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The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a group of small sap-sucking insects, which is now recognized as a cryptic species complex containing at least 35 species. During the last 30 years, the Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) species of the complex have invaded many countries worldwide with the import and export trade. With the exception of direct feeding, whiteflies harm plants mainly by transmitting plant viruses, causing huge damage to crops, vegetables and ornamental plants worldwide. Tomato yellow leaf curl viruses, cassava mosaic viruses, cotton leaf curl viruses, and tomato chlorosis virus are all transmitted by B. tabaci , and the prevalence of these viral diseases is closely related to the outbreak of these whiteflies. Currently, more than 400 species of plant viruses in five genera, i.e. Begomovirus , Crinivirus , Torradovirus , Ipomovirus and Carlavirus , are transmitted by whiteflies. Among them, begomoviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses and are exclusively transmitted by whiteflies in a persistent-circulative manner. All the others are single-stranded RNA viruses and are transmitted in a semi-persistent or non-persistent manner. Here, we summarize the interactions between B. tabaci and the plant viruses they transmit, particularly recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying whitefly transmission of plant viruses. There are multiple barriers during the circulative transmission of begomoviruses within the whitefly, including the midgut barrier, hemolymph barrier, salivary gland barrier and transovarial transmission barrier. Passage of viruses through these barriers requires specific interactions between virus and whitefly components. The ability of a virus to cross the barriers within different cryptic species of B. tabaci can lead to differential transmission efficiencies. Moreover, the whitefly immune systems, such as the autophagy pathway and anti-microbial peptides, have been proved to play important roles in suppressing virus infection in B. tabaci . In addition, some whitefly and endosymbiont proteins have been identified that participate in virus circulation within whitefly, which has greatly improved our understanding of this process. However, whether begomoviruses replicate in their whitefly vector is still controversial, and further investigation is urgently needed. We also reviewed the information on the differential transmission efficiency of whitefly-transmitted RNA viruses by different species of whiteflies. However, except the verified critical role of the minor coat protein of criniviruses in virion retention and transmission, the key factors that affect the transmission of these whitefly-transmitted RNA viruses remain largely unknown. A detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying plant virus transmission by its whitefly vector can lead to new strategies to combat virus spread in the field. Recent advances in the sequencing of insect genomes, reverse genetic systems and genome editing technologies, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, may help us to further reveal the mechanisms of virus transmission and to design novel strategies that interfere with virus transmission.

Energy saving and reduced consumption of key materials such as bearings in high-end equipment can be realized by synthesizing a new lubricating functional additive, copper-doped carbon quantum dot dispersion liquid (Cu-CQDs) via hydrothermal reaction with glycerol, cupric chloride dihydrate, and choline chloride as raw materials. The influence of the dispersion liquid containing Cu-CQDs nanoparticles on the lubricating properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG200) was investigated on a four-ball friction tester. The wear scars of steel balls after friction were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope accompanied by energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), photoelectron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed the friction and wear mechanism of Cu-CQDs. Cu-CQDs dispersion liquid can significantly enhance the lubrication performance of PEG. The average friction coefficient of PEG containing 2.0 wt% Cu-CQDs dispersion liquid was 40.99% lower than that of pure PEG. The friction and wear mechanism can be ascribed to friction, inducing Cu-CQDs to participate in the formation of boundary lubricating film, resulting in a low friction coefficient and wear scar diameter.

