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Menopausal syndrome is a grouping of signs and symptoms associated with menopause. In Ayurveda, menopause is referred to as 'Rajonivrutti' (and menopausal syndrome as Rajonivruttianubandhaja vyadhies). Menopause's long-term risks include osteoporosis, cardiac problems, and Alzheimer's disease. Aims and objective: To study the Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and HPTLC of Vayasthapana Gana Choorna and Vayasthapana Ghrita. Material and methods: Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and HPTLC of Vayasthapana Gana Choorna and Vayasthapana Ghrita have been carried out as per standard protocol. Result: Vayasthapana Gana Choorna showed the presence of mesocarp, asicular crystals, stone cells, scleroids, brown content, starch grains, colencyma cells, rhomboidal crystals, pitted vessels, parenchyma cells, simple trichome. Phytochemical parameters showed refractive index 1.3660, specific gravity 0.913, acid value 1.285, iodine value 212.1085 and in HPTLC, Methanol extract of Vayasthapana Ghrita at 254nm showed 6 spots and at 366nm 2 spots whereas in methanol extract of Vayasthapana Gana Choorna at 254nm 5 spots and in 366nm 4 spots were present. Conclusion: The applied pharmacognostic and HPTLC method has been shown to be selective, linear, precise and accurate. The method will be useful for quality control of the raw material and pharmaceutical preparations.

Celosia argentea Linn. is a leading leafy vegetable of Nigerian country and India. It is herb, ornamental plant which belongs to family Amaranthaceae also having medicinal use in antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, antiapoptosis etc. For proper methodical evaluation, authentication, macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, phytochemical screening and qualitative of seed of C. Argentea has been observed under standard approach. The morphological study showed small black shining spherical, lenticular 3mm in diameter, greyish black in color, slightly aromatic in odour and gritty in touch. Microscopical transverse section of cock’s comb seed showed outer layer of epidermis consisting radially elongated rectangular dark brown color cell, narrow collapsed celled band, outer epidermis of tegmen, followed by parenchyma zone with angular cells of perisperm loaded by starch grains and crystals. Cock’s comb inner cell consists of prismatic crystals and aleurone grains. The unplumbed physicochemical parameters and qualitative screening of seed of cock’s comb are as per standard procedure and useful for future analysis.

Introduction: Shadbindu taila is an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral preparation used in a variety of clinical conditions especially in diseases of upper part of body. This taila is described as exceptionally beneficial for improving the strength of hands. Before a human trial it is essential to evaluate the quality and authenticity of the trial drug, Standardization is needed for assuring quality of any drug and it should be started with the identification and authentication of the drug Materials and method: Pharmacognostical evaluation carried out at Pharmacognosy department, ITRA, Jamnagar, pharmaceutical and HPTLC study were done at Pharmaceutical chemistry department, ITRA, Jamnagar. Microbiological evaluation was carried out at department of Microbiology I.T.R.A, Jamnagar. Results: Organoleptic examination: Colour: Greenish Brown, Odour: Aromatic, Taste: Salty, Touch: Viscous, oily. Pharmaceutical evaluation: specific gravity 0.9177, density 0.8753 Refractive Index 1 .4860, Acid Value 4.042, Saponification Value 132.43, Iodine Value 169.33 HPTLC at 254nm (short wave) showed mainly 6 major spot and at 366 nm (long wave) showed 2 major spots. No organisms isolated in aerobic and fungal culture, in microbiology evaluation. Conclusion: The trial drug is authentic and devoid of any adulteration. All quality control parameters were found to be within the permissible pharmacopeial limits and the stability and shelf life of the trial drug also will be more as per the pharmaceutical parameters.

