4V or Ti6Al4V@DMA-MPC as the tribopair, indicated that the friction coefficient was greatly reduced for Ti6Al4V@DMA-MPC. Furthermore, the bacterial resistance test showed that bacterial attachment was significantly inhibited for Ti6Al4V@DMA-MPC for the three types of bacteria tested. The enhanced lubrication and bacterial resistance of Ti6Al4V@DMA-MPC was due to the tenacious hydration shell formed surrounding the zwitterionic charges in the phosphorylcholine group of the DMA-MPC copolymer. In summary, a bioinspired surface functionalization strategy is developed in this study, which can act as a universal and promising method to achieve enhanced lubrication and bacterial resistance for biomedical implants.

Background and Objectives A growing body of literature indicates that neighborhood social cohesion is generally associated with lower levels of psychological distress and higher levels of life satisfaction (LS). However, very few studies have examined these relationships among Chinese older adults, the fastest growing aging population across all racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. Focusing on this population, the current study aims to examine the associations of neighborhood cohesion with psychological distress and LS as well as the mediating role of resilience and the moderating role of birth place in the associations. Research Design and Methods Ordinary least squares regressions were applied to analyze data collected among 430 Chinese older adults aged 55 and older residing in Honolulu, Hawai’i. Results Results show that neighborhood social cohesion was positively associated with lower levels of psychological distress and higher levels of LS for the whole sample. The association between social cohesion and psychological distress was moderated by birth place such that the protecting effects of neighborhood cohesion on distress were only salient for the U.S.-born but not for the foreign-born. Moreover, the mediating role of resilience was identified: It contributed to more than 60% of the association between social cohesion and psychological distress, and more than 22% of the association between social cohesion and LS. Discussion and Implications Our findings indicate the importance of a cohesive social environment and resilience in shaping psychological well-being and quality of life for older Chinese adults, the U.S.-born in particular, living in Honolulu, Hawai’i.

The rapid population aging taking place in China makes studies tackling opportunities associated with aging an urgent priority. Based on the productive aging perspective, this study examines the relationship between contributory behaviors (i.e., providing economic, housework, and emotional support to adult children and providing care for grandchildren) and life satisfaction, as well as how gender and living arrangements modify the relationship. Using data collected from 809 older adults in Wuhan, China, and applying ordinary least squares regressions, this study found that engaging in contributory behaviors in general, and providing emotional support to adult children and caring for grandchildren in particular, are associated with enhanced life satisfaction. The association between caring for grandchildren and life satisfaction is only salient for males but not for females. For living arrangements, the positive association between engaging in contributory behaviors and life satisfaction is only identified among older adults living with their spouse and other family members. The positive association of providing emotional support to adult children with life satisfaction is significant for older adults living with their spouse only. Finally, frequently taking care of grandchildren is related positively to life satisfaction among those living with both spouse and other family members. Our findings provide empirical evidence suggesting that Chinese older adults are still very active in providing support to family members and highlight the beneficial effects of contributory behaviors on individual's life satisfaction. For policy makers, it is important to continuously promote values of contributing behaviors to family and take into account the importance of family ties and family support to older adults when designing new elder care programs.

Titanium and its alloys have long been used as implantable biomaterials in orthopedics; however, to the best of our knowledge, few studies were reported to investigate surface functionalization of titanium for enhanced lubrication and sustained drug release. In the present study, titania nanotube arrays (TNTs) were prepared by anodization as effective drug nanocarriers, using titanium as the substrate. Meanwhile, motivated by articular cartilage-inspired superlubricity and mussel-inspired adhesion, a copolymer containing both dopamine methacrylamide and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine was synthesized (DMA-MPC) and spontaneously grafted onto the TNT surface, which was validated by characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, the lubrication test showed that copolymer-grafted TNTs have remarkably reduced friction coefficients compared with bare TNTs. Furthermore, the drug release test demonstrated that copolymer-grafted TNTs inhibited burst drug release and achieved sustained drug release in comparison with bare TNTs. In conclusion, the bioinspired surface functionalization strategy developed here, namely DMA-MPC copolymer-grafted TNTs, can be applied to modify orthopedic biomaterials (such as titanium) for enhanced lubrication and sustained drug release.