Despite the presence of a large area of andesite in the Sayaburi Province of Laos, it has received very little attention. Based on a combination of detailed field investigations, geochronology and geochemical analysis, this study aims to explore the geochemical, Sr-Nd isotopic, and source rock characteristics, as well as the genesis and tectonic setting of the andesite in this region. In the Sayaburi Province, the andesite zircon U-Pb age is (241.2±1.2) Ma. The andesite rock is classified in the metaluminous-weak peraluminous calc-alkaline series. The light rare-earth elements (LREEs) are enriched and characterized by clear fractionation, whereas heavy rare-earth elements (HREEs) are relatively depleted and have no signs of fractionation. The average δEu is 0.96 with weak-or-no Eu anomalies. It is enriched in large ion lithophile elements such as Rb and K, while depleted in high field-strength elements such as Nb, Ta, P and Ti. For andesites in the Sayaburi Province, the (87Rb/86Sr)t value ranges in 0.702849–0.704687, the eNd(t) value is between 3.53 and 4.77, the tDM(t) value ranges in 633–835 Ma, and the tDM2(t) ranges in 625–724 Ma. The results based on the synthesis of petrology, geochemistry, and regional tectonic background studies show that 1) the andesitic magma source in the study area is an enriched mantle, which is modified by subduction zone fluids; 2) the geotectonic background environment of the andesite in Sayaburi area is the continental island arc environment and related to the tectonic evolution of Jinghong-Nan-Uttaradit back-arc basin, which reflects that the magmatic source is enriched with a mantle wedge component modified by a subduction zone fluid (or melt).

Mineral resources are the most important natural resources for developing countries. Bauxite is an indispensable mineral resource for industrial production. Potential assessment of bauxite is an important issue in Indochina Peninsula. In this paper, the factors affecting the mineralization of the lateritic bauxite are analyzed. The collected spatial data are processed and the information is extracted to obtain the spatial extent of favorable constraints. Then, the spatial distribution of potential bauxites on the Bolaven Plateau has been investigated with a Boolean modeling process in GIS environment on the basis of some constraints such as rock, elevation, topographical features and vegetation coverage. Finally, based on the hydrogeological conditions and alteration information of Fe3+ and OH-, the bauxite mapping has been carried out. There are twenty bauxite metallogenic areas delineated, with a total area of 750 km2, which is 5% of the entire study area. This has greatly reduced the scope of the field investigation. Seven of the twenty predicted areas were validated in the field and six of them were found to have bauxite mineralization. Using the methods proposed in this study, the potential bauxite for the entire Bolaven Plateau could be achieved much more cheaply than the traditional methods. This study also provides a good idea for the prediction of laterite bauxite in the other regions of the Indochina Peninsula.

The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous- Early Permian I-type granitic magmatism, and contains >50 Mt @ 45% to 50% of Fe ore. Ore minerals occur mainly as magnetite and hematite in the skarn alteration zone between a granitic pluton and metamorphosed Middle-Upper Devonian carbonates. The granitic pluton comprises granodiorite and granite, with zircon U-Pb dating indicating synchronous emplacement at 288.2±1.3 and 284.9±1.2 Ma, respectively. Zircons from these granitoids have eHf(t) values of 2.9-11.2 and relatively young TDM2 ages (

An integrated study of zircon U-Pb geochronology and petrochemistry, together with zircon Lu-Hf isotopes, has been carried out on the basaltic-andesitic tuff and volcanic breccia from the Nam Hang Formation and andesitic tuff from the Muang-Nan Formation in the Xaignabouli area, which had been mapped as the Permian-Early Triassic on the 1 : 1 000 000 geological map or Late Carboniferous on the 1 : 200 000 geological maps. Zircon U-Pb dating of three samples yielded weighted mean ages of 235±2.6, 232±1.4 and 278±2.8 Ma, respectively, suggesting a Late Triassic origin for the Nam Hang Formation and an Early Permian origin for the Muang-Nan Formation. Geochemically, they are characterized by depletions in HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti) and high LILE/HFSE ratios, and they have positive zircon eHf(t) values of 8.7-15.9, which exhibits the continental arc volcanic affinity and partial melting of subducting oceanic slab in the magma source. Combined with spatial occurrence of the volcanic rock and existing geochronological and geochemical data, we suggest that the Xaignabouli-Luang Prabang volcanic belt can be linked to the Loei-Phetchabun belt. The Permian-Triassic volcanic rocks in this belt might be a product of the Nan back-arc basin eastward subduction.