Erythroxylum moonii Hochr. is a shrub or small tree in family Erythroxylaceae and folklore claims report the use of its leaves in the treatment of helminthiasis. Aim: Hence, present study aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic and analytical characters including HPTLC of its leaves. Methods: E. moonii fresh and powdered leaves were explored for the macroscopic and microscopic features along with their physico-chemical, phytochemical properties and HPTLC following standard procedures. Results: The leaf of E. moonii is simple, alternate, petiolate, stipulate, elliptic and lanceolate with obtusely caudate-acuminate apex, acute base and entire margins. Fresh leaf is light green, slight astringent with characteristic odour and smooth texture. Powdered dry leaves were light green, slight astringent with aromatic odour and coarse, fibrous texture. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of simple, bilobed and stellate trichomes (with and without lignification), rosette, rhomboidal, prismatic and cluster crystals, paracytic stomata and starch grains as key characteristics both in fresh leaves and powdered leaves. Obtained values for loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, pH, water and methanol soluble extractive were 10.44±0.31%, 2.2±0.67%, 0.93±0.06%, 5, 7.63±0.57% and 6.44±0.38% respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids in the test sample. HPTLC study revealed 17 and 11 peaks at short (254nm) and long (366nm) ultraviolet consecutively. Conclusion: Obtained results can be used to establish pharmacognostic and analytical standards of leaves of E. moonii which can serve as an important source to determine the quality, purity and strength of the powdered drug.

Abhraka Bhasma comes under Maharasa Varga and after Parada second position hold by Abhraka. From centuries, Acharayas have been using Abhraka Bhasma incorporated in vast number of formulations. There are so many methods and medias is used for Shodhana,Marana process of Abhraka ,in present study for Abhraka Shodhana, Godugdha is used as Shodhana media followed by,Dhanyabhraka and for Marana Gomutra is used. Aim: To generate pharmaceutical and analytical profile of 60 Puti Abhraka Bhasma Material & methods: Abhraka Shodhana was done by quenching Abharaka in Godugdha followed by Dhanyabhraka in Kanji later subjected to Puta using Gomutra as liquid media.Physcio- chemical parameters of Bhasma is performed as per API. Discussion: Different critical aspects of Abhraka Bhasma will be discussed while increasing number of Puta Conclusion: 60 Puti Abhraka Bhasma dull brown in color and passed all the classical and modern parameters.

Self-compassion and posttraumatic growth have previously been associated with positive mental health and functioning. They have recently garnered increased research interest in psychotherapeutic milieu as they have also been found to promote adaptive responses to trauma. On the other hand, psychological flexibility represents a variable known to have an impact on many human abilities including the capacity to shift mindsets and behavioural responses and is increasingly being understood as a crucial trait to develop for therapeutic change. The present study sought to examine whether self-compassion would lead to posttraumatic growth as well as the mediating role of psychological flexibility in this relationship. Data was obtained from 208 participants (females=143, males=65), age range=18 to 50 years (M =27 years, SD = 6.89) who reported being exposed to at least one traumatic experience in the last 5 years. The results found positive correlations between all the three variables used in the study. It was found that self-compassion does lead to post-traumatic growth (c’= 4.9303, CI = 0.4947 to 9.3659, p = 0.0295). Psychological flexibility proved as the mediator between self-compassion and post-traumatic growth, with indirect effect IE = 5.9091 at 95% CI = (3.2340, 8.9695). The findings add to the host of literature on positive functions served by self-compassion, specifically in its contribution towards post traumatic growth. Further, this study explicates the mediating mechanism through which self-compassion exerts its potential effects by pointing out to the role of psychological flexibility.

Katupila - Securinega leucopyrus (willd) Muell. is ethnobotanic medicine, whose leaves are proven to exhibit wound healing property through in vitro, in vivo experimental studies and clinical study along with other properties like anti inflammatory, antioxidant etc. Present study was aimed to develop suitable Ayurvedic dosage form which can value add to ethnic practice and outcomes of recent studies on Katupila by utilizing probable potential of its alternate aria plant part; stem. Six batches of Katupila taila were prepared from decoction and bolus of stem of Katupila heated with Sesame oil in prescribed manner of Snehapaka as per Ayurvedic classics till Madhyam Snehapaka. Organoleptic, physicochemical evaluation, test parameters for evaluation of Snehakalpa as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India (API) were recorded in triplicate along with chromatographic pattern. Average 934.8 g (93.48% yield) of Katupila Taila was obtained from batch size of, 1 l of Tila Taila with 212 g of Kalka dravya and 4 l of Kwatha of Katupila stem prepared over 3 days with 13 hrs of total duration of actual heating. Mean specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, iodine value, saponification value and Bellier’s turbidity temperature test (BTTT) value were 0.9179, 1.449 2.908 ± 0.0538, 108.075 ± 2.97, 169.66 ± 8.91 and 19.6 ± 0.3 Mean ± SD respectively. Adopted method of Snehapaka for preparation of Katupila Taila can be considered as standard. Observed organoleptic features, range of physicochemical parameters and chromatographic pattern as per API may be considered as analytical standard for Katupila Taila.