Prussian Blue analogues (PBAs) are a promising class of intercalation materials for electrochemical energy storage and water treatment, and intercalated cation disorder within them results from partial cation occupation within their vacant interstitial sites. In this study, we investigate the influence of intercalated cation ordering on the electrochemical equilibrium of PBAs. First-principles calculations were performed for supercell configurations with two distinct arrangements of cations, vacancy-pair configurations, and vacancy-pair free (VPF) configurations (VPFCs), to analyze the energetic and electronic structure differences between them. VPFCs were found to be thermodynamically favored at 300 K. The energetic cost of vacancy-pair formation was also attributed to charge sharing between cations and surrounding atoms. Using these findings, a vacancy-pair free (VPF) model was then constructed based on grand canonical ensemble (GCE) theory to predict the composition-dependent equilibrium potential for ...

Emotional and instrumental supports from adult children have been shown to increase positive outcomes among older adults. In this study, we examined the association between intergenerational transfer and self-rated health as well as the mediating and moderating roles of resilience and gender, respectively, using data from Chinese older adults in Honolulu (N=400). We found that the impact of emotional and instrumental support varied by gender. Further, we found that resilience significantly mediated the positive effect of provided economic support on health of older men (resilience mediated 25.1% of the total effect) as well as the positive effect of received emotional support on health of older women (resilience mediated 35.3% of the total effect). Our study highlights the importance of considering resilience and gender differences when examining intergenerational transfers and health among Chinese older adults. The design of a culturally tailored policy would help promote the health of Chinese older adults.

The SCADA data of wind turbine contains a number of abnormal data, which seriously affects the prediction and evaluation of the health state of the turbine. Therefore, an abnormal data cleaning algorithm is proposed according to the measured wind speed - power and generator speed - power data. In this algorithm, the key SCADA parameters were selected as data cleaning objects based on the combination of the Copula function and the mutual information feature (CMI). After that, an algorithm combining the Copula function and the local outlier factor (Copula-LOF) was proposed to clean the abnormal data and filter out the abnormal data of outliers and stacking points. Finally, the actual operation data of wind turbines are used to verify the algorithm. The experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively identify all kinds of abnormal data and has a good cleaning effect on abnormal data.

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are model host compounds for the intercalation of monovalent cations for electrochemical energy storage and separations. However, the interactions among interstitial species and their effects on atomic arrangements therein are understood mainly at a phenomenological level. Analyzing correlations between electronic interactions and polyatomic arrangements in hydrated Prussian blue analogues is complicated by the nonlocal hydrogen-bonding interactions between zeolitic water and framework lattices. Here, we train machine-learning (ML) models to learn DFT-calculated energy landscapes of nickel hexacyanoferrate PBA lattices with various lattice hydration degrees, oxidation states, and types of intercalated alkali cations based on various three-particle feature parameters. This ML approach is enabled by using gradient-boosted regression trees with features that are rotationally invariant geometric parameters. ML model accuracy is shown to be a cation-specific indicator of correlations between energy and polyatomic arrangements. Overlap population analysis among correlated atoms further confirms that such correlations are caused by the competition for dative bonding between Lewis-acid intercalated cations and Lewis bases (cyanide and oxygen in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$). Examination of lowest-energy structures reveals that cation hydrophilicity and bare ionic radius determine dative-bonding strength, resulting in cation-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ ordering in interstitial space. The projected energy landscapes of hydrated PBA lattices is also explored in subspaces spanned by certain many-particle feature parameters inspired by ML analysis. The downhill traces in such landscapes indicate that lattice distortion is accompanied by two kinds of collective movements: (1) rearrangements in the hydration shells around small and hydrophilic cations and (2) collective attack of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ molecules on nickel-cyanide bonds promoted by large, hydrophobic cations.

