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1. Running-wheel avoidance learning in rats (Rattus norvegicus): Effects of contingencies and comparisons of different strains

Author

Brush Fr, Shimazaki M, Iso H, and Fujii M

Subjects
Male, Electroshock, medicine.medical_specialty, Transfer, Psychology, Rats, Inbred Strains, Fear, Motor Activity, Biology, Audiology, Rats, Inhibition, Psychological, Species Specificity, Avoidance learning, Active component, Avoidance Learning, medicine, Animals, Female, Psychology (miscellaneous), Passive avoidance, Arousal, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

In Experiment 1, we showed that active- and passive-avoidance responding in a running wheel was learned because of the avoidance contingency. In Experiment 2, strain differences among four commercially bred rats were assessed in an active-avoidance paradigm. Wistar, Donryu, and Fischer rats learned faster than Sprague-Dawleys. In Experiment 3, learning in a multiple active/passive avoidance schedule was examined, and both components of this task were learned. This multiple schedule was used to investigate strain differences in selectively bred rats in Experiments 4 and 5. Tsukuba low-emotional (TLE) rats responded more than Tsukuba high-emotional (THE) rats in both components. However, discrimination of passive components was better in THE than in TLE rats. Syracuse high-avoidance rats were superior in the active component, whereas Syracuse low-avoidance rats showed superior performance in the passive component.

Published
1988
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2. Effects of orvus es paste on the motility and viability of yak (Bos Grunniens) epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa after freezing and thawing

Author

Shimazaki, M., Sambuu, R., Sato, Y., THI KIM LANH DO, Tanihara, F., Taniguchi, M., and Otoi, T.

Subjects
Cryopreservation, Epididymis, Male, Cryoprotective Agents, Cell Survival, Detergents, Freezing, Sperm Motility, Animals, Cattle, Acrosome, Spermatozoa, Semen Preservation
Abstract

The addition of the detergent Orvus ES Paste (OEP) to semen freezing extenders has been observed to improve the post-thaw survival and longevity of spermatozoa from various species but has never been evaluated for yak spermatozoa.This study evaluated the effects of OEP on the post-thaw motility and viability of epididymal and ejaculated yak spermatozoa.Semen samples were frozen and thawed in semen freezing extender supplemented with 0 %, 0.375 %, 0.75 % or 1.5 % OEP. The motility and viability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa were evaluated before and after 3 h of incubation.The addition of 0.75 % OEP to the freezing extender significantly improved the mean motility and viability values of both the epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa immediately after thawing, but the beneficial effects on motility disappeared after 3h of incubation.Our findings indicate that the addition of 0.75 % OEP is effective for the preservation of yak spermatozoa.

4. Intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab versus placebo treatment of antibody-associated psychosis: study protocol of a randomised phase IIa double-blinded placebo-controlled trial (SINAPPS2)