Background: Durvadi Ghrita is a Sneha Kalpana which is claimed to be effective in Madhumehajanya Timira (Diabetic Retinopathy). In present study, it has been used for Nasya. Objective: Present study was planned to look out on herbal drugs used in the preparation of Durvadi Ghrita and standardization of drug by pharmacognostical and physicochemical parameters and HPTLC evaluation. Methods: Identification and authentication of all the raw drug was done by pharmacognostical study i.e. morphological characters, organoleptic characters and powder microscopy. Physicochemical evaluation and HPTLC of final product were done. Results: Pharmacognostical study of all the raw drugs of Durvadi Ghrita showed presence of oil globule, prismatic crystals of Durva. Lignified branched trichome, pollen grains of Utpala Kinjalaka. Trichome, border pitted vessels of Manjishtha. Collenchyma cells, border pitted vessel of Elvaluka. Lignified fibres, oil globules of Sita. Pitted fibres, pitted vessels of Usheera. Scalariform vessels, prismatic crystals of Musta. Pitted vessels and lignified fibres, crystal fibres of Chandana. Lignified cork, and stone cells of Padmaka etc. Pharmaceutical evaluation of Durvadi Ghrita showed results Specific Gravity 0.9125, Refractive Index 1.47, Acid Value 0.4608, Iodine Value 11.45 and Saponification Value 128.856. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, 12 spots were found at 254 nm and five spots were found at 366 nm. Conclusion: Identification and authentication of herbal drug used in the preparation of Durvadi Ghrita has been done. Pharmacognostical and physicochemical evaluation of prepared drug has been carried out which can be further useful for standardization of Durvadi Ghrita and other clinical researches.

Introduction: Dhanyamla is a medicated liquid preparation produced by fermentation process of various grains. Dhanyamla is cold at perception by its nature as it is a sour liquid and Ayurvedic classics opine that amla rasa is of cold nature if used externally. It is commonly used for management of Diabetic Polyneuropathy which commonly presents with burning sensation, loss of strength, loss of balance, loss of sensation, numbness etc. especially of feet. Materials and methods: Raw drugs of Dhanyamla as per the reference in Sahasrayogam were purchased from the local market of Jamnagar, Gujarat. It was prepared as per the standard preparation procedure at Department of Rasa shastra and Bhaishajya kalpana, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar. The final product was then subjected to pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical analysis. Pharmacognosy of Dhanyamla was carried out by preparing a slide made with glass slide and cover slip. Then this slide was observed under the Carl Zeiss Trinocular microscope. Organoleptic characters and physico-chemical parameters were noted. HPTLC was performed and observed under short UV (254 nm) and long UV (366 nm). Results: Pharmacognosy study of Dhanyamla revealed presence of starch content and oil globules. Analytical study of Dhanyamla showed 14 spots and 20 spots at 254 nm and 366 nm respectively. Specific Gravity, pH and total solid contents were 1.0033, 3.257 and 55.334 respectively. Discussion and conclusion: The presence of both carbohydrate and oil content would have been the reason of having soothing and mild nourishing effect.

