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Background: Bone resorption due to tooth extraction leads to unpredictable bone volume for future prosthetics. Crab shells were promoted as a solution to prevent bone resorption, along with an effort to reduce biological waste. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP) and dentine matrix protein-1 (DMP1) in the wound healing process in tooth-extraction sockets after applying a crab shell-derived hydroxyapatite scaffold. Methods: The subjects (28 Cavia cobaya) were divided into control and treatment groups. The control group was left untreated, while the treatment group received a hydroxyapatite scaffold of Portunus pelagicus shell in the tooth socket. The expression of BSP and DMP1 was determined by immunohistochemical staining on days 7 and 14. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s honest significance difference test were used to find the groups with the most significant difference. Results: The highest mean expression of BSP and DMP1 was in the day 14 treatment group, while the lowest was in the day 7 control group. Conclusion: Administering hydroxyapatite scaffold derived from the Portunus pelagicus shell to the post-extraction sockets increased the expression of both BSP and DMP1.

The restoration of normal function and esthetic appearance with a dental prosthesis is a major challenge in the rehabilitation of patients who have lost their teeth. In such situation, a fixed removable prosthesis allows favorable biomechanical stress distribution along with restoration of esthetics, phonetics, comfort, hygiene and better postoperative care and maintenance. Prime function of attachment retained partial denture is to distribute the masticatory forces to the wide area thereby reducing the damage to the abutments, soft tissues and bony ridges in addition to improved esthetics and proprioceptive responses. In this case series patient’s esthetic and functional requirements were fulfilled with attachment retained cast partial denture using semi-precision attachments

Objective: This study was to determine OPG and RANKL expression after hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold from crab shells (Portunus pelagicus) application in tooth socket of Cavia cobaya. Methods: This study was a post-test only control group design. Twenty four Cavia cobaya was divided into 4 groups. The lower left incisor was extracted and given a combination of HA and gelatin scaffold. Experimental animals were sacrificed on the 7th and 14th day. The amount of OPG and RANKL expression was calculated under a light microscope at 1000x magnification. The statistical analysis was done by One Way ANOVA Test and Tukey HSD. Results: Compared to other groups, the lowest and the highest level of OPG and RANKL were in P14 group. Conclusion: HA scaffold from crab shells (Portunus pelagicus) can increase OPG expression and decrease RANKL expression in the process of regenerating alveolar bone after tooth extraction.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a systemic disease characterized by an increase in blood glucose which, in the long term, enhances advanced glycation end product and leads to impaired osteogenesis. In prosthodontics, the osteogenic process plays an important role in successful treatment. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) present in Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUCMSCs) on osteogenesis and calcification. Materials and Methods: MSCs isolated from human umbilical cord were cultured and underwent expansion up to passage 5. The research sample was divided into two sub-groups; a treatment group (osteogenic medium+AGE-BSA medium) and a control group (osteogenic medium) each of which underwent three replications. Samples were examined immunocytochemically on days 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14 and 21 to quantify the level of RUNX2 expression. Alizarin red staining was performed on day 21. Results: In the treatment group, RUNX2 expression increased on day 3, reaching a peak on days 7 and 14. That expression decreased on day 8. In the control group, the expression of RUNX2 reached its peak on day 8 before decreasing on day 9. The presence of alizarin red indicated calcification in the control medium, but less mineralization in the treatment group. Conclusion: The research indicated that AGE-BSA enhances the production of RUNX2 expression in hUCMSCs at both the initial and maturation stages. This finding was supported by the results of alizarin red staining which indicated that increased levels of RUNX2 produced less mineralization.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is still widely used in medical, dental and industry. Inhalation is the important MMA occupational exposure route. Previous studies have shown that MMA may cause a wide range of adverse health effects such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis and increase the risk of asthma, nasal symptoms and phlegm. Eucalyptol, an active ingredient containing antioxidants has been shown to be able to inhibit the production of ROS and increase IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study was done to determine the effect of eucalyptol on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in the airways of mice exposed to methyl methacrylate (MMA). This true experimental laboratory study involved the use of 30 mice as research subjects which were divided into five groups: a normal control group (K0), a positive control group (K1) and three treatment groups that were administered with 5mg, 10mg and 15mg doses of eucalyptol (P1, P2 and P3). The subjects were placed in a glass cage containing 150ppm MMA vapor nebulized with eucalyptol vapor for 120 minutes. The subjects were subsequently terminated and their lung tissue removed. Observation of the expression of SOD and IL-10 was carried out by immunohistochemical examination. MMA exposure significantly increased SOD (p