Accelerators can achieve high performance and low energy consumption in training or inference of neural networks. If the Non-Neural Network (Non-NN) algorithms with large amount of computation could make full use of the accelerators, it is possible to speed up its implementation, reduce energy consumption, and achieve load balancing, especially on mobile devices equipped with accelerators. However, accelerators are dedicated to neural network calculations, so that other Non-NN algorithms have difficulty in using their advantages. Furthermore, many hardware-specific restrictions have become the obstacles, such as constrained precision of operands and limited computation scale. In this paper, we propose a method named Low-power Heterogeneous Computing (LHC) to bridge the gap between Non-NN algorithms and NN accelerators. Firstly, we analyze the general principle of the accelerator and reveal the calculation model of the accelerator. To hide the details of the underlying neural network library, we extract some operators from the limited number of types of neural network computation they support. We encapsulate the low-level library, extract operators suitable for general algorithms, and implement some more advanced operators that can adapt to the constrained hardware conditions. These operators could facilitate programmers to implement some Non-NN algorithms. In the aspect of the algorithm, we extract the computationally intensive parts of the Non-NN algorithm and deploy these computational tasks on the accelerator by calling the operators. To verify our method, we implement three Non-NN algorithms by using operators and adjusting these algorithms, include Grid-based Motions Statistics, k-Nearest Neighbors, and k-Means, on a specific accelerator, Cambricon-1A. The experimental results show that the energy consumption of calculation is reduced by up to 5.4x, compared with the CPU baseline. Our method can be further applied to other similar accelerators.

Due to their superior machining quality, efficiency, and availability, five-axis machine tools are important for the manufacturing of complicated parts of freeform surfaces. In this study, a new type of the five-axis machine tool was designed that is composed of four rotary axes as well as one translational axis. Given the structure of the proposed machine tool, an inverse kinematics analysis was conducted analytically, and a set of methods was then proposed to address the issues in the kinematic analysis, e.g., the singularity and multi-solution problems. Compared with traditional five-axis machine tools, which are typically composed of three linear axes and two rotary axes, the proposed machine tool exhibited better kinematic performance with machining parts with hub features, such as impellers, which was validated by simulations and real cuttings.

The Loei Fold Belt is one of the most significant tectonic and metallogenic belts in the Indochina Block. However, origin and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks in several volcanic belts of this fold belt remain ambiguous. In this paper, we present new petrochemical data, zircon U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopic data for volcanic rocks from the Loei Fold Belt in northwestern Laos. The basaltic and andesitic tuffaceous rocks have Late Carboniferous zircon U-Pb ages (304 ± 2.1 Ma and 299 ± 1.8 Ma respectively), and display both MORB-like and arc-like geochemical signatures. Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic analyses give highly positive eHf(t) values of 8.99–14.24, indicative of a metasomatic mantle source which formed in a back-arc basin environment. On the other hand, the andesite and rhyolite samples have zircon U-Pb ages ranging from 236 Ma to 224 Ma, erupted during the Late Triassic, and formed in a continental margin arc setting (e.g., enrichment of LREE, depletion in Nb-Ta, Sr, and positive eHf(t) values of 9.87–12.25). With a synthesis of available geochronological, petrochemical and isotopic data, magmatic events in the Loei Fold Belt occurred in four periods: Ordovician-Silurian (450–400 Ma), Late Devonian-Middle Permian (ca. 361–265 Ma), Early-Middle Triassic (250–237 Ma) and Late Triassic (ca. 236–200 Ma), with peaks in Triassic and Carboniferous. Accordingly, we propose a tectonic-magmatic evolution model for the Loei Fold Belt. The Luang Prabang-Loei belt was a spreading back-arc basin during the Late Devonian-Middle Permian, and connected with the Nan back-arc basin. The basin expanded to its largest extent in the Permian period and started subduction in the earliest Triassic; the successive subduction did not terminate until the Late Triassic.