Sensory analysis is a scientific method that provide useful information about the relationships between product characteristics and human perception. Rasasindura is one of the kupipakava Rasayana which is use in different diseases conditions. Present study has been planned to evaluate the discrimination between different sample of Rasasindura and Hingula through sensory parameters. Samguna Balijarit Rasasindura, Chaturguna Balijarit Rasasindura, Panchguna Balijarit Rasasindura, Shadguna Balijarit Rasasindura and Hingula were evaluated through two alternative forced choice (2-AFC) Method. Result shows that samples which were taken for the sensory analysis are comparatively different. Two alternative forced choice (2-AFC) Method for this purpose was sensitive and specific to discriminate the all samples

We investigated the effect of optionality on the acquisition of new/given markers, with a special focus on grammaticalization as a stage of optional use of the emerging form. To this end, we conducted a narrative-elicitation task with 5-year-old children and adults across four typologically-distinct languages with different new/given markers: English, Hindi, Mandinka and Spanish. Our starting assumption was that the Hindi numeral ‘ek’ (one) is developing into an indefinite article, which should delay children’s acquisition because of its optional use to introduce discourse referents. Supporting the Optionality Hypothesis, Experiment 1 revealed that obligatory markers are acquired earlier than optional markers. Experiment 2 focused on Hindi and showed that 10-year-old children’s use of ‘ek’ to introduce discourse characters was higher than 5-year-olds’ and comparable to adults’, replicating this pattern of results in two different cities in Northern India. Lastly, a follow-up study showed that Mandinka-speaking children and adults made use of all available discourse markers when tested on a familiar story, rather than with pictorial prompts, highlighting the importance of using culturally-appropriate methods of narrative elicitation in cross-linguistic research. We conclude by discussing the implications of article grammaticalization for common ground management in a speech community.

The 32 years impact of manuring and fertilization on carbon mineralization in macro- and micro-aggregates in major soil groups of India was studied. Mollisol, Inceptisol, Vertisol, and Alfisol samples were collected (0-15 cm soil depth) from the treatments comprising of control, 100% NPK, 50%NPK+50% N-FYM, 50%NPK+50%N-WR (Wheat residue), 50% NPK + 50% N-GM (Green manure) in the year 2015. The results showed that the mineralizable C pool was significantly higher in treatments applied with 50%NPK+50%N-GM in Mollisol and Vertisol. In Alfisol and Inceptisol, 50% NPK+50% N-FYM and 50% NPK+50% N-GM were significantly higher in both macroaggregates and micro-aggregates protected carbon. Supplementation of fertilizer N either through FYM or various green manuring crops like Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata L. in Inceptisol), greengram (Vigna radiata L. in Mollisol), sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea L. in Vertisol) and karanj (Pongamia pinnata L. in Alfisol) significantly improved mineralizable carbon pool signifying their potential contributions to nutrient cycling and thereby nutrient availability to various crops in the cropping systems in the above soils.

Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f. is a large bush or small tree belonging to the family Verbenaceae. The present study deals with the pharmacognostical and phytochemical study of leaf including chromatographic evaluation. Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f. leaf is rhomboid ovate, acute at apex crenate-dentate at margin, sub-cordate at base and velvety in texture. Leaf of the plant can be identified microscopically by the presence of hooked trichomes, glandular sessile trichomes, starch grains, oil globules, Anomocytic type of stomata and rhomboidal and prismatic crystal. Preliminary analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroid, alkaloids, tannin and phenol. HPTLC study of alkaloid showed the presence of two spots in short and three spots in long UV rays. The information generated by this study provides relevant Pharmacognostical and Physico-chemical data needed for proper identification and authentication of leaf of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative corticosteroid use may reduce acute kidney injury. We sought to test whether methylprednisolone reduces the risk of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. METHODS: We conducted a prespecified substudy of a randomized controlled trial involving patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (2007-2014); patients were recruited from 79 centres in 18 countries. Eligibility criteria included a moderate-to-high risk of perioperative death based on a preoperative score of 6 or greater on the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation I. Patients (n = 7286) were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intravenous methylprednisolone (250 mg at anesthetic induction and 250 mg at initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass) or placebo. Patients, caregivers, data collectors and outcome adjudicators were unaware of the assigned intervention. The primary outcome was postoperative acute kidney injury, defined as an increase in the serum creatinine concentration (from the preoperative value) of 0.3 mg/dL or greater (≥ 26.5 μmol/L) or 50% or greater in the 14-day period after surgery, or use of dialysis within 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: Acute kidney injury occurred in 1479/3647 patients (40.6%) in the methylprednisolone group and in 1426/3639 patients (39.2%) in the placebo group (adjusted relative risk 1.04, 95% confidence interval 0.96 to 1.11). Results were consistent across several definitions of acute kidney injury and in patients with preoperative chronic kidney disease. INTERPRETATION: Intraoperative corticosteroid use did not reduce the risk of acute kidney injury in patients with a moderate-to-high risk of perioperative death who had cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Our results do not support the prophylactic use of steroids during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT00427388. ispartof: CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL vol:191 issue:9 pages:E247-E256 ispartof: location:Canada status: published

