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3. The 2014-17 Global Coral Bleaching Event: The Most Severe and Widespread Coral Reef Destruction

Author

C. Mark Eakin, Denise Devotta, Scott Heron, Sean Connolly, Gang Liu, Erick Geiger, Jacqueline De La Cour, Andrea Gomez, William Skirving, Andrew Baird, Neal Cantin, Courtney Couch, Simon Donner, James Gilmour, Manuel Gonzalez-Rivero, Mishal Gudka, Hugo Harrison, Gregor Hodgson, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Andrew Hoey, Mia Hoogenboom, Terry Hughes, Meaghan Johnson, James Kerry, Jennifer Mihaly, Aarón Muñiz-Castillo, David Obura, Morgan Pratchett, Andrea Rivera-Sosa, Claire Ross, Jennifer Stein, Angus Thompson, Gergely Torda, T. Shay Viehman, Cory Walter, Shaun Wilson, Benjamin Marsh, Blake Spady, Noel Dyer, Thomas Adam, Mahsa Alidoostsalimi, Parisa Alidoostsalimi, Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip, Mariana Álvarez-Noriega, Keisha Bahr, Peter Barnes, José Barraza Sandoval, Julia Baum, Andrew Bauman, Maria Beger, Kathryn Berry, Pia Bessell-Browne, Lionel Bigot, Victor Bonito, Ole Brodnicke, David Burdick, Deron Burkepile, April Burt, John Burt, Ian Butler, Jamie Caldwell, Yannick Chancerelle, Chaolun Allen Chen, Kah-Leng Cherh, Michael Childress, Darren Coken, Georgia Coward, M. James Crabbe, Thomas Dallison, Steve Dalton, Thomas DeCarlo, Crawford Drury, Ian Drysdale, Clinton Edwards, Linda Eggertsen, Eylem Elma, Rosmin Ennis, Richard Evans, Gal Eyal, Douglas Fenner, Baruch Figueroa-Zavala, Jay Fisch, Michael Fox, Elena Gadoutsis, Antoine Gilbert, Andrew Halford, Tom Heintz, James Hewlett, Jean-Paul A. Hobbs, Whitney Hoot, Peter Houk, Lyza Johnston, Michelle Johnston, Hajime Kayanne, Emma Kennedy, Ruy Kikuchi, Ulrike Kloiber, Haruko Koike, Lindsey Kramer, Chao-Yang Kuo, Judy Lang, Abigail Leadbeater, Zelinda Leão, Jen Lee, Cynthia Lewis, Diego Lirman, Guilherme Longo, Chancey MacDonald, Sangeeta Mangubhai, Isabel da Silva, Christophe Mason-Parker, Vanessa McDonough, Melanie McField, Thayná Mello, Celine Miternique - Agathe, Stephan Moldzio, Alison Monroe, Monica Montefalcone, Kevin Moses, Pargol Ghavam Mostafavi, Rodrigo Moura, Chathurika Munasinghe, Takashi Nakamura, Jean-Benoit Nicet, Marissa Nuttall, Marilia Oliveira, Hazel Oxenford, John Pandolfi, Vardhan Patankar, Denise Perez, Nishan Perera, Derta Prabuning, William Precht, K. Diraviya Raj, James Reimer, Laura Richardson, Randi Rotjan, Nicole Ryan, Rod Salm, Stuart Sandin, Stephanie Schopmeyer, Mohammad Shokri, Jennifer Smith, Kylie Smith, S. R. Smith, Tyler Smith, Brigitte Sommer, Melina Soto, Helen Sykes, Kelley Tagarino, Marianne Teoh, Minh Thai, Tai Toh, Alex Tredinnick, Alex Tso, Harriet Tyley, Ali Ussi, Christian Vaterlaus, Mark Vermeij, Si Tuan Vo, Christian Voolstra, Hin Boo Wee, Bradley Weiler, Saleh Yahya, Thamasak Yeemin, Maren Ziegler, Tadashi Kimura, and Derek Manzello

Abstract

Ocean warming is increasing the incidence, scale, and severity of global-scale coral bleaching and mortality, culminating in the third global coral bleaching event that occurred during record marine heatwaves of 2014-2017. While local effects of these events have been widely reported, the global implications remain unknown. Analysis of 15,066 reef surveys during 2014-2017 revealed that 80% of surveyed reefs experienced significant coral bleaching and 35% experienced significant coral mortality. The global extent of significant coral bleaching and mortality was assessed by extrapolating results from reef surveys using comprehensive remote-sensing data of regional heat stress. This model predicted that 51% of the world’s coral reefs suffered significant bleaching and 15% significant mortality, surpassing damage from any prior global bleaching event. These observations demonstrate that global warming’s widespread damage to coral reefs is accelerating and underscores the threat anthropogenic climate change poses for the irreversible transformation of these essential ecosystems.