A core-shell composite consisting of polypyrrole (PPy) nanofibers and TiO 2 was synthesized by using PPy nanofibers as the core and TiO 2 as the shell. The TiO 2 @PPy composite substrate was doped with Pd nanoparticles via chemical reduction. The resulting Pd–TiO 2 @PPy nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption analysis before it was utilized to fabricate a hydrogen sensor. Compared with sensors based on TiO 2 @PPy or PPy, the Pd–TiO 2 @PPy sensor was highly sensitive and selective to hydrogen gas, exhibiting a fast response time in air at room temperature. The Pd–TiO 2 @PPy-based sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 8.1% toward 1 vol% of H 2 gas, which is much larger than the sensitivities of sensors based on only TiO 2 @PPy and PPy nanofibers. The excellent reproducibility, stability and selectivity of the Pd–TiO 2 @PPy nanocomposite make it a high potential candidate for hydrogen sensors.

A ternary composite of polypyrrole (PPy), Prussian blue (PB), and graphene oxide (GO), PPy⿿PB⿿GO, was successfully prepared through spontaneous polymerization of pyrrole and formation of PB nanocubes on GO. The obtained nanocomposite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the PPy-protected PB nanocubes were well dispersed on the GO. Electrochemical testing showed a specific capacitance of 525.4 F g ⿿1 at a current density of 5 A g ⿿1 in the potential range from ⿿0.2 to 0.6 V, obtained in an electrolyte of 1 mol L ⿿1 KNO 3 during the galvanostatic charge⿿discharge cycles, which is superior to the performance of binary cathode materials, including PPy⿿PB and PPy⿿GO nanocomposites. The as-prepared supercapacitor could retain a specific capacitance of 96% after 2000 cycles. It was confirmed that the three components⿿PPy, PB, and GO⿿led to the display of integrated electrochemical behavior and a resulting capacitor with enhanced performance. The significant enhancement in electrochemical performance of the ternary nanocomposite can be attributed to the synergistic effect of PPy-protected PB nanocubes dispersed on GO sheets with the pseudocapacitance from PB and PPy on the double-layer capacitance from GO.

A cobalt–boron/nickel–boron (Co–B/Ni–B) nanocomposite was synthesized in a two-step process by in situ reduction of nickel and cobalt salts. Characterization of the nanocomposite using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller adsorption analysis showed that the Co–B nanoparticles were well dispersed on the Ni–B surface. Enlisted as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) for hydrogen generation (HG), the nanocomposite exhibited better catalytic activity than Co–B and Ni–B at room temperature; the HG rate was 1368.2 mL min−1 g−1 at 25 °C in a 1.5 wt.% AB solution, with a low activation energy of 33.5 kJ mol−1. The effect of the complexing agent (sodium citrate) on the nanocomposite's catalytic activity was also investigated. In addition, recycling tests showed that Co–B/Ni–B was still highly active and preserved 84% of its initial catalytic activity after 11 recover-and-reuse cycles.

Dehydrogenation processes of α- and γ-AlH3 were investigated by in situ transmission electron microscopy observations. The relationship between Al2O3 thickness and dehydrogenation kinetics was also clarified. The initial shape of α-AlH3 particle was cubic and that of γ-AlH3 particle was rod-shaped. The process of γ-AlH3 was quite similar with α-AlH3. The precipitation and growth of Al was observed in both processes. The dehydrogenation kinetics did not depend on Al2O3 thickness. It was found that milling effect on the dehydrogenation kinetics was larger than doping effect. The dehydrogenation process was discussed in terms of both microscopic and kinetic studies.

In ACISP 2008, the hash family DASH has been proposed by Billet et al., which considers the design of Rijndael and RC6. DASH family has two variants that support 256-bit and 512-bit output length respectively. This paper presents the first third-party cryptanalysis of DASH-256 with a focus on the underlying block cipher \( {{\mathcal{A}}_{256 }} \). In particular, we study the distinguisher using differential and boomerang attack. As a result, we build a distinguishing attack for the compression function of DASH-256 with 8-round \( {{\mathcal{A}}_{256 }} \) using the differential cryptanalysis. Finally, we obtain a boomerang distinguisher of 9-round \( {{\mathcal{A}}_{256 }} \).