Elastomers such as gels and rubbers play various roles in our lives. Elastomers, which guarantee the safety of airplanes and automobiles and the stability of buildings, are materials that have made the lives of people in the twentieth century extremely convenient. The existence of macromolecules, that is, giant molecules, has been clarified; the development of synthetic macromolecules has progressed; and understanding of elastomers has progressed. By introducing new ideas, it has become possible to obtain tough and hard elastomers, which was difficult under conventional ideas. In this paper, we will explain the development from the classical theory of elastomers to current efforts., Graphical Abstract

Discharged COVID-19 patients have been found to be retested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (re-positive), which has widely raised concern among the public. We investigated the prevalence and transmission risk of re-positive cases in discharged COVID-19 patients and their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels in Wuhan, China. Of 1065 discharged COVID-19 patients investigated, 518 (48.64%) patients were males; the mean age was 53.29 ± 14.91 years, with a median duration of 40 (IQR: 31–47) days since discharge. 63 patients were tested re-positive for SARS-CoV-2, with the re-positive prevalence to be 5.92% (95%CI: 4.50%-7.33%). The re-positive prevalence was higher in females (7.86%, 95%CI: 5.61%-10.12%) than that in males (3.86%, 95%CI: 2.20%-5.52%, P = 0.006). Re-positive prevalence was similar in patients tested positive and negative for IgG (6.01% vs 5.56%, P = 0.821) or IgM (6.38% vs 5.07%, P = 0.394). Illness severity and duration from illness onset to retest were not associated with the risk of positive results for SARS-CoV-2 after discharge. All 196 environmental samples collected from 49 re-positive patients were tested negative for SAR-CoV-2. Only one close contact to the re-positive patient had been tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; however, he might be a previous COVID-19 case but had not been detected before. Viral culture of 6 nasopharyngeal specimens presented no cytopathic effect of Vero E6 cells. Virus sequencing of 11 nasopharyngeal specimens indicated genomic fragments of SARS-CoV-2. 898 (84.72%) patients and 705 (66.51%) patients were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM, respectively. Self-report symptoms at the survey were similar, regardless of the level of antibody. All the re-positive patients and their matched non-re-positive patients were tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 four months later. These findings indicate that Testing re-positive of SARS-CoV-2 is common in discharged COVID-19 patients, but no evidence showed the transmission risk of these re-positive cases. Further isolation of recovered COVID-19 patients is unnecessary. However, only 85% recovered COVID-19 patients had SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody, which suggested discharged COVID-19 patients still had potential re-infection risk.

Natural killer (NK) cell is a specialized immune effector cell type that plays a critical role in immune activation against abnormal cells. Different from events required for T cell activation, NK cell activation is governed by the interaction of NK receptors with target cells, independent of antigen processing and presentation. Due to relatively unsophisticated cues for activation, NK cell has gained significant attention in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Many efforts are emerging for developing and engineering NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we provide our current understandings of NK cell biology, ongoing pre-clinical and clinical development of NK cell-based therapies and discuss the progress, challenges, and future perspectives.

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are promising cation intercalation materials for electrochemical desalination and energy storage applications. Here, we investigate the mechanism of capacity fade and degradation of nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCFe) during galvanostatic cycling in aqueous electrolytes that are rich in either Mg2+ or Ca2+. We combine experimental characterization, first principles electronic structure calculations, statistical mechanics and lattice-percolation modeling of electron transfer to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the degradation of NiHCFe and its partial retention of capacity. Electrochemical characterization of porous NiHCFe electrodes suggests a two-site intercalation mechanism, while spectroscopy reveals the presence of Ni2+ and Fe(CN)63− ions in the electrolyte post cycling in Mg2+(aq). Using simple coprecipitation reactions, we show that Mg2+ and Ni2+ can coexist in the lattice framework, forming stable PBAs. Galvanostatic cycling of these PBAs shows that the presence of Mg2+ in the lattice framework results in the dissolution of Mg1.5FeIII(CN)6 in water during oxidation. We propose that Mg2+ can partially substitute Ni2+ ions in the lattice framework during galvanostatic cycling, displacing the substituted Ni2+ ions into interstitial sites. Based on differential capacitance analysis we show that Mg2+ intercalates into interstitial sites at ∼0.45 V vs. Ag/AgCl and it displaces Ni2+ in the lattice framework at ∼0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Substitution of Ni2+ leads to Fe(CN)63− and Ni2+ ions being removed into the electrolyte during oxidation. Using first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with a statistical mechanics model, we verify the thermodynamic feasibility of the proposed reaction mechanism and predict the fraction of Ni2+ ions being substituted by Mg2+ during intercalation. Further, analysis of the electron density distribution and local density of states indicates that Mg2+ ions can act as insulating defects in the lattice framework that render certain Fe ions electrically inactive and likely contribute to capacity fade along with dissolution of Fe(CN)63−.