Background : Esthetically and functionally successful full mouth rehabilitation requires careful attention and me-ticulous treatment planning. Successful restoration in a patient with anterior crossbite and a partially edentulous situation can be challenging especially when bilateral posterior segment teeth is missing. Combination restora-tion using attachment retained removable partial denture (RPD) and removable partial overdenture (RPO) is such kind of treatment modality in prosthodontics. Purpose : This study was to provide an overview of a case about full mouth rehabilitation in anterior crossbite and posterior bite collapse patient. Case : A 64-year-old female pa-tient came to Prosthodontic Department of RSGMP Universitas Airlangga to have dentures replacing her missing teeth with aesthetic issue on her anterior teeth in order to eat well and be more confident. The patient wants to change her smile into new smile with acceptable aesthetic and function. Management : Diagnostic wax-up was made to capture the right occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) in centric relation (CR) that will be used in the first stage of full mouth rehabilitation, followed by management of the remaining teeth by endodontic and periodontal intervention by crown lengthening. Then, definitive restorations were made by maxillary attachment retained RPD with splint four anterior crowns and mandibular RPO with two single crowns on the lower teeth to correct anterior crossbite and posterior bite collapse. Conclusion : Patient had a satisfactoryly aesthetic and functional results with new occlusion using maxillary attachment retained RPD and mandibular RPO.

Aim: This study aimed to predict the potential inflammation in lungs caused by exposure to methyl methacrylate (MMA; in silico study) and assess inflammation in lungs in response to MMA inhalation in mice (in vivo study). Materials and Methods: In silico and in vivo studies were performed using 24 mice divided into a control group (0 ppm MMA) and five treatment groups, which were exposed to 150 ppm MMA for 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 min, respectively. Lung tissues were harvested and examined with a light microscope at 400×. Results: In silico studies confirmed the existence of one activation bond between MMA and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR- 4), namely, His 228, with a MolDock score of –43.677 kcal/mol. Microscopic examination of lungs confirmed that a greater number of inflammatory cells were found in the treatment group than in the control group and symptoms of inflammation were clearly observable after 120 min of exposure. Conclusion: Thus, inflammation occurring due to MMA interaction with TLR-4 receptors can be predicted in silico and exposure to 150 ppm MMA for more than 120 min can cause lung inflammation in mice.

Background: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans' lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has a high virulence factor. It interacts with serum protein through receptors on the epithelial cell surface, thereby increasing both interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 which results in damage to periodontal tissue. Aim: The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the effect of LPS derived from local isolates (A. actinomycetemcomitans) on the destruction of alveolar bone by means of several biomarkers, including; the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, the expression of IL-6, matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP-1), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-? ligand (RANKL). Materials and Methods: The isolation of LPS from A. actinomycetemcomitans was calculated using phenol, while purification was performed using Sephadex C-18 column chromatography. 40 Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 10. Each treatment was divided into two groups which were 0.9% NaCl and LPS induced for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Gingival and alveolar bones were further introduced into the induction area, followed by the measuring of osteoblast and osteoclast with hematoxylin-eosin staining, IL-6, MMP-1 and RANKL expression with immunohistochemical. Results: Reduced numbers of osteoblasts at the 7th and 14th day of treatment were detected, while those of osteoclasts increased. There was an increased expression of IL-6, MMP-1, and RANKL in the 7th and 14th-day treatment group. Treatment of LPS from A. actinomycetemcomitans over 7 and 14 days resulted in damage to periodontal tissue and alveolar bone in Wistar rats. Conclusion: LPS of A. actinomycetemcomitans administration for 7 and 14 days causes periodontal and alveolar tissue destruction in Wistar rats.