Published
2022
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4. Commentary: Reconstructing Four Centuries of Temperature-Induced Coral Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef

Author

Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, William J. Skirving, Janice M. Lough, Chunying Liu, Michael E. Mann, Simon Donner, C. Mark Eakin, Neal Cantin, Jessica Carilli, Scott Fraser Heron, Sonya Miller, and Sophie Dove

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coral bleaching, Coral, Effects of global warming on oceans, Porites, Climate change, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, errors, lcsh:Science, Reef, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, coral bleaching, Coral reef, biology.organism_classification, mortality, 400 years, Sea surface temperature, climate change, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, ERSST datasets
Abstract

Coral reefs are spectacular ecosystems found along tropical coastlines where they provide goods and services to hundreds of millions of people. While under threat from local factors, coral reefs are increasingly susceptible to ocean warming from anthropogenic climate change. One of the signature disturbances is the large-scale, and often deadly, breakdown of the symbiosis between corals and dinoflagellates. This is referred to as mass coral bleaching and often causes mass mortality. The first scientific records of mass bleaching date to the early 1980s (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2017). Kamenos and Hennige (2018, hereafter KH18), however, claim to show that mass coral bleaching is not a recent phenomenon, and has occurred regularly over the past four centuries (1572–2001) on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. They support their claim by developing a putative proxy for coral bleaching that uses the suggested relationship between elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and reduced linear extension rates of 44 Porites spp. coral cores from 28 GBR reefs. If their results are correct, then mass coral bleaching events have been a frequent feature for hundreds of years in sharp contrast to the vast majority of scientific evidence. There are, however, major flaws in the KH18 methodology. Their use of the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) dataset (based on ship and buoy observations) for reef temperatures from 1854 to 2001, ignores the increasing unreliability of these data which become sparse, less rigorous, and more interpolated going back in time. To demonstrate how the quality of these data degrades, we plot the average number of SST observations per month that contribute to each 200 x 200 km ERSST pixel (Figure 1A, black line). Note that from 1854 to 1900 the four ERSST pixels used by KH18 averaged only 0.85 observations per month, and 82% of these months had no observations at all. Given the heterogeneous nature of SST at local and regional levels, using such broad-scale data as ERSST, is likely to produce substantial errors at reef scales (Figure 1A, red line prior to 1900).

Published
2019
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5. Contributors

Author

Riibeta Abeta, A. Ablan-Lagman, Mehdi Adjeroud, M.K. Ahmed, Simon Albert, Porfirio M. Aliño, Valérie Allain, Noura Al-Mansoori, Rohani Ambo-Rappe, Serge Andréfouët, Karibanang Tamuera Aram, Jérôme Aucan, S.O. Bandeira, Ratita Bebe, Luca G. Bellucci, Ranjeet Bhagooli, L. Bigot, N. Bodin, G. Braulik, Tom C.L. Bridge, Jon Brodie, Gilianne Brodie, Eric K. Brown, V. Burgener, John A. Burt, Reine W. Cabreira, Darren S. Cameron, Ma. Carmen, Susana Carvalho, B. Cauvin, Daniela M. Ceccarelli, P. Chabanet, E. Chassot, Loke M. Chou, Michele Christian, Michel R. Claereboudt, P. Cuet, Ario Damar, Corine David, Victor David, Terence P. Dawson, Jon C. Day, Natalie Degger, Gopal Dharani, Simon Donner, Larissa Dsikowitzky, Liqin Duan, P. Durville, Cyril Dutheil, Ben Eliason, Joanne Ellis, Michael J. Emslie, Taati Eria, Douglas Fenner, Sebastian C.A. Ferse, Alan M. Friedlander, Niv Froman, Robert Gillett, Silvia Giuliani, Beverly P.L. Goh, Alana Grech, Alistair Grinham, M. Gullström, Mark Hamann, Rosli Hashim, Scott F. Heron, Andrew S. Hoey, Mia O. Hoogenboom, Ibrahim Hoteit, Danwei Huang, Alec Hughes, Hari E. Irianto, Robert A. Irving, Tim C. Jennerjahn, Dilip Kumar Jha, Jheng-Jie Jiang, Stacy Jupiter, Deepeeka Kaullysing, Alan Kendrick, Somkiat Khokiattiwong, Ramalingam Kirubagaran, Fung-Chi Ko, M. Kochzius, Subbiah Krishnakumar, George Krokos, Benjamin Kürten, Ronal Lal, Ines D. Lange, Daniela LeBlanc, Chon-Lin Lee, Steven Lee, Wilfredo Y. Licuanan, Bing-Sian Lin, Lisa K. Lobel, Phillip S. Lobel, Epeli M. Loganimoce, Lionel Loubersac, Janice M. Lough, Edward Lovell, Shiau-Yun Lu, Martin C. Lukas, Perumal Madeswaran, Nochyil S. Magesh, Sangeeta Mangubhai, Joe McCarter, Christophe Menkes, Abigail M. Moore, Cherie Morris, Tiffany H. Morrison, T. Mulochau, O. Naim, Yashika Nand, Dang H. Nhon, J.B. Nicet, M Nicoll, Inga Nordhaus, Mark O’Brien, D.O. Obura, Kate Osborne, K Osuka, Claude E. Payri, Bernard Pelletier, Gilles Pestana, Thomas Pohlmann, Morgan S. Pratchett, Islay Purcell, Ingrid Qauqau, Mohammad A. Rahman, H.O. Ralison, Bindiya Rashni, Mark A. Read, Farran Mack Redfern, Majid Rezayi, M. Richmond, Randi Rotjan, Sarah Samadi, M.A. Samoilys, Seyedeh Belin Tavakoly Sany, S.K. Sarkar, K.K. Satpathy, Chloe Schauble, P. Scheren, Eike Schoenig, Jan Schwarzbauer, Charles Sheppard, Anne Sheppard, Simon Harding, Scott G. Smithers, Jinming Song, Guy M.W. Stevens, Karen Stone, Chih-Chieh Su, Ketut Sugama, Bambang Sumiono, Hugh P.A. Sweatman, Helen Sykes, Mohammad Tajfard, Koh S. Tan, Sarah Botaake Teetu, J-F. Ternon, E. Tessier, B. Thomassin, Tai C. Toh, Karenne Tun, Bronwyn Vaisey, Grace O. Vaughan, Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar, Jane Waterhouse, Victor Wepener, J. Wickel, Barry Wilson, and Shaun Wilson

Published
2019
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