Objectives: To determine differences in the control of multiple diabetes control parameters in a select group of subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) after a four-year follow-up period.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting and subjects: The initial 2009 study population consisted of 666 T2DM patients of whom only 261 (39.2%) were audited at the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital. Outcome measures: Using a public sector database, retrospective data were obtained on the treatment of participants with T2DM attending a tertiary care setting and a descriptive analysis was done.Results: The mean age was 64 (SD 10.6) years, women represented 55% of the cohort and the mean duration of diabetes was 16 years (range 2–40 years) in 2013. Fewer patients achieved an HbA1c goal (of < 7%) in 2013 (15.5%) compared with 2009 (25.4%), whilst an additional 13.7% and 25.0% of the 261 patients reached blood pressure targets (< 140/80 mmHg) and LDL-C targets ( < 2.5 mmol/L), respectively.Conclusion: Overall, more patients in the study reached blood pressure and LDL-C targets but there were difficulties in achieving optimal glycaemic levels over the four-year period. This study highlights the complexities of managing risk factors in T2DM, especially glucose control.Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Management, Risk Factors, Targets

Ixora arborea Roxb. and Ixora coccinea Linn are belonging to the same family Rubiaceae. Both the plants are medium sized perennial shrub from 6 to 8 feet in height; Large bunches terminal tricotomously cymes. I. coccinea with red colored flower whereas I. arborea white colored flowers. Root of both the plant used as astringent and antiseptic against scabies and other skin diseases. So, in the present study efforts are made in talking its pharmacognostical and physico-chemical aspects of both the species of Ixora and by using the above features, the plant can be easily identified and differentiated from each other. In I.coccinea cork with 5-6 layers, cortex 5-7 layers, where as I.arborea showed 2-3 layers of cork and 15-20 layers of cortex. Root powder showed similar characters i.e. Oil globules, Lignified fibers, tannin content, simple starch grains, pitted and border pitted vessels. Result obtained from physico-chemical study represented the similar pH value nearby 6.0 showed weak acidic in nature. Both the extractive value emphasized the presence of similar kind of hydrophilic and lipophilic chemical moiety in Ixora coccinea and Ixora arborea respectively. HPTLC shows similar Rf values of both the sample.

In Ayurveda classics it is quoted that grains must be used between 1 - 2 years after its production while consumption of new grains should be avoided as its long term intake causes harmful effect on body as it is said to be Guru i.e. difficult to digest and Abhishyandi i.e. increases secretions of internal organs. It is said to be one of the cause for manifestation of Prameha which is being correlated with Diabetes mellitus on the basis of symptoms. Grains are major part of Indian diet. Present study aims at comparison between 1 year old and new Mudga [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] on the basis of physico-chemical and nutritional analysis. Mudga has been selected as it is most commonly used and have great therapeutic efficacy. Â

