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The effects of β-mannanase supplementation in metabolizable energy (ME)-reduced diets containing xylanase-phytase were investigated on performance, fecal score, carcass attributes, blood profile, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), digesta passage rate, and fecal microbiome in grower pigs (n = 40, 26.09 ± 0.96 kg) randomly assigned within 4 treatments: a control diet containing isolated phytase and xylanase valued at 40 kcal of ME/kg (CD0), CD0 + β-mannanase (0.3 g/kg valued at 30 kcal of ME/kg) (CD70), CD0 + β-mannanase (0.3 g/kg valued at 45 kcal of ME/kg) (CD85), and CD0 + β-mannanase (0.3 g/kg valued at 60 kcal of ME/kg) (CD100). Performance was supported. Pigs with CD100 had lower serum IL-1β concentration, and lower IL-10 was observed in pigs on CD0 than those fed β-mannanase. Greater ATTD was evidenced in animals fed CD85 or CD100. Pigs with CD85 had higher alpha diversity richness but lower Firmicutes:Bacteroidota ratio. Acidaminococcaceae and Ruminococcaceae were more abundant in pigs fed CD0, but lower for Christensenellaceae NSJ-63 and NSJ-63 sp014384805. Pigs in CD85 showed higher abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Prevotella, and lower of Streptococcaceae and Streptococcus. In conclusion, supplementation of β-mannanase in diets containing xylanase-phytase saved 85 kcal of ME/kg by supporting performance, improving nutrient digestibility and fecal microbiome in grower pigs.

This study aimed to assess the effects of β-mannanase supplementation in metabolizable energy (ME)-reduced diets containing xylanase-phytase on performance, fecal score, blood biochemical and immunological profile, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), digesta passage rate, fecal microbiome, carcass traits and meat quality in finisher pigs (n = 40 entire male hybrid, 26.0 ± 0.9 kg) randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a control diet containing isolated phytase and xylanase valued at 40 kcal of ME/kg (CD0), CD0 + β-mannanase (0.3 g/kg valued at 30 kcal of ME/kg) (CD70), CD0 + β-mannanase (0.3 g/kg valued at 45 kcal of ME/kg) (CD85), and CD0 + β-mannanase (0.3 g/kg valued at 60 kcal of ME/kg) (CD100), with 10 pen replicates. Pigs fed CD0 diet showed (P = 0.002) greater ADFI. However, pigs fed CD0 diet showed (P = 0.009) lower G:F than those provided CD70 or CD85 diets. A greater (P < 0.001) superoxide dismutase concentration was observed in pigs fed CD70 diet. Pigs fed CD85 diet showed (P = 0.002) greater digestible protein than pigs fed CD0 or CD100 diets. Pigs fed CD70 diet showed an increase of 11.3% in digestible protein than those fed CD0 diet. In addition, greater (P < 0.001) digestible energy was observed in pigs fed CD85 diet. Pigs fed CD0 or CD100 diets showed greater (P < 0.05) Firmicutes:Bacteroidota ratio than those fed CD85 diet. The Muribaculaceae was more abundant (P = 0.030) in pigs fed CD70 diet than in those fed CD0 diet. The Prevotella was more abundant (P = 0.045) in pigs fed CD85 diet than in those fed CD100 diet. In conclusion, β-mannanase supplementation in diets containing xylanase-phytase allows reducing 85 kcal of ME/kg because it improves gain to feed ratio, energy and protein usage, and backfat thickness without metabolic and intestinal ecosystem disorders in finisher pigs.

Introdução: Os medicamentos opioides são indicados para o tratamento, controle e alívio de dores consideradas agudas e crônicas, por possuírem alto poder analgésico e hipnótico. Porém, o uso deste tipo de medicamento, principalmente quando indevido ou prolongado, pode oferecer diversos tipos de riscos à saúde do usuário, tais como o vício e a dependência, fatores que tem sido motivo de preocupação no Brasil e no Mundo. Objetivo: Apresentar evidências teóricas sobre a dependência e a síndrome de abstinência como riscos potenciais relacionados ao uso indevido e/ou prolongado de medicamentos opioides por usuários crônicos deste princípio ativo. Materiais e Métodos: No presente trabalho foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica utilizando de estudos científicos publicados nos últimos 15 anos relacionados ao tema proposto. Resultados: a partir da análise dos materiais selecionados para a pesquisa, foram encontradas evidências teóricas de que a dependência e a síndrome de abstinência figuram como riscos potenciais relacionados ao uso indevido e/ou prolongado de medicamentos opioides por usuários crônicos deste princípio ativo. Conclusão: Entre os riscos oferecidos pelo uso indevido de opioides, as evidências teóricas apontam a dependência e a síndrome de abstinência, entre outros, tais como a tolerância, o vício, a overdose e até mesmo o óbito. Desta forma, cabe a reflexão da necessidade de mais pesquisas sobre o fenômeno da dor e sobre o uso dos opioides bem como o reforço constante na educação de quem os prescreve, garantindo a segurança do tratamento proposto.