Author

Sally-Anne Vincent, Michael S. Zandi, Camilla Buckley, Giuliano Tomei, Belinda R Lennox, Ly-Mee Yu, Ksenija Yeeles, Mio Shimazaki, Francis Dowling, Eileen M. Joyce, Anne Lingford Hughes, Alasdair Coles, Peter B. Jones, Thomas Kabir, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Iona Cairns, Timothy Harrower, Rebecca Pollard, Akram A. Hosseini, Lennox B., Yeeles K., Jones P.B., Zandi M., Joyce E., Yu L.-M., Tomei G., Pollard R., Vincent S.-A., Shimazaki M., Cairns I., Dowling F., Kabir T., Barnes T.R.E., Lingford Hughes A., Hosseini A.A., Harrower T., Buckley C., Coles A., Zandi, Michael [0000-0002-9612-9401], Coles, Alasdair [0000-0003-4738-0760], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Male, Time Factors, Placebo-controlled study, Medicine (miscellaneous), Research & Experimental Medicine, DISEASE, law.invention, Study Protocol, PROGNOSTIC-FACTORS, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, Risk Factors, law, SCHIZOPHRENIA, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Pharmacology (medical), Infusions, Intravenou, 030212 general & internal medicine, Infusions, Intravenous, 1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, lcsh:R5-920, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Hazard ratio, Immunoglobulins, Intravenous, RECEPTOR ENCEPHALITIS, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Treatment Outcome, Medicine, Research & Experimental, Female, Rituximab, lcsh:Medicine (General), Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, Antipsychotic Agents, medicine.drug, Adult, Psychosis, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factor, Adolescent, Psychotic Disorder, Placebo, MECHANISMS, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Double-Blind Method, General & Internal Medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Aged, Science & Technology, business.industry, Risk Factor, 1103 Clinical Sciences, medicine.disease, United Kingdom, Clinical trial, Antipsychotic Agent, Psychotic Disorders, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, Immunoglobulins, Intravenou, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Background Evidence is conflicting about a causal role of inflammation in psychosis and, specifically, regarding antibodies binding to neuronal membrane targets, especially N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. NMDAR, LGI1 and GABA-A antibodies were found more prevalent in people with psychosis than in healthy controls. We aim to test whether these antibodies are pathogenic and may cause isolated psychosis. The SINAPPS2 phase IIa double-blinded randomised controlled trial will test the efficacy and safety of immunoglobulin and rituximab treatment versus placebo for patients with acute psychosis symptoms as added to psychiatric standard of care. Methods We will screen approximately 2500 adult patients with acute psychosis to identify 160 with antibody-positive psychosis without co-existing neurological disease and recruit about 80 eligible participants to the trial in the period from September 2017 to September 2021 across the UK. Eligible patients will be randomised 1:1 either to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) followed by rituximab or to placebo infusions of 1% albumin followed by 0.9% sodium chloride, respectively. To detect a time-to-symptomatic-recovery hazard ratio of 0.322 with a power of 80%, 56 participants are needed to complete the trial, allowing for up to 12 participants to drop out of each group. Eligible patients will be randomised and assessed at baseline within 4 weeks of their eligibility confirmation. The treatment will start with IVIG or 1% albumin placebo infusions over 2–4 consecutive days no later than 7 days from baseline. It will continue 4–5 weeks later with a rituximab or sodium chloride placebo infusion and will end 2–3 weeks after this with another rituximab or placebo infusion. The primary outcome is the time to symptomatic recovery defined as symptomatic remission sustained for at least 6 months on the following Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale items: P1, P2, P3, N1, N4, N6, G5 and G9. Participants will be followed for 12 months from the first day of treatment or, where sustained remission begins after the first 6 months, for an additional minimum of 6 months to assess later response. Discussion The SINAPPS2 trial aims to test whether immunotherapy is efficacious and safe in psychosis associated with anti-neuronal membrane antibodies. Trial registration ISRCTN, 11177045. Registered on 2 May 2017. EudraCT, 2016-000118-31. Registered on 22 November 2016. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03194815. Registered on 21 June 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3336-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2019
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5. Edge Modes and Nonlocal Conductance in Graphene Superlattices

Author

Brown R., Walet N.R., Guinea F. and 'We have analyzed the nature of edge states in superlattices of gapped graphene on BN. We have shown that nontrivial patterns of Berry curvature are induced in the superlattice Brillouin zone, giving rise to Chern numbers that are typically nonzero, and change from subband to subband',' topological edge modes are thus generic for a Hamiltonian describing modulated fields in monolayer graphene, as is suitable for graphene on BN. The precise value of these numbers depends on details of the superlattice potential, although they are generally present provided that physically reasonable superlattice parameters are used. The existence of finite Chern numbers in the superlattice bands leads to a valley Hall effect. These results are confirmed by real space calculations for superlattice ribbons. We find dispersive bands and crossings near the corners of the Brillouin zone. Currents along the superlattice edges are degraded by short-range intervalley scattering, whereas in clean graphene samples electronic transport is limited by long range, intravalley scattering. The effect of disorder localized at the edges is suppressed by the long decay length of the states, due to the small size of the gaps. Simple estimates of the mean free path and localization length associated with edge disorder give values in the order of microns. This provides an explanation for the low resistivities found in electronic transport measurements of graphene on BN [35] (see also Ref. [17] ). We have demonstrated that the superlattice is of importance to the transport properties of graphene on a substrate such as BN, or as a means to measure the valley Hall effect. We would like to thank M. Ben Shalom, V. Fal’ko, A. Geim, and J. Walbank for useful conversations. 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Published
2018

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