Lithium-sulfur batteries are very promising next-generation energy storage batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, the shuttle effect of lithium-sulfur batteries is one of the important bottlenecks that limits its rapid development. Herein, physical and chemical dual adsorption of lithium polysulfides are achieved by designing a novel framework structure consisting of MnO2, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The framework-structure composite of MnO2/rGO/CNTs is prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. The framework exhibits a uniform and abundant mesoporous structure (concentrating in ~12 nm). MnO2 is an α phase structure and the α-MnO2 also has a significant effect on the adsorption of lithium polysulfides. The rGO and CNTs provide a good physical adsorption interaction and good electronic conductivity for the dissolved polysulfides. As a result, the MnO2/rGO/CNTs/S cathode delivered a high initial capacity of 1201 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C. The average capacities were 916 mAh g−1, 736 mAh g−1, and 547 mAh g−1 at the current densities of 0.5 C, 1 C, and 2 C, respectively. In addition, when tested at 0.5 C, the MnO2/rGO/CNTs/S exhibited a high initial capacity of 1010 mAh g−1 and achieved 780 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles, with a low capacity decay rate of 0.11% per cycle. This framework-structure composite provides a simple way to improve the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries.

To research the effect of temperature on the interfacial bonding strength of the steel cord rubber conveyor belt, an electronic universal material testing machine and a temperature control box were used as the test equipment. The withdrawal force of the steel cord skeleton of the rubber conveyor belt was tested in the temperature range of −30 °C to +40 °C. Concurrently, the interfacial morphology between the steel cord and rubber at different temperatures was observed by using an ultra deep field electron microscope. Finally, different bonding strength prediction models were established. The results show that the variation trend of the steel cord withdrawal force with displacement is the same at different temperatures. With the increase in temperature, the interfacial bonding strength between the steel cord and the rubber matrix decreases gradually; the second-order polynomial bonding strength prediction model can meet the prediction requirements of the steel cord bonding strength at different temperatures, and the errors are controlled within 5%.

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are an important material class for aqueous electrochemical separations and energy storage owing to their ability to reversibly intercalate monovalent cations. However, incorporating interstitial [Formula: see text] molecules in the ab initio study of PBAs is technically challenging, though essential to understanding the interactions between interstitial water, interstitial cations, and the framework lattice that affect intercalation potential and cation intercalation selectivity. Accordingly, we introduce and use a method that combines the efficiency of machine-learning models with the accuracy of ab initio calculations to elucidate mechanisms of (1) lattice expansion upon intercalation of cations of different sizes, (2) selectivity bias toward intercalating hydrophobic cations of large size, and (3) semiconductor–conductor transitions from anhydrous to hydrated lattices. We analyze the PBA nickel hexacyanoferrate [[Formula: see text]] due to its structural stability and electrochemical activity in aqueous electrolytes. Here, grand potential analysis is used to determine the equilibrium degree of hydration for a given intercalated cation (Na[Formula: see text], K[Formula: see text], or Cs[Formula: see text]) and [Formula: see text] oxidation state based on pressure-equilibrated structures determined with the aid of machine learning and simulated annealing. The results imply new directions for the rational design of future cation-intercalation electrode materials that optimize performance in various electrochemical applications, and they demonstrate the importance of choosing an appropriate calculation framework to predict the properties of PBA lattices accurately.