Background Homeopathic products (HP) have been proposed for the prevention of disease and as a complementary dietary additive in pig farming, with resulting improved performance and quality of life of the animals and with benefits for food safety. The aim of this study was to assess the addition of HP to pig feed and its effects on growth performance, dietary protein utilization, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, and economic feasibility. Methods A total of 80 male pigs, body weight 32.8±2.3kg, were allocated in a randomized design, with two treatments of 10 replications and four animals per experimental unit. Treatments were composed of a control diet (CD) or CD+HP (Finalvitaplus+Figotonus, 1.1kg/ton feed of each product). The outcome measures used were growth performance (body weight gain) and feed efficiency (body weight gain per unit of feed consumed), efficiency of dietary protein utilization (blood urea nitrogen), nutrient digestibility (apparent digestibility coefficient and apparent nutrient digestibility), meat quality (including pH, temperature, color, liquid loss by cooking and thawing, intramuscular fat and meat tenderness), and economic feasibility (cost of the diets). Results There was no effect (p >0.05) of treatments on growth performance of the pigs, though the group that received HP showed an 8.93% greater feed efficiency than the control group (p=0.077). The animals in the control group had a 14.37% higher blood urea nitrogen concentration in the finishing I phase (70–100kg body weight) compared with those fed HP (p=0.028), indicating lower protein utilization in the controls. There was comparative improvement in digestibility coefficient and in nutrient digestibility in pigs fed HP in the growing–finishing phase (p 0.05). Conclusion The addition of HP to the diet of growing–finishing pigs produced some improvement in their dietary protein utilization, nutrient digestibility and feed efficiency, though it did not affect their growth performance, meat quality or economic feasibility.

Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value and the effect of acerola seed meal (ASM) for starter piglet diets on feed digestibility, nitrogen balance (NB), growth performance and blood metabolites. Twenty-four crossbred entire male piglets (21.07 ± 3.07 kg) were assigned to a digestibility assay (Exp. I) and distributed in a randomised block design (RBD) with two treatments composed of reference diet (RD) or test diet (20% replacement with ASM), 12 replications and with one pig per experimental unit (EU). An NB study (Exp. II) was conducted with four levels of ASM (0, 4, 8 and 12%) and 24 crossbred entire male piglets (20.78 ± 1.84 kg) allocated in an RBD of six replications and one pig per EU. The growth performance study (Exp. III) involved 120 crossbred piglets: 60 entire males and 60 females (13.85 ± 1.49 kg). Treatments consisted of a gender combination and five levels of ASM (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%), distributed in an RBD with six replications and four animals per EU. The physicochemical composition results indicated 86.12% of dry matter (DM), 8.03% of crude protein (CP) and 4,553 kcal kg-1 of gross energy (GE) as well as apparent digestibility coefficients of 39.04 and 28.21% for CP and GE, respectively. The levels of ASM that provided the maximum estimate for final body weight, daily body weight gain and average daily feed intake were 2.93% (p = 0.037), 3.05% (p = 0.040) and 4.27% (p = 0.043), respectively. ASM can be indicated as a dietary fibre source for starter piglet diets because it contains relevant nutritional and energy values, without affecting the nitrogen balance and blood urea concentration. Três experimentos foram realizados para determinar o valor nutricional e o efeito do uso do farelo da semente de acerola (FSA) na dieta de leitões em fase inicial sobre a digestibilidade de ração, balanço de nitrogênio (BN), desempenho zootécnico e metabólito sanguíneo. Vinte e quatro leitões mestiços, machos inteiros (21,07 ± 3,07 kg) foram atribuídos a um ensaio de digestibilidade (Exp. I.) e distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de bloco ao acaso (DBC), com dois tratamentos, compostos de uma dieta referência ou teste (substituição em 20% por FSA na dieta referência), 12 repetições e com um suíno por unidade experimental (UE). O ensaio de BN (Exp. II) foi conduzido com quatro níveis crescentes de inclusão de FSA (0, 4, 8 e 12%) e 24 leitões mestiços machos inteiros (20,78 ± 1,84 kg), alocados em um DBC de seis repetições e um suíno por UE. O estudo de desempenho zootécnico (Exp. III) envolveu 120 leitões mestiços, 60 machos inteiros e 60 fêmeas (13,85 ± 1,49 kg). Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de dois gêneros e cinco níveis crescentes de inclusão de FSA (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%), distribuídos em um DBC com seis repetições e quatro animais por UE. Os resultados de composição físico-química do FSA indicaram 86,12% de matéria seca (MS), 8,03% de proteína bruta (PB) e 4.553 kcal kg -1 de energia bruta (EB), e coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de 39,04 e 28,21% para PB e EB, respectivamente. Os níveis de FSA que proporcionaram a máxima estimativa de peso corporal final, ganho de peso corporal diário (GPCDM) e consumo de ração diário médio foram 2,93% (p = 0,0372), 3,05% (p = 0,0407) e 4,27% (p = 0,0432), respectivamente. O FSA pode ser indicado como uma fonte de fibra dietética na alimentação de suínos em fase inicial por conter valores nutricionais e de energia relevantes sem afetar o balanço de nitrogênio e concentração de ureia no sangue.

