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The investment in ELSS mutual fund over last few years has been getting popular over other mutual fund products due to its income tax benefits and returns. It is necessary to assess its performance as compare to benchmark market indices available in the stock market. The present study aims to compare and analyse the performance of both on the basis of quarterly average and in absolute terms. In order to study the same, the risk adjusted measures such Sharpe and Sortino ratios have been calculated and tested by using Annova and welch test. The period of study considered for the study was considered of 10 years from 2009-10 to 2018-19 taking 43 samples of ELSS funds and 7 benchmark market indices. The findings of the study are wherever there is comparison of ELSS with other benchmark market indices null hypothesis has been rejected which implies that there is difference between the both.

The aim of the present study is to contribute to research on knowledge management (KM) in Indian universities by studying about practices of knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, and knowledge leadership which are parts of the paramount framework of KM. A self-administered questionnaire comprising of 15 questions with 5-point Likert scale yielded data for 242 university employees from India. Factor analysis was carried out using the principal component analysis method. The participants of the study responded readily to the questions indicating their knowledge on KM. However, the responses of the respondents revealed that none of the Indian universities have a strategy to implement KM. In the current study, two factors were extracted using the PCA method, which explained a total accumulated variance of 66.948% for knowledge sharing and knowledge creation and leadership. The study revealed that the first principal component, knowledge sharing, and the second principal component, knowledge creation and leadership, were not correlated. To break the barrier and bridge the gap between knowledge sharing and knowledge creation and leadership in universities in the Indian context, the authors have proposed the SHEKARUN model. Previous studies have been conducted to assess the KM strategies in universities and higher education institutions all over the world. The present research is an attempt to assess the current status of KM in Indian universities and identify the lacunae in the system to formulate and implement new KM model.

This article describes the development, validation, and application of a fully coupled Finite Element (FE) framework for modeling of hydraulic fractures in the context of a diverse set of oil & gas (O&G) problems. The models have been developed within a fully-implicit non-linear FE solver, and comprise two widely established fracture modeling methods: Cohesive Zone Method or CZM (mesh conforms to a pre-defined fracture path) and eXtended Finite Element Method or XFEM (fracture geometry evolves independent of the finite element mesh). The models were verified by comparing simulation results with analytical solutions for the four asymptotic regimes of fracture propagation. The models were also experimentally validated, which involved comparing simulations with carefully conducted polyaxial fracturing experiments. For this purpose, a comprehensive set of laboratory-scale polyaxial fracturing experiments were conducted. Then, the finite element models were used to simulate these experiments, and the simulation results were compared with the experimental results. The applicability of these models spans conventional as well unconventional fracturing problems, including 3D multi-zone injection, diagnostic fracture injection tests, and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing. To demonstrate this, a number of field-scale models are constructed and applied to a broad range of O&G problems involving fracture propagation at large length and time scales. These include a Step Rate Test (SRT), a Produced Water Re-injection (PWRI) problem, and a Cuttings Re-Injection (CRI) simulation. These large length- and time-scale simulations were enabled by a high-performance, massively parallel computing system. Through the various validation exercises and the field examples discussed in this work, we intend to demonstrate the applicability of the newly developed fracture modeling capabilities in successfully simulating real problems ranging from laboratory-scale to field-scale.

We present a method for modeling the transient growth of drilling-induced fractures through a porous medium in the near wellbore region. Understanding the early time fracture growth behavior, and related near wellbore stress state, can provide an effective tool to improve the treatment selection through parameters such as particle size distribution and ideal drilling fluid rheology. Also, it will help with field diagnostics for various lost circulation treatments and lost return events. ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company and SIMULIA® co-developed fully-coupled hydraulic fracturing modeling capabilities. The model was benchmarked with known solutions to analytical fracture growth regimes and validated with a laboratory scale experimental setup of hydraulic fracturing. The model allows for fluid leak-off from the wellbore and fracture faces into the porous medium for an arbitrary injection schedule. The time-dependent fracture growth and interaction between the stress concentration region near the fracture tip and the wellbore result in a non-linear behavior of the near-wellbore stress state during early time fracture propagation, which was not possible to capture with static models. This analysis allows for recommendation of an optimum fracture width for maximum increase in wellbore integrity in the target formation. This is done by selecting the fracture width at the mouth, at which the desired increase in the near-wellbore tangential stresses has been achieved as to prevent initialization of further fractures. The model was applied to a field scale example and the predicted integrity gain from fracture plugging agrees well with observations.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron with oral iron in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia of pregnancy.A randomized experimental study was conducted at K. J. Somaiya Hospital involving 200 pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia. In the intravenous group iron dose was calculated from: Total iron dose required (mg) = 2.4 × weight kg × target hemoglobin - actual hemoglobin) g/dl + 500. Target hemoglobin was set at 12 g/dl. In the oral group patients received 200 mg oral ferrous ascorbate daily. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin were reviewed at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Paired and independent t test was applied.The change in hemoglobin and ferritin levels from baseline was significantly higher in the intravenous group than the oral group at each measurement (P = 0.000).Intravenous iron elevates hemoglobin and restores iron stores faster than oral iron, with no severe adverse reactions.