Increasing studies document the discrepancy between scholarly criteria of successful ageing versus subjective perceptions of successful ageing among older adults. To address this gap, this study ai...

Kangaroo-inspired continuous jumping robot “Zbot”, with two degrees of freedom (DOFs) and three joints, is proposed. The robotic knee and ankle joints of “Zbot” are coupled using a geared five-bar (GFB) mechanism, in which the parameters are optimized in order to mimic the locomotion of kangaroo hind legs. The hip and knee joints are actuated by two hydraulic cylinders individually. The robot can adjust the takeoff velocity and angle, which is called controllable takeoff. The kinematic and dynamic simulation show that the robot has a good jumping performance and bionic characteristic during takeoff, and the experiments demonstrate that “Zbot” can make controllable jumping, including varied takeoff angles and velocities.

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are promising cation intercalation materials for electrochemical desalination and energy storage applications. Here, we investigate the mechanism of capacity fade and degradation of nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCFe) during galvanostatic cycling in aqueous electrolytes that are rich in either Mg2+ or Ca2+. We combine experimental characterization, first principles electronic structure calculations, statistical mechanics and lattice-percolation modeling of electron transfer to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the degradation of NiHCFe and its partial retention of capacity. Electrochemical characterization of porous NiHCFe electrodes suggests a two-site intercalation mechanism, while spectroscopy reveals the presence of Ni2+ and Fe(CN)63- ions in the electrolyte post cycling in Mg2+(aq). Using simple coprecipitation reactions, we show that Mg2+ and Ni2+ can coexist in the lattice framework, forming stable PBAs. Galvanostatic cycling of these PBAs shows that the presence of Mg2+ in the lattice framework results in the dissolution of Mg1.5FeIII(CN)6 in water during oxidation. We propose that Mg2+ can partially substitute Ni2+ ions in the lattice framework during galvanostatic cycling, displacing the substituted Ni2+ ions into interstitial sites. Based on differential capacitance analysis we show that Mg2+ intercalates into interstitial sites at ∼0.45 V vs. Ag/AgCl and it displaces Ni2+ in the lattice framework at ∼0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Substitution of Ni2+ leads to Fe(CN)63- and Ni2+ ions being removed into the electrolyte during oxidation. Using first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with a statistical mechanics model, we verify the thermodynamic feasibility of the proposed reaction mechanism and predict the fraction of Ni2+ ions being substituted by Mg2+ during intercalation. Further, analysis of the electron density distribution and local density of states indicates that Mg2+ ions can act as insulating defects in the lattice framework that render certain Fe ions electrically inactive and likely contribute to capacity fade along with dissolution of Fe(CN)63-.

A growing body of literature found that anxiety about aging is related to health and well-being of older adults. However, very few studies have been conducted on Chinese older adults residing in different countries and examined the role of resilience. Using the Pearlin's Stress Process Model, this study aims to fill in this gap by examining the relationship between anxiety about aging as the stressor and health status among Chinese older adults living in Honolulu, the United States (N = 292) and Wuhan, China (N = 532). The survey data were collected through June 2017 to September 2018, using snowball and convenience sampling strategy. The moderating role of resilience on the focal relationship is also explored. Results showed that for both samples, the negative relationship between anxiety about aging and self-rated health was significantly moderated by resilience (18 % and 13 %, respectively), implying the stress-buffering role of resilience. Although both mean levels of resilience and anxiety about aging were lower for the Honolulu sample, the moderating effect appeared to be stronger, implying that older adults in the Honolulu sample might rely more on psychological resources such as resilience in coping with stressors, compared with their counterparts in Wuhan. However, the moderating effect of resilience did not work for the association between anxiety about aging and number of chronic conditions for both samples. Our findings suggest that future research needs to take into account both social and psychological resources when examining anxiety about aging and health status among Chinese older adults residing in different cultural contexts.