Context Lithothamnion calcareum is a calcitic seaweed (CS), rich in calcium (Ca) and other minerals, with potential for use in piglet feeding. Aim The aims were to compare L. Calcareum (CS) with calcitic limestone (CL) as a source of Ca for use in piglet feeding for effects on total tract digestibility and daily balance of Ca, growth performance and serum variables, and to assess solubility of Ca sources through in vitro testing. Methods In Expt 1, an availability assay was performed on 24 crossbred male piglets with initial average body weight (BW) of 15.17 ± 0.70 kg in a randomised complete block design with six replicates of four treatments and one piglet per experimental unit. The starter dietary treatments were: basal diet with minimal amount of Ca (0.068%); diet with low Ca (0.018%); and two diets containing either CL or CS to provide 0.82% total Ca. In Expt 2 (growth performance), 96 crossbred male piglets, with initial average BW of 6.01 ± 0.70 kg were assigned in a randomised complete block design with eight replicates of three treatments (CL, CL + CS, or CS) and four piglets per experimental unit, assessed over pre-starter phases I and II and the starter phase. Key results In Expt 1, Ca source did not influence (P > 0.05) apparent and true digestibility or daily balance and concentration of Ca in the piglets. In Expt 2, no significant differences (P > 0.05) existed for growth performance during the pre-starter I and II phases, although a trend (P ≤ 0.1) was evident for final BW, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the pre-starter II phase. Piglets fed CL showed a reduction in FCR during the starter phase (P = 0.02) and for the total period (P = 0.007). Final BW and daily weight gain did not differ between CL and CS diets during the starter phase or for the total period. No effect (P > 0.05) was observed of Ca source on Ca and phosphorus concentrations in serum. CS had a solubility 1.9 times higher than CL. Conclusion Piglet performance parameters were generally similar for diets including CS and CL as a source of Ca. Implications Based on the evaluation criteria used in these experiments, L. calcareum has potential to replace calcitic limestone as an alternative source of Ca.

Hansen disease remains a common problem worldwide with 750,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Nerve injury is a central feature of the pathogenesis because of the unique tendency of Mycobacterium leprae to invade Schwann cells and the peripheral nervous system, that can be permanent and develop into disabilities. The orthopedic surgeon has an important role in the management of neuropathy, performing surgical release of the tibial and common peroneal nerves in potentially constricting areas, thus providing a better environment for nerve function. In cases of permanent loss of nerve function with drop foot, specific tendon transfers can be used.

Objective: This study was to assess the effects of different doses of an essential oil blend (EOB) on growth performance, diarrhea occurrence (DO), hematological and blood biochemical profile, intestinal morphometry, morphology and microbiology, relative weight and length of organs, digestive content pH, and liver antioxidant status in weaning piglets.Methods: A total of 135 barrows (7.09±0.29 kg body weight) were allotted randomly in a randomized complete block design based on body weight with nine replications and three animals per pen. Dietary treatments were a negative control (NC): basal diet; positive control (PC): NC plus 125 mg performance-enhancing antibiotic (enramycin 8%)/kg diet; NC plus 100 mg EOB/kg diet (EO100); NC plus 200 mg EOB/kg diet (EO200); and NC plus 400 mg EOB/kg diet (EO400). Diarrhea occurrence was monitored daily, and performance at the end of each phase.Results: Gain to feed ratio was greater (p

The study aimed to measure variations in industrial process and nutritional variables of poultry by-product meal (PBM) in rendering plants from batch cookers. A total of 200 samples of low ash PBM with mineral matter (MM) content of 11% (LA, n = 104) or high ash with MM above 11% (HA, n = 96) were collected from 5 industrial processing plants. The highest coefficients of variation in chemical composition were for MM (LA - 19.70%; HA - 19.59%), ether extract (LA - 20.72%; HA - 14.86%), collagen (LA - 21.16%; HA - 30.00%) and water activity (LA - 24.54%; HA - 25.89%). However, the crude protein (LA - 5.07%; HA - 7.39%), dry matter (LA - 1.75%; HA - 2.90%) and organic matter digestibility (LA - 4.81%; HA - 6.78%) were lower. The variability of the data related to the process of PBM was: maximum process temperature (LA - 3.91%; HA - 3.56%), average process temperature (LA - 3.73%; HA - 4.71%), and processing time (LA - 27.37%; HA - 37.59%). This study evidenced that the corrective measures by limiting the amount of bones in the raw material, optimizing the pressing step for the poultry fat extraction, and also controlling the processing time of PBM may favor the production of more standardized PBM in terms of chemical composition and quality.

