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Honsberger, David, Matsunaga, Janis N., Wang, Koon-Hui, Shikano, Ikkei (2022): Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Joins the Small Complex of Parasitoids Known to Attack the Diamondback Moth on Kauai. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 54: 21-25, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8159733, {"references":["Johnson M.W., W.C. Mitchell, M.R. Robin, N.L. Cushing, and M.D. Rethwische. 1988. Parasitization of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), in Hawaii.Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 28:197-203.","Kurdjumov N.V. 1912. Hymenopteres parasites nouveaux ou peu connus. Revue Russe d'Entomologie. 12:223-283.","Lai P.Y., and G.Y. Funasaki. 1986. Introductions for biological control in Hawaii: 1983 and 1984. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 26:89-91.","Lal O.P., and J. Chandra. 1976. Some parasites of cabbage worm, Pieris brassicae Linn. (Lepidoptera : Pieridae) from (Kulu Valley), Himachal Pradesh. Current Science. 45(21):766-767.","LaSalle J. 1994. North American genera of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of Natural History. 28:109-236.","Li Z., M.P. Zalucki, T. Yonow, D.J. Kriticos, H. Bao, H. Chen, Z. Hu, X. Feng, and M.J. Furlong. 2015. Population dynamics and management of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) in China: the relative contributions of climate, natural enemies and cropping patterns. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 106(2):197-214.","Liu S.S., X.G. Wang, S.J. Guo, J.H. He, and Z.H. Shi. 2000. Seasonal abundance of the parasitoid complex associated with the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Hangzhou, China. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 90:221-231.","Mahmood A.R., S.S. Liu, Z.H. Shi, X.H. Song, and M.P. Zalucki. 2003. Lack of intraspecific biological variation between two geographical populations of Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious larval-pupal parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 93:169-177.","May R.M., and M.P. Hassell. 1981. The dynamics of multiparasitoid-host interactions. The American Naturalist. 117(3):234-261.","Mau R.F.L., and J.L.M. Kessing. 1992. Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus). Crop Knowledge Master. http://www.extento.hawaii. edu/Kbase/crop/Type/plutella.htm. (Updated April 2007; accessed October 9, 2021). http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/Kbase/crop/ Type/plutella.htm","Noyes J.S. 2019. Universal Chalcidoidea Database.World Wide Web Electronic Publication. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids. (Accessed October 20, 2021).","Philips C.R., Z. Fu, T. P. Kuhar, A.M. Shelton, and R.J. Cordero. 2014. Natural history, ecology, and management of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), with emphasis on the United States. Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 5(3):1-11.","Robinson G.S., and K. Sattler. 2001. Plutella in the Hawaiian Islands: relatives and host-races of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 67:1-27.","Shi Z.H., and S.S. Liu. 2003. Interspecific interactions between Cotesia plutellae and Oomyzus sokolowskii, two major parasitoids of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 14(6):949-954.","Talekar N.S., and W.H. Hu. 1996. Characteristics of parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae) by Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hym., Eulophidae). Entomophaga. 41(1):45-52.","Talekar N.S., and A.M. Shelton. 1993. Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology. 38:275-301.","Waterhouse D.F., and K.R. Norris. 1987. Biological Control - Pacific Prospects. Melbourne: Inkata Press. 454 pp.","Waterhouse D.F. 1992. Biological control of diamondback moth in the Pacific, pp. 213-224. In Talekar N.S. (ed.), Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests:Proceedings of the Second International Workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, December 10-14, 1990. Tainan: Asian Vegetable and Research and Development Center."]}

Parasites and pathogens are ubiquitous, and pose a threat to all living organisms. Investment in resistance mechanisms to fight parasite challenge can be costly, often resulting in trade-offs with other life-history traits. Host nutrition can alter the availability of resources to invest in resistance mechanisms and influence host-parasite interactions and their outcomes. I investigated the impact of nutrition on disease resistance in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. I assessed the role of dietary macronutrients on the expression of fitness costs exhibited by a T. ni strain that has evolved resistance to the bacterial pathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Reduced pupal weight and growth rate, which are fitness costs associated with Bt-resistance, resulted from reduced food intake rather than impaired macronutrient utilization. When given a choice, Bt-resistant T. ni self-composed a higher ratio of protein to carbohydrate (P:C ratio) than Bt-susceptible T. ni, allowing males to eliminate a fitness cost (reduced pupal weight), but not females. Next, I investigated the interaction between host nutrition and another key environmental factor, temperature, on the interaction between T. ni and two species of baculoviruses differing in host range (TnSNPV, narrow range; AcMNPV, broad range). Optimal performance of T. ni shifted to higher P:C ratios when challenged by either virus as survival increased with dietary protein content. This effect was strongly affected by temperature when challenged by AcMNPV but not TnSNPV. Virus performance was also differentially affected by the host’s environmental condition, such that AcMNPV had a broader peak of optimal performance (combined measure of host mortality and virus production) across environmental conditions than TnSNPV. Lastly, I examined the impact of nutritional stress on the ability of Bt-challenged T. ni to prime the immune system of their offspring. If parental T. ni experienced only nutritional stress or Bt-challenge, they transferred nutritional stress tolerance or immune priming to their offspring respectively. However, as surviving each stressor is costly, when experienced simultaneously a trade-off was observed where only immune priming was transferred. This study highlights the important influence of host nutrition on host resistance to pathogens, costs associated with resistance, and pathogen virulence and growth.