Background: Prolongation of the inflammatory process in hyperglycemic interferes with bone formation, inhibits the healing process, and triggers bone resorption. A combination of spirulina and chitosan in the tooth socket of Rattus norvegicus is expected to promote the bone remodeling process. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of spirulina and chitosan on angiogenesis, osteoclast, and osteoblast cell in tooth socket models of type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods: A laboratory-based experiment involving 36 R. norvegicus, divided into three groups (nondiabetes mellitus (DM), uncontrolled DM, and controlled DM) and further divided into six subgroups. The controlled groups (K1, K2, and K3) were induced with 3% carboxymethyl cellulose Na, while the treated groups were induced with 12% spirulina and 20% chitosan. On the 14th day, the mandibles of the rats were removed. The capillary lumen, osteoblasts, and osteoclast cells were counted by hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal examination and the results analyzed by means of Shapiro–Wilk, Levene's, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference test. Results: There was a significant increment in the number of capillary lumen, osteoblast cells, and a decrease in osteoclasts in all three treated groups (P1, P2, and P3). Conclusions: A combination of spirulina and chitosan can effectively promote the healing process in postextraction sockets of type 1 DM R. norvegicus.

Background: Studies of bone tissue engineering as a viable alternative to autogenous bone graft show promising results, although its mechanism and effectiveness remain only partially understood. Purpose: To explain the osteogenic differentiation of scaffold chitosan (Ch)–carbonate apatite (CA) in seeding with human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) on the regeneration of calvarial bone defects in rats. Materials and Methods: Shitosan-Carbonate Apatite (Ch-CA) scaffold was created by means of a freeze-drying method. Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and treatment. Defects were created in the calvarial bone of each treatment group with a scaffold subsequently implanted. After 8 weeks, the rats were terminated for histology and immunohistochemistry examination. Results: Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein2, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and angiogenesis occurred earlier in the tissue-engineered group than that in the control group. An 8-week analysis also showed that the expression of RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and collagen type 1 was at more elevated levels in the treatment group than that in the control group. Conclusion: These results showed that the combination of hAMSCs and Ch-CA scaffold may become one of the candidates for bone tissue engineering.

Socket preservation is needed to support prosthodontic treatment as prominent alveolar bone is very important due to denture retention and stability. Material that able to prevent excessive bone resorption and improve bone remodelling is necessary to apply into socketpost extraction. Spirulina has antiinflamation and antioxidant properties meanwhile chitosan has mucoadhesive activity. Combination of both material can give sinergic reaction. This research can get appropriate socket preservation material. Twenty eight cavia cobayas divided into 4 groups. After extraction, socket post extraction control group was filled with CMC Na 3%, group I spirulina 12%, group II chitosan 20%, group III combination spirulina 12% chitosan 20%. On day 14 th , Cavia cobayas was terminated and mandible was taken. Histopathology examination on the amount of osteoblast, osteoclast ,collagen, and statistic analysis was done.Data was statistically analise using Kruskal Wallis test. There is significant different between control group and group I, II and III. The highest amount of osteoblast, collagen and the lowest amount of osteoclast was calculated in group III. In conclusion, combination spirulina 12% chitosan 20% can increase the amount of osteoblas and collagen and reduce the amount of osteoclast on day 14 th . Key word: Spirulina, chitosan, socket preservation Abstrak Soket preservasi merupakan tindakan penting dilakukan sehubungan dengan perawatan di bidang prostodonsia yang memerlukan bentukan tulang yang prominen sebagai retensi dan stabilitas untuk pemakaian gigi tiruan. Bahan yang dapat mencegah inflamasi berlebihan dan meningkatkan remodeling tulang perlu diaplikasikan pada soket pasca pencabutan. Biomaterial spirulina memiliki sifat antiinflamasi dan antioksidan serta kitosan yang memiliki sifat mucoadhesive akan dikombinasikan karena memiliki efek sinergis apabila digabungkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmendapatkan biomaterial yang memberikan efek untuk preservasi soket. Sebanyak 28 ekor Cavia cobaya (marmot) dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan. Setelah dilakukan pencabutan, pada soket kelompok kontrol diinduksi gel CMC Na 3%, kelompok I diinduksi gel spirulina 12%, kelompok II diinduksi gel kitosan 20%, kelompok III diinudksi gel kombinasi spirulina 12% kitosan 20%. Pada hari ke 14, hewan coba dieksekusi dan diambil mandibulanya. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan histopatologi jumlah osteoblas, osteoklas dan kolagen pada daerah 1/3 soket. Data hasil pemeriksaan dianalisis menggunakan Kruskal Wallis test. Pada pemeriksaan hari ke 14 terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Jumlah osteoblas dan kolagen paling tinggi pada kelompok III dan jumlah osteoklas paling rendah pada kelompok III. Sebagai kesimpulan, kombinasi spirulina 12% dan kitosan 20% meningkatkan jumlah osteoblas dan kolagen dan menurunkan jumlah osteoklas pada hari ke 14. Kata kunci : Spirulina, kitosan, preservasi soket