The objective of the current study was to determine if breath ammonia excretion could be used as a bioindicator of protein metabolism in heifers. Four Holstein heifers distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design were fed diets containing 9, 12, 15 and 18% crude protein (CP). Breath ammonia (BA) excretion and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) levels were evaluated at 6 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m. and 12 a.m. Urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) excretion was measured daily. The BA excretion increased linearly with dietary CP levels. The correlations between BA excretion and SUN levels (0.67) and between BA excretion and UUN excretion (0.55) were high. In conclusion, BA excretion has the potential to be used as an indicator of protein nutrition.

The study was conducted to determine the true Ca absorption coefficients and growth performance of piglets fed diets containing different sources of Ca. In the metabolism study, 30 piglets uncastrated, with initial weight averages of 20.52 ± 1.84 kg, were assigned to 5 treatments with 6 piglets per treatment in a randomized complete block design. A basal diet was formulated to meet the piglets nutritional requirements, except to Ca (0.09%), and was supplemented with different source of Ca (limestone, monodicalcium phosphate, calcined bone meal, and oyster meal) to provide 0.64% total Ca. A low-Ca diet (0.018%) and 6 additional piglets were used to estimate the endogenous Ca excretion in the feces. Total feces and urine were collected to determine the apparent and true absorption of Ca. After the adaptation period (7 d), the excreted feces were collected twice daily, weighed, stored in plastic bags in freezer (−18 °C) until the end of the collection period (5 d). The volume of the urine collected for 24 h was measured and a 20% aliquot was stored in glass containers in refrigerator (3 °C) until the end of the collection period (5 d). Experimental diets, feces and urine were analyzed for Ca. To determine the effect of different Ca sources on the growth performance, 160 piglets were assigned, to 2 sexes (males intact and females) and 4 sources of Ca (the same ones used in the metabolism study), in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement and randomized complete block design with 4 pens per treatment and 5 intact males or 5 females per pen. At the end of the study (22 d), blood samples were collected of the all piglets and 5 piglets per treatment were selected randomly regardless of sex to collect samples of organs. All samples were stored at −18 °C. Response criteria were: weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, Ca deposition in organs, bone strength, weight and size of the third metatarsal bone, and serum in Ca. The sources of Ca and direct or indirect collection method did not affect the absorption coefficients. There was no interaction among the sources of Ca and sex of the piglets for the performance variables. The piglets growth performance was similar among treatments. Calcined bone meal and oyster meal resulted in a greater content of mineral matter in the kidney (P = 0.013). The bone meal resulted in a greater Ca concentration in the piglets hearts (P

The use of functional oil as an additive is a potential alternative to replace inorganic antimicrobial agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding functional oil consisting of cashew and castor oil or monensin sodium to protein-energy supplement on the performance of 14-month-old Nellore x Red Angus heifers (initial mean body weight [BW] of 246 kg) raised on Tifton 85 pasture. The animals were randomly assigned to four treatments: 1) control (no supplementation); 2) addition of 2 g functional oil/animal/day, composed of 70% cashew oil and 30% castor oil; 3) addition of 4 g functional oil/animal/day, composed of 70% cashew oil and 30% castor oil, and 4) addition of 0.2 g monensin sodium/animal/day. The biomass availability and forage on offer were 5,940 kg dry matter/ha and 7.0 kg dry matter/100 kg BW/day, respectively. The average proportion of leaf blade, sheath plus stem and senescent material was 17.6%, 55.0% and 27.4%, respectively. The mean whole-plant contents of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and in vitro dry matter digestibility were 8.5%, 72.3% and 42.7%, respectively. A significant effect was observed for average daily gain of heifers receiving monensin (0.576 g/day) compared to those that did not receive the protein-energy supplement (0.290 g/day). In contrast, the supplement containing the functional oil composed of cashew and castor oil provided weight gains (0.426 g/day) similar (P>0.05) to that of the supplement with monensin (0.576 g/days). Under the conditions of this experiment, only the supplement with monensin resulted in a higher average daily gain than that observed for unsupplemented animals (control), while animals fed the supplement with functional oil composed of cashew and castor oil (2 or 4 g/animal/day) did not exhibit differences in daily gain when compared to the other supplements.