Introduction Rambling natural landscapes or landscape gardens may invoke positive emotions. However, the manner in which people experience landscape gardens and the cortical differences in the appreciation of the naturalness and artificiality of landscapes remain unknown. Methods This study scanned participants with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed photographs of natural landscapes and landscape gardens and performed scene type judgment task. Results As predicted, we identified brain regions that were associated with perceptual process, cognitive process, and rewarding experience when appreciating natural landscapes and landscape gardens without color preference. Meanwhile, the contrast between the appreciation of landscape gardens and natural landscapes was characterized by stronger activations of the inferior occipital lobe, the left superior parietal lobule (SPL), the right fusiform gyrus, the right cuneus, and the right hippocampus. Conclusions Responses in these regions indicate that the appreciation of landscape gardens and natural landscapes relies on common cortical regions, and suggest the possibility that the inferior occipital lobe, the SPL, the fusiform gyrus, and the cuneus may be specifically associated with the appreciation of landscape gardens.

In recent days, garbage classification has become a hot topic in China, and Shanghai took the lead in the implementation of garbage classification legislation in China. Starting from the current situation of garbage classification in China, this study emphasizes the garbage classification in terms of law, amount, economy, management, resourcing and successful experience of garbage classification in China, so as to provide inspiration and guidance for garbage classification for other countries.

Objectives: The projected increase in the population of older adults in the United States entails a pressing need to examine risk and protective factors associated with cognitive function. This study aims to examine the association between neighborhood social cohesion and cognitive function among older Chinese adults in the United States. Method: Using the first epidemiological survey of older Chinese Americans and applying ordinary least squares and quantile regressions, this study examines the association between neighborhood social cohesion and various domains of cognitive function. Results: Results show that neighborhood social cohesion is independently associated with most domains of cognitive function (i.e. global cognition score, and its components such as the Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination and executive function and episodic memory measures). Conclusion: This study represents one of a few initial efforts that examined the association between neighborhood social cohesion and cognitive function for Chinese older adults in the United States. Our findings suggest that socially cohesive neighborhoods can provide enriched environments where active lifestyles can be encouraged, and cognitive skills and abilities can be stimulated, practiced, and preserved for older adults.

The addition of nanoparticles to water-based lubricants is a commonly used method to improve lubrication, but to the best of our knowledge few studies have been reported to investigate the lubrication property of surface-modified nanodiamonds (ND) with polyzwitterionic brushes. In this study, a bioinspired copolymer containing dopamine and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) was synthesized (DMA-MPC) and then spontaneously grafted onto the ND surface (ND-MPC) through simple stirring in order to enhance lubrication. The characterization of transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the DMA-MPC was successfully modified on the ND surface. Furthermore, a series of tribological experiment were performed on a universal materials tester using glycerol, glycerol + ND, and glycerol + ND-MPC as the lubricants. It was found that the addition of ND to the lubricant (i.e., glycerol + ND and glycerol + ND-MPC) significantly reduced wear with a smaller wear scar and wear track on the tribopairs, and the coefficient of friction further decreased by about 40% when using glycerol + ND-MPC as the lubricant, which could be attributed to the hydration lubrication of the polyzwitterionic brushes modified on the ND surface and the rolling effect of nanoparticles. In conclusion, in this study a universal and versatile surface modification method was proposed on the basis of the synthesis of bioinspired copolymer DMA-MPC, which remarkably enhanced the lubrication property of ND nanoparticles when added to water-based lubricants.

Electrochemical desalination devices that use redox-active cation intercalation electrodes show promise for desalination of salt-rich water resources with high water recovery and low energy consumption. While previous modeling and experiments used ion-exchange membranes to maximize charge efficiency, here a membrane-free alternative is evaluated to reduce capital cost by using a porous diaphragm to separate Na$_{1+x}$NiFe(CN)$_6$ electrodes. Two-dimensional porous-electrode modeling shows that, while charge efficiency losses are inherent to a diaphragm-based architecture, charge efficiency values approaching the anion transference number (61$\%$ for NaCl) are achievable for diaphragms with sufficiently low salt conductance. Closed-form equations are thereby derived that relate charge efficiency to the non-dimensional P\`{e}clet and Damk\"ohler numbers that enable the selection of current and flow velocity to produce a desired degree of desalination. Simulations using these conditions are used to quantify the tradeoffs between energy consumption and salt removal rate for diaphragm-based cells operated at a range of currents. The simulated distributions of reactions are shown to result from the local salt concentration variations within electrodes using diffusion-potential theory. We also simulate the cycling dynamics of various flow configurations and show that flow-through electrodes exceed the degree-of-desalination compared with flow-by and flow-behind configurations due to solution stagnation within electrodes.