Samsakara (transformation) and Samyoga (combination) play major role in pharmaceutics. Samsakara is defined as Gunantaradhanam (transformation). Swedana is Agni Sannikarsha Samsakara. The changes in finished product because of Swedana Samsakara with two different media Jala and Gomutra can be perceived at pharmacognostical and phytochemical levels. Aims: To compare role of Swedana Samsakara with two different media Jala and Gomutra on basis of phyto-pharmacognostical, HPTLC and UV-VIS-NIR Reflectance (180-2500nm) study. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 3 samples were prepared viz. Haritaki Churna (Powder) (GH-1), Gomutra Swedita Haritaki(GH-3) and Jala Swedita Haritaki (GH-5), to compare role of Swedana Samsakara on basis of Pharmacognostical (powder microscopy), Pharmaceutical, HPTLC densitogram and UV-VIS-NIR reflectance (180-2500nm) study. Results: The samples prepared with different media showed difference in pharmacognostical, pharmaceutical, HPTLC and UV-VIS-NIR findings. Gomutra Swedita Haritaki(GH-3) had highest variation in all Phyto-Pharmacognostical, HPTLC and UV-VIS-NIR. Powder microscopy of GH-3 showed clumped epicarp cells, squashed mesocarp cells (not clear), parenchyma cells with brown content, cellular content was darker (brown) and crystalline material etc. Phytochemical parameters showed pH (7.0), loss on drying (9.303%w/w), ash value (15.84%w/w), water soluble extract (57.2%w/w), and alcohol soluble extract (43.5% w/w). HPTLC showed eight peaks at 256nm and 366nm. In UV-VIS-NIR, GH-3 has higher variation while other sample has higher leverage. GH-3 has apparent different profile from GH-1, GH-5. Conclusions: Swedana Samsakara effect was seen in both Jala and Gomutra but media (Samyoga) plays leading role to establish desired Gunas (qualities) and Karma (therapeutic action) in the final product.Â

Cordia macleodii Hook. of family Boraginaceae (Ehretiaceae) is reported for its ethnomedicinal use as a wound healing drug. An attempt has been made to evaluate the antibacterial activity of its leave along with its ghrita base preparation against medically important human pathogenic bacteria (two gram positive- S. aureus, S. pyogenes, two gram negative- E. coli, P. aeruginosa) and fungal strains- A.niger, C. albicans, at different concentrations(5, 25, 50, 100, 250 μg/ml), using agar disc diffusion method. Zone of inhibition of these samples was compared with that of different standards (Ampicilline, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Chloramphenicol for antibacterial activity and Nystain and Greseofulvin for antifungal activity). Only ghrita showed more effective result, at different concentration, in comparison to leave water extract and ghrita base formulation

This article 'Phosphorus nutrition reduces brown spot incidence in rainfed upland rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.

Summary Fistulous communications of the uterus are relatively unknown. We report in this paper the first case to our knowledge of uterocutaneous fistula which developed following a septic abortion induced by introduction of Laminaria tent into the uterus.

This article 'Chlorotic Streak, a New Virus Disease of Rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Rice Tungro Virus Diseases--Resistance and Control' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Perpetuation of Rice Tungro Virus and Its Vectors' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Using Carbofuran Against the Rice Tungro Virus Vector in India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

Quality control of Ayurvedic medicines though being the need of the hour, is an arduous task. As Ayurveda encompasses the use of drug as a whole which leads to generation of a complex matrix. In such a scenario, selective and sensitive sophisticated analytical tools alone cannot serve the purpose. Besides, the ancient science of medicine is sensory driven. A number of sensory based quality standards in form of quality-attributes for drugs as well as critical end point for pharmaceutical operations are mentioned in the classics of Ayurveda. It is thus advisable to employ sensory based analytical methods for Quality control of Ayurvedic medicines. Henceforth, in the present study an attempt was made to develop a sensory based Quality control tool for discrimination of the market samples of Arjunaristha with regards to In-house prepared (Reference control) sample on the basis of smell and taste. Among the sensory methods available, Duo-Trio method was adopted. 40 pre-trained assessors were asked to identify the blindly coded sample analogous to Reference control. The results were analysed using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve, Area Under Curve (AUC) and d-prime (d’) with the help of sensR package in R-studio ver. 1.0.143. In both the sample sets, Reference control sample was correctly identified with a significance level of P < 0.001 and Area Under Curve of 0.999 and 0.994 for each set respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that Sensory analysis method efficiently discriminated the Arjunaristha samples and thus can serve as a cost-effective routine quality control tool.