This study aimed to evaluate sunflower cake feed in commercial cut yields and chemical and sensory attributes of goat meat. Thirty-two castrated male goats were distributed in four levels (0, 8, 16 and 24%) of sunflower cake supplementation. The animals were slaughtered and the carcasses were placed in a cold chamber and sectioned into five anatomical regions corresponding to commercial cuts. Samples of the Longissimus lumborum muscle were analyzed for chemical composition and sensory quality. The chemical composition and pH were not affected by the treatments. The smell, taste and 'goatiness' of the aroma and flavor of the meat were also unaffected by the treatments. The appearance, tenderness and juiciness of the meat differed by treatment. The highest level (24%) of sunflower cake increased meat tenderness; however, according to the tasters there was reduced softness, although none of the samples were rejected by the tasters. Sunflower cake can be added to the diet at a level of up to 16% without altering the quantitative and qualitative attributes of the meat.

Introduction:Hunger is a global problem and has increased in recent years. In Latin America, hunger continues in high numbers. Although the level of hunger is relatively low compared to other regions, this increase in Latin America is mainly explained by the economic slowdown in South America. Also, climate changes are already weakening the production of the main crops in tropical and temperate regions.Aim:Report the numbers of hunger in Latin America.Methods:A cross-sectional study with reports of the World Health Organization’s hunger figures, September 2018.Results:The number of hungry people in the world has increased for the third consecutive year and affects 821 million people, according to a report released by UN agencies. This corresponds to one in nine people in the world. In Brazil, the figures indicate that more than 5.2 million people spent a day or more without consuming food by 2017, which corresponds to 2.5% of the population. In Latin America and the Caribbean, hunger has also increased and affects some 39 million people.Discussion:Hunger is a catastrophic problem in Latin America. Involving professionals in food and nutrition to try to reduce these numbers appears to be a good strategy because just as the doctor treats the disease, the involvement of other specialists to address the cause of the problem can bring long-term benefits. A social project for this purpose that mobilizes chefs and nutritionists is in progress in Brazil.

O presente experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos da suplementacao proteica e de diferentes fontes de enxofre adicionadas aos suplementos, sobre o comportamento ingestivo de bovinos consumindo feno de baixa qualidade. Foram utilizados sete bovinos, machos, castrados, da raca Holandesa Preto e Branco com 442 kg ± 59 kg de peso vivo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 7 x 7, e os tratamentos consistiram na utilizacao ou nao de suplementos com adicao ou nao de diferentes fontes de enxofre, conforme segue: feno + suplemento sem enxofre (SSE), feno + enxofre 70S (E70), feno + enxofre 98S (E98), feno + sulfato de calcio hemi-hidratado (SCH), feno + sulfato de calcio di-hidratado (E98), feno + sulfato de amonia (SFA) e feno sem suplemento (FSS). Os suplementos influenciaram de forma positiva as atividades de alimentacao, mastigacao e de ocio. Animais que nao foram suplementados (FSS) apresentaram menor tempo total de alimentacao, menor tempo total de mastigacao e de ocio que animais que receberam suplemento. Fizeram refeicoes mais curtas e despenderam mais tempo para mastigacoes mericicas por bolo ruminal, apresentaram menor eficiencia de alimentacao (g MS/hora) e menor eficiencia de ruminacao (g de MS/hora e g de FDN/hora), e tiveram consequentemente menor consumo. SSE apresentou maior tempo total de ruminacao que suplementos com diferentes fontes de enxofre. Os animais que consumiram suplementos contendo enxofre tiveram menor numero de mastigacoes mericicas por dia e por bolo, no entanto nao apresentaram diferencas nas taxas de eficiencia de alimentacao e ruminacao.

The objective was to test the hypothesis that ruminal inoculum obtained from slaughtered cattle can replace inoculum from cannulated cattle in trials evaluating animal feedstuffs through in vitro gas production and digestibility. Five adult Holstein × Zebu steers with ruminal cannula were used to collect and compare rumen liquid from in vivo and slaughtered animals. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) and ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations did not differ between inoculum sources (slaughtered × cannulated) for all byproducts and levels tested. Total in vitro gas production in the ruminal inoculum of cannulated animals was greater (P < 0.001) than slaughtered cattle for different levels of licuri cake. However, the greatest total concentrations of in vitro gases for slaughtered animals were observed when evaluating different levels of crude glycerin (P < 0.001). No differences were observed for diets containing castor bean meal (P >0.05). Thus, the ruminal inoculum obtained from the ruminal contents of slaughtered cattle can replace the use of fistulated animals and is a viable alternative to digestibility analysis. This approach is ethically more correct because it alleviates the suffering of animals by avoiding an invasive procedure.