A growing body of literature found that attitudes towards aging is related to individual’s health among older adults. This paper aims to examine the relationship between negative attitudes towards aging and self-rated health among Chinese older adults living in Honolulu (N=400) and Wuhan (N=552) and explore the moderating roles of resilience and gender. Results showed that the positive relationship between attitudes towards aging and self-rated health was moderated by resilience such that higher levels of resilience weakened this association significantly and substantially, implying its stress-buffering role. Both the positive focal relationship and the moderating effect appeared to be stronger among older adults in Honolulu than their peers in Wuhan. For gender differences, the moderating effect of resilience was only significant for males in Honolulu and females in Wuhan, indicating that males in Honolulu and females in Wuhan may rely heavily on psychological resources such as resilience in coping with stressors.

Regular dental cleaning is vital to maintaining good oral health. This study aims to identify socio-demographic characteristics that are associated with the use of dental cleaning services among Chinese older adults in Honolulu, Hawai’i. In addition, we examine if birth-place moderates these associations. The data for this study were collected from 398 Chinese older adults living in Honolulu. Results from multivariate logistic regressions showed that those who were married and with higher levels of education were more likely to have their teeth cleaned within the past year compared to those who were not married or with lower levels of education. These significant associations were only found salient for the foreign-born when the moderating role of birth place was accounted for in the model. These differences may be partially due to the impact of acculturation and the knowledge of oral health and dental services.