The human umbilical cord is a source of numerous Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), making it as a potential source of allogeneic multipotent cell for bone tissue engineering. The aims of this study were to find: 1) Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUCMSCs) phenotypic characterization, 2) The in-vitro osteogenic differentiation potential of hUCMSCs, 3) The cytotoxicity of gelatin solvent to hUCMSCs using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. As a result, through characterization of hUCMSCs, the majority of target cells expressed specific MSCs markers, Cellular Differentiation (CD)73, smaller number of subpopulation expressed CD90 with only minimal subpopulation expressed CD105 and all negative MSCs markers. Osteoblastic differentiation was found in a significantly high number of cells when in vitro osteogenic differentiation of hUCMSCs with Alizarin Red staining was done. Biocompatibility analysis using the MTT assay showed that gelatin solvent and Alpha modification of minimum essential medium Eagle (α-MEM) was non-toxic for hUCMSCs in vitro. The study concluded that hUCMSCs isolated from human umbilical cord was capable of undergoing in vitro osteogenesis, indicating its potential as allogeneic stem cells for clinical application in bone tissue engineering.

Salah satu masalah gigi yang umum terjadi pada pasien geriatri adalah kasus kehilangan gigi. Pasien-pasien yangmengalami kehilangan sebagian giginya dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak dianggap mempunyai kelainan atau cacatyang perlu untuk dilakukan rehabilitasi seluruh rahang. Tujuan studi kasus ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi tahapanperawatan dengan pendekatan reorganisasi ketika dokter gigi melakukan rehabilitasi seluruh rahang dengan oklusi danestetik yang sempurna pada pasien kehilangan gigi sebagian dan oklusi yang tidak stabil. Seorang pasien laki-laki umur55 tahun datang ke klinik Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut (RSGM) Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Airlangga dengankeluhan sulit untuk mengunyah makanan serta ingin memperbaiki penampilan gigi depannya. Tata laksana kasus inidimulai dengan perawatan pendahuluan berupa pembersihan karang gigi pada rahang atas dan bawah, perawatanendodontik dan pencabutan gigi. Selanjutnya dilakukan rehabilitasi seluruh rahang. Kesimpulan, perawatan rehabilitasiseluruh rahang pada pasien ini telah berhasil secara klinis, namun, masih perlu dilakukan evaluasi jangka panjang

Background: Collagen is regarded as one of the most useful biomaterials. We tried to combine collagen and carbonate apatite (CA) with some cytokines in order to enhance bone formation ability. In this study, we found that CA-collagen sponge (CA-CS) was a possible candidate of newly graft material for bone formation. Materials and Methods: CA-CS was fabricated by the following procedure. One wt% of pig hide collagen solution (Nippon Meat Packers. Inc., Tokyo, Japan) was neutralized with 0.1 N NaOH, and then mixed immediately 243 mg apatite powder with 0.06 M carbonate contents. After centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 min, excess water was removed, and the mixture was packed into Teflon molds (5.0 mm × 2.0 mm). Each 10 µg of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rh-BMP2) were involved in these sponges. Then these scaffolds frozen at −80°C for 2 h and dried in a freeze dry machine for 24 h. CA-CS without cytokines were also prepared as a control. Mouse osteoblast-like cell (MC3T3-E1) proliferations in these scaffolds were investigated by 3-day in vitro cell culture using MTT assay examination. Ten New Zealand rabbits (weight: 3–3.5 kg) were used in this in vivo study. After 3 weeks of placement, the scaffolds, rabbits were sacrificed, and bone formation in the sockets was evaluated histologically and histomorphometrically. Results and Conclusion: By histological observation and measurement of bone area ratio, CA-CS with cytokines showed higher bone formation ability (bFGF/CA-CS: 50.7 ± 7.3%, rh-BMP2/CA-CS: 54.2 ± 5.0%) than other groups. From the limited results of this study, it is suggested that CA collagen scaffolds with some cytokines may become an attractive scaffold for bone regeneration.