This study was carried out to evaluate the inclusion of two rice co-products in pig feed during the starter phase in terms of the nutritional value and digestibility of the co-products, and the effect on plasma parameters, growth performance and economic viability. In Experiment I, a digestibility assay was performed using 30 barrows (14.4 ± 2.4 kg body weight), which were distributed in a completely randomised design. The co-products studied were broken rice (BR) and hominy rice 3/4 (HR) to replace the reference diet (300 g/kg). The estimated digestible energy (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME) were 3,476 and 3,360 kcal/kg for BR and 3,487 and 3,362 kcal/kg for HR, respectively. In Experiment II, 108 pigs (15.5 ± 1.0 to 30.1 ± 1.3 kg body weight) were used, distributed in a randomised block design with a factorial analysis scheme (2 × 4), using two types of rice and four inclusion levels (160, 320, 480, and 640 g/kg), with six replicates and two pigs per experimental unit. Additionally, a control diet was used with no inclusion of the co-product. The daily weight gain increased and the feed:gain (F:G) ratio decreased as HR content of feed increased. An effect of both types of rice on plasma glucose concentration was obtained, in which the pigs fed with BR showed the highest values. The cost of diet per kilogram of body weight gain increased as BR levels in the diet increased. It was observed that inclusion levels of 480 and 640 g/kg of BR differed from the control diet, showing the highest costs. HR and BR can be used in pig feed in the starter phase at up to 640 g/kg without impairing performance. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a inclusão de dois coprodutos do arroz na alimentação de suínos durante a fase inicial sobre o valor nutricional e a digestibilidade dos coprodutos, parâmetros plasmáticos, desempenho zootécnico e a viabilidade econômica. No experimento I, realizou-se um ensaio de digestibilidade, utilizando 30 suínos machos castrados (14.4 ± 2.4 kg de peso corporal), distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os coprodutos estudados foram a quirera de arroz (QA) e o arroz canjica 3/4 (AC) em substituição à ração referência (300 g/kg). Os valores estimados de energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) foram de 3.476 e 3.360 kcal/kg para QA e 3.487 e 3.362 kcal/kg para AC, respectivamente. No experimento II, foram utilizados 108 suínos (15.5 ± 1.0 a 30.1 ± 1.3 kg de peso corporal), distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema de análise fatorial (2 x 4), com dois tipos de arroz e quatro níveis de inclusão (160, 320, 480 e 640 g/kg), com seis repetições e dois suínos por unidade experimental. Adicionalmente, foi utilizada uma ração controle, sem inclusão dos coprodutos. O ganho diário de peso aumentou e a conversão alimentar reduziu quando aumentou AC nas rações. Foi obtido efeito dos tipos de arroz sobre a concentração de glicose plasmática, em que os suínos alimentados com QA apresentaram os maiores valores. O custo de ração (CR) por quilograma de ganho de peso corporal aumentou em função dos níveis de QA. Observou-se que os níveis de 480 e 640 g/kg de inclusão de QA diferiram da ração controle, apresentando os maiores custos. O AC e o QA podem ser utilizados, em dietas para suínos na fase inicial, em até o nível de 640 g/kg sem prejudicar o desempenho.

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o valor nutricional do Coproduto Desidratado de Mandioca (CDM) e seus efeitos no desempenho e nas variaveis sanguineas de leitoes alimentados com diferentes niveis do coproduto desidratado de mandioca. No experimento I, realizou-se um ensaio de digestibilidade e foram utilizados 30 leitoes hibridos com media de 18,00 (0,673) kg de peso inicial (PI), alojados individualmente em gaiolas de metabolismo, e distribuidos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos, 6 repeticoes e um animal por unidade experimental. Uma racao referencia foi formulada para atender as exigencias nutricionais da categoria e diferentes niveis do CDM (6, 12, 18 e 24%) foram utilizados para substituir a racao referencia, compondo os tratamentos. No experimento II foram utilizados 120 leitoes (60 machos inteiros e 60 femeas) com peso vivo inicial de 13,05 (1,59) kg e peso medio final de 26,03 (3,46) kg, distribuidos em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com 5 tratamentos, 6 repeticoes e 4 animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco racoes com niveis crescentes de inclusao (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%) do Coproduto Desidratado da Mandioca (CDM). As racoes a base de milho e farelo de soja foram formuladas para atender ao recomendado para suinos na fase inicial. Os dados foram submetidos a analise estatistica e, ao apresentar diferenca significativa, as medias foram comparadas pelo teste de Dunnet a 10% de significância. No ensaio de digestibilidade, foram encontrados os valores de Energia Digestivel e Energia Metabolizavel do CDM de 3022 e 2984 kcal kg-1 na materia natural, respectivamente. Nao houve efeito (P>0,10) de niveis de inclusao de CDM sobre o peso final e ganho diario de peso, no entanto observou-se efeito (P

