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Goats have potential to be genetically improved for meat and milk. Artificial insemination is an important technique used to enhance genetic gain through dissemination of selected male traits. One reason for huge variability in fertility rates in goats is the semen quality, which is affected by breed, collection method, and freezing procedures. Here we investigated effect of breeds (Saanen versus Alpine) and semen collection methods (artificial vagina; AV versus electroejaculation; EE) on the quality of goat spermatozoa. Semen collected from Saanen and Alpine bucks by either AV or EE was evaluated for its color, consistency, and volume. Besides, sperm motility, concentrations, viability, abnormalities, and membrane integrity were assessed. At least three ejaculates were collected from each breed and data were analyzed by student t-test. Results showed that colors of samples collected from the two breeds were white to yellow and the consistency ranged from watery to creamy. Irrespective to the collection method, average volume of ejaculates was higher for Alpine than Saanen (1350 vs. 880 µl for AV and 1066 vs. 987.5 µl for EE). Sperm motility and concentrations were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in Alpine than Saanen semen for both methods. Within the same breed, these parameters were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for AV than EE. Percentage of viable spermatozoa was higher for Alpine than Saanen bucks (80.0% vs. 64.5% in AV) and (52.42% vs. 41.35% in EE). However, sperm abnormalities were lower (P ≤ 0.05) in Alpine semen. Sperm membrane integrity tended to be higher in Alpine semen. In conclusion, semen collected from Alpine bucks had higher quality than those obtained from Saanen ones. Furthermore, collection of semen by AV improved sperm motility and viability than EE in both breeds. These findings suggest that both breeds and method of semen collection could influence the viability and fertility of goat sperm.

Objective:To assess the interobserver agreement on Garden classification of fresh femoral neck fracture and management plan based on anteroposterior (AP) view and also assess if the addition of lateral view changes the classification and management plan. Methods:Ten orthopaedic surgeons were asked to classify 35 femoral neck fractures on AP view only and propose the management plan. Then the same films were reshown in conjunction with their lateral view after 10 days. Results were compared with respect to the classification and management plan between two groups. Interobserver agreement was calculated using Fleiss' kappa. Results: There was only a fair interobserver agreement (kappa value 0.39) on Garden classification on AP view only which improved to moderate agreement (kappa value 0.52) after adding a lateral view. While there was only a slight improvement in the interobserver agreement on the management plan on AP view only (kappa value 0.50) and AP combined with lateral views (kappa value 0.52). Supplementation of the lateral view changed the classification in 15.42% of the cases and altered the management plan in 23.14% of the cases. Conclusion: We conclude that lateral view should be obtained routinely on all patients with suspected femoral neck fracture as it definitely has a role in planning treatment of femoral neck fracture. Key words: Classification; Disease anagement; Femoral neck fractures; X-rays