Background: Studies of bone tissue engineering as a viable alternative to autogenous bone graft show promising results, although its mechanism and effectiveness remain only partially understood. Purpose: to explain the osteogenic differentiation of scaffold chitosan (Ch)–carbonate apatite (CA) in seeding with human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) on the regeneration of calvarial bone defects in rats. Materials and Methods: Shitosan-Carbonate Apatite (Ch-CA) scaffold was created by means of a freeze-drying method. Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and treatment. Defects were created in the calvarial bone of each treatment group with a scaffold subsequently implanted. After 8 weeks, the rats were terminated for histology and immunohistochemistry examination. Results: Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein2, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and angiogenesis occurred earlier in the tissue-engineered group than that in the control group. An 8-week analysis also showed that the expression of RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and collagen type 1 was at more elevated levels in the treatment group than that in the control group. Conclusion: These results showed that the combination of hAMSCs and Ch-CA scaffold may become one of the candidates for bone tissue engineering.

Background: Osteoporosis is a systemic disease that can decrease bone density as a result of imbalance bone remodeling and bone resorption. Estrogen reduction due to menopause can increase osteoclast activity and furthermore decrease bone density. Estrogen can stimulate alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, collagen type I and osteocalcin in bone remodelling process. Ovariectomized rat is a common animal for studying patofisiology, diagnosis and treatment osteoporosis patient. Purpose: To evaluate correlation between estrogen and ALP expression in osteoporotic rat model mandible. Methode: 18 female wistar rats, 2 months old, 200 grams were divided into 2 groups, ovariectomized group and sham surgery as control group. Surgery was done under intra muskular anesthesia using combination 2% xylazine 1cc and 10% ketamine 1cc. After 12 weeks, mandible was taken for ALP examination and blood from heart was taken to evaluate the amount of estrogen. Result: There was significant correlation between estrogen and ALP expression in osteoporotic rat model mandible. Conclusion: The amount of estrogen can influence ALP expression activity.

Background: Tissue engineering based approaches have received much attention. Incorporation of chitosan and carbonate apatite (CA) improve its capability. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is viable for xenogenic transplantation. The purpose of this study was to fabricate and evaluate the osteogenic potential diferentiation of human amnion mesenchymal stem cell with carbonate apatite–chitosan scaffolds (CA-ChSs) for tissue engineering. Method: Human amniotic membrane was procured from using cesarean section. Soncini’s protocol was employed for the isolation procedure. The cells cultured on collagen-coated dishes using Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DMEM)/F12 (1:1). A chitosan powder of medium molecular weight deacetylated chitin, poly(D(glucosamine) was used and mixed with CA. Immunocytochemistry and flowcytometry used for phenotypic characterization of hAMSC. Result: Amniotic membrane obtained using cesarean section under aseptic condition did not exhibit any growth of cell cultures which were not contaminated. Immunocytochemistry testing revealed that the target cells expressed strong mesenchymal stem cell marker CD 105. Characterization at passage 10 showed that CD44 was the most significant and abundant surface receptors. The number of viable cells in chitosan-carbonate apatite was 66.59%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation revealed that CA-ChSs had three-dimensional structure with many pores and hAMSc could attached and proliferation among the porosity of the scaffold. The formation of calcium in the cell as an indicator of osteoblast cells was detected using Alizarin Red solution. Conclusion: hAMSc harvested from human amniotic membrane seeding in CA-ChSs had the capability for in vitro osteogenesis makes them be the one of the potential options for bone tissue engineering.