On January 27, 2013, a fire at the Kiss Nightclub in Santa Maria, Brazil led to a mass-casualty incident affecting hundreds of college students. A total of 234 people died on scene, 145 were hospitalized, and another 623 people received treatment throughout the first week following the incident.1 Eight of the hospitalized people later died.1 The Military Police were the first on scene, followed by the state fire department, and then the municipal Mobile Prehospital Assistance (SAMU) ambulances. The number of victims was not communicated clearly to the various units arriving on scene, leading to insufficient rescue personnel and equipment. Incident command was established on scene, but the rescuers and police were still unable to control the chaos of multiple bystanders attempting to assist in the rescue efforts. The Municipal Sports Center (CDM) was designated as the location for dead bodies, where victim identification and communication with families occurred, as well as forensic evaluation, which determined the primary cause of death to be asphyxia. A command center was established at the Hospital de Caridade Astrogildo de Azevedo (HCAA) in Santa Maria to direct where patients should be admitted, recruit staff, and procure additional supplies, as needed. The victims suffered primarily from smoke inhalation and many required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. There was a shortage of ventilators; therefore, some had to be borrowed from local hospitals, neighboring cities, and distant areas in the state. A total of 54 patients1 were transferred to hospitals in the capital city of Porto Alegre (Brazil). The main issues with the response to the fire were scene control and communication. Areas for improvement were identified, namely the establishment of a disaster-response plan, as well as regularly scheduled training in disaster preparedness/response. These activities are the first steps to improving mass-casualty responses.Dal PonteST, DornellesCFD, ArquillaB, BloemC, RoblinP. Mass-casualty response to the Kiss Nightclub in Santa Maria, Brazil. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(1):1-4.

This study aimed to evaluate sunflower cake feed in commercial cut yields and chemical and sensory attributes of goat meat. Thirty-two castrated male goats were distributed in four levels (0, 8, 16 and 24%) of sunflower cake supplementation. The animals were slaughtered and the carcasses were placed in a cold chamber and sectioned into five anatomical regions corresponding to commercial cuts. Samples of the Longissimus lumborum muscle were analyzed for chemical composition and sensory quality. The chemical composition and pH were not affected by the treatments. The smell, taste and 'goatiness' of the aroma and flavor of the meat were also unaffected by the treatments. The appearance, tenderness and juiciness of the meat differed by treatment. The highest level (24%) of sunflower cake increased meat tenderness; however, according to the tasters there was reduced softness, although none of the samples were rejected by the tasters. Sunflower cake can be added to the diet at a level of up to 16% without altering the quantitative and qualitative attributes of the meat.

The aim of this study was to evaluate protein supplementation on the performance of steers grazing on Mombaca grass and receiving chopped sugar cane tops at a level of 0.80% of live weight (dry matter (DM) basis), during the dry season. Forage availability and quality of the experimental pasture were also evaluated. Thirty-two Nellore steers, weighing 300 kg (± 25.80) of initial live weight, eight per treatment, were used. The statistical design was completely randomized and each steer group was allocated to one of four paddocks (1.125 ha paddock -1 ). All steers received a protein supplement at 0.40% of live weight (DM basis) and the four treatments consisted of the following four crude protein (CP) concentrations in supplements: 12.5, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0% CP (DM basis). Average forage mass availability and green leaf blades availability were 10,069 and 2,195 kg of DM ha -1 , respectively. Average CP, neutral fiber detergent (NDF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in forage mass were 6.87, 62.63 and 49.80%, respectively. Average daily gain was 0.61 kg steer -1 day -1 and these results show that the strategy of feeding steers in pasture, with chopped sugar cane tops (0.80% LW) and protein supplement with 12.50% CP (0.40% LW), during the dry season, allows high gain per area (363 kg live weight ha -1 ).

Five Holstein steers weighting 450 kg were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square statistical design, where treatments consisted of five replacement levels: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of urea by ammonium chloride, as non-protein nitrogen in the diet. There was a linear decrease (p 0.05) daily excretion of allantoin, purine derivatives, absorbed purines, as well as microbial nitrogen compounds and microbial efficiency synthesis. Rumen pH and plasma urea nitrogen decreased linearly (p 0.05) ruminal ammonia concentration as urea was replaced by ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride can be used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant diets up to level of 1.4% of diet dry matter.