Recent work has predicted that Na-ion batteries with symmetric electrodes can be used for desalination with low energy consumption and high desalination degree from brackish to seawater salinity level.1 This technology, referred to as cation intercalation desalination (CID), shows much promise, but its wide-scale application will be dependent on capital cost. Similar to other electrochemical desalination technologies,2 initial embodiments of the CID concept used ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) to separate desalinated and concentrated streams in electrodes.1,3,4 IEMs in capacitive deionization cells can consume 50% of their expense, and IEMs have a finite lifespan.5 One solution to these challenges is to replace IEMs with chemically inert separators. Since the 1920s, non-selective diaphragms have been used in brine electrolysis. Furthermore, environmental-friendly diaphragms have shown the property of limiting ionic transfer between electrodes. Building on these concepts, we consider a novel CID cell design that omits IEMs by the use porous, fluid-blocking diaphragms as economical and stable alternatives to IEMs. In this study we quantify how the loss of selectivity incurred by using a diaphragm impacts the resultant salt removal and energy consumption levels. We consider two different flow arrangements for these devices, with or without electrolyte recycling, among which we compare energy consumption and salt removal. We also explore the effect of the operating conditions using a reduced-order analytical model. With our analytical model we predict salt removal efficiency (SRE, the ratio of the amount of salt removed relative to that of a perfect diaphragm) and degree of desalination (DoD, defined as the fraction influent concentration removal as a percentage) as a function of two dimensionless numbers: (1) the Peclet number Pe (the ratio of advective mass transfer rate over diffusive mass transfer rate) and (2) the Damköhler number Da (the ratio of reaction rate to the diffusive mass transfer rate). Figures 1a and 1b show contours of SRE in the space of Pe and Da for the non-recycling and recycling cell, respectively. Based on the definition of Pe and Da, these results reveal the influence of flow rate and current density on SRE, thus, operating conditions can be selected to reach a specific efficiency. Using the optimized operating conditions determined from the analytical model, we simulate the two-dimensional charge transport processes within porous electrodes and the diaphragm as source water is desalinated. The two-dimensional model employed here is based on porous electrode theory. To produce 60% DoD and 90% SRE from influent with 500 mM NaCl we use the conditions marked by α and β in Figs. 1a and 1b, respectively, for our two-dimensional simulations: Da=6.31 and Pe=109 for the recycling cell and Da=6.31 and Pe=6.31 for the non-recycling cell. Simulations with these operating conditions and 90% SRE reveals that the diaphragm cell can desalinate 500 mol/m3 solution to 260 mol/m3 (with recycling) and 244 mol/m3 (without recycling) solution (see Figs. 1c and 1d). For these two cases both diaphragm cells consume approximately 4.7 kWh energy when 1 m3 of desalinated water is produced. Figure 1c shows effluent salt concentration as a function of time for the non-recycling cell. Effluent salinity within the negative electrode decreases to a steady value after the process starts For the recycling cell effluent salinity continuously decreases during the charging processes (Fig. 1d). Salt concentration is distributed differently within each cell depending on whether or not effluent recycling is used. This effect is shown in Fig. 1e, where the concentration distribution in the recycling cell (lower) is more uniform than that in the non-recycling cell (upper), because a faster flow speed is used in the recycling cell. The simulated DoD (50%) agrees well with the predicted 60% DoD, and hence the analytical model can be used as a tool for performance predictions. The CID cells simulated here using diaphragms demonstrate the potential to replace IEMs with diaphragms. These findings motivate the future application of membrane-less CID technology in ion separation and/or removal processes. Acknowledgements: We are grateful for funding and support from the College of Engineering and the Mechanical Science and Engineering Department at UIUC. References 1.) K. C. Smith and R. Dmello, J. Electrochem. Soc.,163, 2016 2.) L. F. Greenlee, D. F. Lawler, B. D. Freeman, B. Marrot, P. Moulin, Water Res., 2317, 2009 3.) K. C. Smith, Electrochim. Acta, 230, 2017 4.)S. Porada, A. Shrivastava, P. Bukowska, P. M. Biesheuvel, K. C. Smith, Electrochim. Acta, 2017 5.) HJ Lee, F Sarfert, H Strathmann, SH Moon, Desalination, 267, 2002 Figure 1

Focusing on Asian-American immigrants in the National Latino and Asian American Study, this work examines (1) whether immigration-related stressors are associated with 12-month depressive disorder and suicidal ideation, and (2) how individual religious involvement moderates the associations. Findings from regression analyses reveal that limited English proficiency increases the risk of both 12-month depressive disorder and suicidal ideation. No significant differences in 12-month depressive disorder and suicidal ideation are found by age at immigration. Most importantly, religious coping — frequently seeking comfort from religion — buffers the negative effects of limited English proficiency on suicidal ideation. Our findings suggest the importance of individual religious involvement in helping Asian-American immigrants cope with stress associated with immigration. Mental health professionals may need to integrate religious coping mechanisms into the clinical setting to offer more effective treatments that are sensitive to individuals’ religious and spiritual needs.

Test data collection for a failing integrated circuit (IC) can be very expensive and time consuming. Many companies now collect a fix amount of test data regardless of the failure characteristics. As a result, limited data collection could lead to inaccurate diagnosis, while an excessive amount increases the cost not only in terms of unnecessary test data collection but also increased cost for test execution and data-storage. In this work, the objective is to develop a method for predicting the precise amount of test data necessary to produce an accurate diagnosis. By analyzing the failing outputs of an IC during its actual test, the developed method dynamically determines which failing test pattern to terminate testing, producing an amount of test data that is sufficient for an accurate diagnosis analysis. The method leverages several statistical learning techniques, and is evaluated using actual data from a population of failing chips and five standard benchmarks. Experiments demonstrate that test-data collection can be reduced by > 30% (as compared to collecting the full-failure response) while at the same time ensuring >90% diagnosis accuracy. Prematurely terminating test-data collection at fixed levels (e.g., 100 failing bits) is also shown to negatively impact diagnosis accuracy.