The block cipher Threefish is the main component of Skein, which is based on ARX. Based on the efficient algorithms for calculating the differential of modular addition, we extend local collisions of Threefish-256 to more round by using related-key differential of addition in this paper. A related-key boomerang distinguish attack is proposed on 31-round Threefish-256 with a time complexity of 2234.

BiFeO(3) magnetic nanoparticles (BFO MNPs) are used as a catalyst to develop an ultrasensitive method for the determination of H(2)O(2). It is found that BFO MNPs can catalyze the decomposition of H(2)O(2) to produce OH radicals, which in turn oxidize the weakly fluorescent benzoic acid to a strongly fluorescent hydroxylated product with a maximum emission at 405nm. This makes it possible to sensitively quantify traces of H(2)O(2). Under optimized conditions, the fluorescence intensity is observed to be well linearly correlated with H(2)O(2) concentration from 2.0x10(-8) to 2.0x10(-5)molL(-1) with a detection limit of 4.5x10(-9)molL(-1) (S/N=3). In addition, a selective method for glucose determination is developed by using both glucose oxidase and BFO MNPs, which has a linear range for glucose concentration from 1.0x10(-6) to 1.0x10(-4)molL(-1) with a detection limit of 5.0x10(-7)molL(-1). These new methods have been successfully applied for the determination of H(2)O(2) in rainwater and glucose in human serum samples.

Electrode processes in solid oxide fuel cells are intensively studied to increase the system efficiency to compete with that of the state-of-the-art LNG-fueled combined cycle thermal power plant. Because the electrode performance depends both on electrode materials and microstructure, we are obliged to breakdown the complexity of phenomena in the porous electrode into elementary processes by best utilizing both the advanced measurement and the simulation techniques. Closely examining the efforts in literature [1-7], we have taken the combined top-down and bottom-up approach. The most difficult issue has lied on the meso-scale modeling, which typically is based on microkinetic modeling [5-8]. To guarantee the predictivity of the modeling, it is inevitable to realize the simulation without arbitrary fitting parameters that are not necessarily based on realistic physics. For this purpose, we first exhaustively summarized literature data followed by the careful examinations. Next, we have made exhaustive simulations assuming different combinations of parameters in literature. Finally, we obtained a set of parameters that matches with experimental observations within reasonable differences. The details together with the results of top-down and bottom up simulations will be introduced together with future perspectives. Acknowledgements The activities of INAMORI Frontier Research Center is supported by Kyocera Co. Ltd. The activities of Advanced Automotive Research Collaborative Laboratory in Hiroshima University are supported by Mazda Corporation. The part of the research is supported by CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency. References [1] J. Mizusaki, H. Tagawa, T. Saito, T. Yamamura, K. Kamitani, K. Hirano, S. Ehara, T. Takagi, T. Hikita, M. Ippommatsu, S. Nakagawa, K. Hashimoto, Solid State Ionics, 70/71, 52 (1994) [2] W. Yao and E. Croiset, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 93, 2157 (2015) [3] A. Bieberle, L. P. Meier, L. J. Gauckler, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A646 (2001) [4] A. Utz, H. Störmer, A. Leonide, A. Weber, E. Ivers-Tiffée, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157 B920 (2010) [5] W. G. Bessler, S. Gewies, M. Vogler, Electrochim. Acta, 53, 1782 (2007) [6] W. G. Bessler, Solid State Ionics, 176, 997 (2005) [7] M. Vogler, A. Bieberle-Hütter, L. Gauckler, J. Warnatz, and W. G. Bessler, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, B663 (2009) [8] H. Kohno, S. Liu, T. Ogura, T. Ishimoto, D. S. Monder, K. Karan, M. Koyama, ECS Trans., 57(1), 2821 (2013)