To compare the development of motor function in children born preterm with those born at term, at 8 and 12 months of age. To investigate the relation of motor function quality at the age of 8 months with motor ability at 12 months.Thirty-two children participated in this study: 16 were born preterm (risk group) and 16 were born at term (control group). The spontaneous movements of the children were assessed at 8 months and their mobility skills and independence were assessed at 12 months (corrected ages for the preterm group), using standardized developmental tests (AIMS and PEDI, respectively). Data were analysed using independent t-tests (between-group comparison) and Pearson correlation coefficients (within-group comparison).There was no significant difference in motor function, between those born preterm with those born at term, either at 8 or at 12 months of age. In the control group, there was significant association (r=0.67; p=0.004) between movement at 8 months and mobility skills at 12 months. In the risk group, there was significant relationship between skills and independence in mobility, at 12 months corrected age (r=0.80; p=0.0001).Preterm born children, without other disorders and with age correction, might show a similar motor development as those born at term. The path for the acquisition of motor abilities in preterm born children appears to differ among those infants.

We find in this paper the results of a study made with the aim of finding out how is employed the time of the public health nurses in the Health Centers of the School of Publich Health - University of Sao Paulo. Having in mind te limitations of a study of this kind it was possible to arrive at the following conclusion: The deficiency of nursing personnel in both services is avoiding a better use of their nurses time in the various aspects of the public health nursing program. For this reason some important parts of such program cannot be done. It was suggested as a tentative recomendation, more use of auxiliary personnel. In our specific situation they should be "visitadoras" with in - service preparation, to work under direct and constant supervision of a public health nurse.

O presente estudo foi planejado com o objetivo de procurar qual a melhor maneira de integrar a enfermagem de Saude Publica nos outros grupos profissionais numa Escola de Saude Publica, a fim de desenvolver o espirito de equipe. O motivo da escolha desse tema e que a pessoa que escreve encontrara essa situacao em realidade, ao voltar a Escola de Saude Publica de Sao Paulo - Brasil, onde, pela primeira vez, enfermeiras de Saude Publica passarao a fazer parte do corpo discente em futuro proximo. Um questionario foi preparado e enviado a tildas as Escolas de Saude Publica elos Estados Unidos, Porto Rico e Canada. Alguma resposta foi recebida de til das elas. Apenas uma devolveu o questionario em branco, com a explicacao ele que a Escola de Enfermagem e nao a Escola de Higiene clava os cursos ele Saude Publica para enfermeiras. Achou-se que a maioria das escolas tem pelo menos quatro cursos exigidos para todos os estudantes, que sao: Adminitracao Sanitaria, Bioestatistica, Epidemiologia e Saneamento. Nove cursos mais sao indicados por duas ou mais escolas como exigidos para todo o corpo discente da Escola de Saude Publica. A maioria elas escolas conta com algum outro tipo de agrupamento regular ele todos os estudantes, alem elos cursos exigidos para todos, sendo o mais comum a conferencia seguida de discussao, variando o numero dessas reunioes ele tres vezes por semana a uma vez por mes. Seminarios semanais sao mencionados por quatro escolas. Dez dentre as doze escolas usam o metodo de formar grupos com estudantes ele todas as profissoes, para estudo de algum problema ele Saude Publica. Geralmente e usado o metodo de projeto em que o grupo trabalha em separado c depois apresenta o resultado para toda a classe. Problemas de Administracao Sanitaria ou Principios de Saude Publica sao apresentados por nove escolas como os mais comumente abordados nesses trabalhos. O professor da materia relacionada e um representante da administracao sanitaria estao presentes na maioria das vezes. Cinco escolas apresentam os estudantes como lideres dessas discussoes e tres indicam um professor. As outras fazem uma especie de combinacao dos dois, isto e, o estudante dirigindo a discussao do problema em questao e o professor assumindo a lideranca quando o assunto passa a principios gerais. Sendo o seminario usado como metodo de ensino em classes regulares, todos responderam que o estudante recebe nota por esse tipo de trabalho. Parece nao ser mais objeto de discussao o fato da enfermeira ser um dos membros dessa "equipe". Todas as escolas, sem excecao, responderam afirmativamente a essa pergunta. Cinco escolas desenvolvem esse tipo de trabalho durante todo o ano. Sao as que o usam corno metodo de ensino para varios cursos. Duas tem as reunioes apenas no primeiro semestre e as que dividem o ano em trimestres ou "quarters" desenvolvem esse trabalho principalmente na segunda metade do ano. Um comentario foi feito sobre o fato de a enfermeira tomar parte em trabalhos de grupo em muitos outros cursos alem dos exigidos para todos os estudantes de Saude Publica. Chamou-se a atencao para o fato de que a enfermeira faz parte nao somente do corpo discente mas tambem do corpo docente na maioria dos cursos de Saude Publica aplicada. Outro comentario, que mencionamos com prazer para finalizar este sumario, e o de que a oportunidade para desenvolver o espirito de equipe e considerado como um dos principais elementos do "ativo" de uma Escola de Saude Publica.