The inner molecular polarizability index (IMPI) was developed based on the polarizability effect index (PEI). Three parameters were calculated: NC(eff), the quasi-length of carbon chain; ΔPEIOH, the difference of polarizability effect index (PEI) of alkyl substituents in alcohols; and POH, the proportion of oxygen atom in the OH group to the total number of carbon and oxygen atoms in the alcohol. The multiple regression analysis (MRA) correlating boiling point with the three parameters was carried out for 211 alkanes and 117 alcohols. Excellent results were obtained with the correlation coefficient r = 0.9990 and standard deviation s = 6.02 °C.

The invasive B whitefly and the indigenous ZHJ2 whitefly in China of the Bemisia tabaci complex represent two previously allopatric cryptic species. Laboratory experiments have shown that the invasive B can displace the indigenous ZHJ2. Here, we observed the mating behavior and mating interactions between B and ZHJ2 to elucidate the behavioral mechanisms underlying their competition. The 2 species are able to mate with each other, although at a significantly lower frequency than that between males and females within the same species. Heterospecifically-mated females produce only male progeny, indicating reproductive isolation. Heterospecific mating had only a marginal effect on reproduction of females in either species. Detailed observations on mating interactions between the 2 species showed that B had higher sexual activity than ZHJ2. B males were more likely to interrupt courtships initiated by rival males than ZHJ2 males. Compared with ZHJ2 males, B males were also more likely to successfully interrupt courtships initiated by rival heterospecific males than by males of the same species. In addition, B males guarded B females post-copulation, whereas ZHJ2 males did not. When the 2 species co-occurred, the behavioral differences and interactions between them resulted in an increased proportion of females produced in the offspring of B but reduced proportion of females in the progeny of ZHJ2. These asymmetric mating interactions might be an important mechanism underlying the displacement of ZHJ2 by B. Our study shows that reproductive interference might contribute to the competitive exclusion between closely related species during biological invasions.

At ACNS 2011, Wu and Zhang proposed a new lightweight block cipher which is named LBlock. The design rationale of LBlock considers the trade-offs between security against cryptanalyses and performance in low-resource implementations. In this paper, we present new attacks on reduced-round LBlock using related-key differential cryptanalysis. Firstly, we construct a new related-key boomerang distinguishing attack on 16-round LBlock. Secondly, we construct a key recovery attack on 22-round LBlock based on a 16-round related-key truncated differential. In contrast to the published cryptanalysis results of reduced-round LBlock, our attacks have advantages on data and computational complexities.

China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool and domestically developed industrial computer-aided manufacture (CAM) technology were used for full crown fabrication and measurement of crown accuracy, with an attempt to establish an open CAM system for dental processing and to promote the introduction of domestic dental computer-aided design (CAD)/CAM system. Commercially available scanning equipment was used to make a basic digital tooth model after preparation of crown, and CAD software that comes with the scanning device was employed to design the crown by using domestic industrial CAM software to process the crown data in order to generate a solid model for machining purpose, and then China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool was used to complete machining of the whole crown and the internal accuracy of the crown internal was measured by using 3D-MicroCT. The results showed that China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool in combination with domestic industrial CAM technology can be used for crown making and the crown was well positioned in die. The internal accuracy was successfully measured by using 3D-MicroCT. It is concluded that an open CAM system for dentistry on the basis of China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool and domestic industrial CAM software has been established, and development of the system will promote the introduction of domestically-produced dental CAD/CAM system.

Lignin isolated from enzymatic hydrolyzed cornstalks (EHL) is a renewable natural polymer, and rubber is one of the most important polymer materials. The application of EHL in rubber industry is of great significance. The influence of EHL and antioxidant RD on the vulcanizing characteristics, thermal oxidative aging stability under free condition, and water extraction resistance of styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) were investigated. The effect of EHL/antioxidant D composite antioxidant on the thermal oxidative ageing of SBR was also evaluated. Results showed that the protection of SBR from thermal oxidative aging by EHL/antioxidant D composite antioxidant was superior to that of antioxidant D. This is because EHL molecules have hindered phenol group and have excellent auxiliary antioxidant role with antioxidant D. Moreover, the influence of EHL on the vulcanizing characteristics of SBR compounds was better than that of antioxidant RD, and EHL can reduce the cure rate and increase the optimum cure time. It is because that the EHL molecules have hindered phenol group and methoxy group, which can form a special structure to capture free radical and terminate the chain reaction. The retained tensile strength of SBR compounds with EHL was similar to that of the samples with antioxidant RD, while the retained elongation at break of SBR compounds with EHL was higher than that of the samples with antioxidant RD. In addition, the SBR compounds with EHL have a good water extraction resistance property, which was similar to the samples with antioxidant RD. This is because EHL have large molecular weight, good stability and low solubility in water. In conclusion, due to the low price, abundant resources, non‐toxic and pollution‐free, etc., EHL will have broad application prospect.

Jasmonic acid (JA) is a naturally occurred growth regulator found in higher plants and a main signal molecule carrying information about injury. Its increased concentration in plants infested by herbivores can induce the wounded plants to produce defense responses which will affect herbivores. The application of exogenous JA to plants could imitate the effects of herbivores infestation. This study showed that applying exogenous JA on cabbage plants did not affect the survival of Plutella xylostella larvae, but retarded their development and reduced the pupal weight and female fecundity.

To observe the normal and abnormal insertions of the anterior tibial tendon and store up knowledge for clinical application.Forty-six antiseptic specimens of the foot of Chinese were selected for anatomical and histological studies on the insertions. The methods included taking the photos, adding up the numbers of the insertions that mainly attach to the first metatarsal os or the medial cuneiform os and measuring the length of the tendons from the line connecting the malleolus lateralis projection and malleolus medialis projection to the insertion.The insertions could be categorized as three types: 28 (60.87%) insertions belonged to the bundle type; 14 (30.43%) insertions were of the medial type; 4 (8.7%) insertions were of the bifurcate type. 40 insertions mainly attached to the medial cuneiform os; 6 insertions mainly attached to the first metatarsal os. The length of the anterior tibial tendon of adults was determined to be 72.33 +/- 5.29 mm and the length of the children's tendon 56.77 +/- 4.54 mm.The aboved finding suggest that in clinical treatment the insertions of the bifurcate type should be cut off completely as the anterior tibial tendons of the bifurcate type are transferred into the lateral part of the feet. The insertions of the bundle type and bifurcate type are not suitable for the split anterior tibial tendon transfer, but the medial type cases are suitable for this kind of operation.

In this study, the effects of low (8 degrees C) and subzero temperature on the development, survival and reproduction of Plutella xylostella were examined. The mortality of its egg and pupae at 4 degrees C and 6 degrees C increased with time, no egg and pupae could complete their development at these low temperatures, and all died after 55 days and 70 days, respectively. When the pupae were placed at 4 degrees C and 6 degrees C for various durations and then moved to 16 degrees C for development, the fecundity of the resultant adults was reduced, and the longer the duration at 4 degrees C and 6 degrees C, the further the fecundity was reduced, and the fecundity was reduced to zero when the pupae were retained at these low temperatures for 45 days. The survival of this insect was observed following exposure of various stages of this insect to temperatures below 0 degree C. The results showed that the mortality of all preimaginal stages increased with decreased temperature and prolonged duration. The ability of cold tolerance of the various stages of this insect was in order of the third instar and pupathe second and forth instarsthe first instar and egg. Temporal exposure to temperatures below 0 degree C affected the development of subsequent stages at a favorable temperature. Generally, the developmental time of the subsequent stages increased, and the largest increase of development time was observed with the stage next to the stage treated at low temperatures. Exposure of the pupal stage to low temperature also reduced the fecundity of the resultant female adults, and the reduction was positively correlated to lower temperature and longer exposure.