We present a method for modeling drilling induced fractures dynamic growth through a porous medium in the near wellbore region. Understanding the early time fracture growth behavior, and related near wellbore stress state, can provide an effective tool to improve the treatment selection through parameters such as particle size distribution and ideal drilling fluid rheology. Also, it will help with field diagnostics for various lost circulation treatments and lost return events. ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company and SIMULIA® co-developed fully-coupled hydraulic fracturing modeling capabilities. The method is based on Cohesive Zone Modeling (CZM) elements, with pore pressure degrees of freedom, which were recently implemented into SIMULIA® Abaqus finite element package. The model was benchmarked with known solutions to analytical fracture growth regimes and validated with a laboratory scale experimental setup of hydraulic fracturing. The model allows for fluid leak-off from the wellbore and fracture faces into the porous medium, as well as an arbitrary injection schedule. Additionally, the physics of dynamic fracture growth and a variety of material properties and constitutive models for both the solid and liquid, are also captured in the model. The time-dependent fracture growth and interaction between the stress concentration region near the fracture tip and the wellbore result in a non-linear behavior of the near-wellbore stress state during early time fracture propagation, which was not possible to capture with static models. The model generation, execution, and post-processing are part of an automated workflow which requires minimal user time. This analysis allows for recommendation of optimum fracture width for maximum increase in wellbore integrity in the target formation. This is done by selecting the fracture width at the mouth, at which a necessary increase in the near-wellbore tangential stresses has been achieved as to prevent initialization of further fractures.

In most societies, as in India, small scale fishing and fish farming households are considered to be one of the most underprivileged and vulnerable groups. Micro finance programmes are seen as a means for these households to gain access to much needed credit services that are appropriate for their needs. Since women comprises of a significant proportion of such households, microfinance should serve as an effective tool to assist and empower women in fishing communities. This paper tries to analyze recent experiences with micro finance programmes in support of the coastal konkan fishing communities in India and draw conclusions with regard to best practices in this field.

Metalation of 2-alkynes with BuLi followed by treatment with diisopinocampheylchloroborane and warming to room temperature gives exclusively the propargylic diisopinocampheylboron derivatives. These on treatment with aldehydes at −100 °C in ether, provide alkyl- and aryl-substituted α-allenic alcohols in high regiomeric and enantiomeric purities.

A convenient, one-pot synthesis of unsymmetrical ketones has been developed making use of the in situ reduction — hydroboration reactions of readily prepared and stable (±)-isopinocampheyldichloroborane.

A quantitative study was made of the preparation of the optically pure borane reagent, isopinocampheylchloroborane (IpcBHCl), potentially valuable for asymmetric hydroboration. IpcBHCl (87−90%) in equilibrium with 5−6.5% of IpcBCl2 and IpcBH2, respectively, can be prepared conveniently by a number of relatively simple operations: (1) the reaction of isopinocampheylborane (IpcBH2) with anhydrous hydrochloric acid (HCl) in ethyl ether (EE); (2) the reaction of stoichiometric amounts of IpcBH2 with isopinocampheyldichloroborane (IpcBCl2) in EE; and (3) the reduction of IpcBCl2 with trimethylsilane (Me3SiH) or lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) in EE. The reduction of IpcBCl2 with Me3SiH in pentane proceeds extremely slowly to provide the desired reagent, IpcBHCl. However, in EE, the reduction proceeds much faster, providing an equilibrium mixture of 90% IpcBHCl, 5% IpcBH2, and 5% IpcBCl2. We also investigated the reduction of IpcBCl2 with Me3SiH in pentane and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) in the presence of known a...

Significant rock strength anisotropy associated with weak bedding laminations in shale can lead to wellbore instability challenges especially when drilling Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) wells that require low angles of attack relative to the formation bedding planes. Past drilling experience with water-based muds in offshore Abu Dhabi showed a high frequency of hole-cleaning and stuck-pipe events for wells deviated above approximately 40° from vertical. This was attributed to shale instability due to the invasion of the drilling fluids into micro-fractures along bedding planes as longer exposure lengths and times increased with the angle of deviation. Recently the decision to further develop a giant field with wells drilled from artificial islands has created the need for large numbers of ERD wells that will cross the shale formations at angles in the range of 40° to 85°. Pilot holes have been successfully drilled across shales at angles up to 80° by using non-aqueous drilling fluid (NADF) with mud weights predicted with an ExxonMobil proprietary model that uses previous experience and limited log data. Nevertheless, it was considered advantageous, if not essential, to better understand the mechanisms for shale instability as a function of both the angle of inclination and azimuth of the section, since it is critical to reliable prediction of the mud weight and chemistry required to avoid well-bore instability. An extensive program of tri-axial compression testing of orientated preserved core plugs was conducted in order to quantify the degree of strength anisotropy associated with both a reservoir cap, Layer A shale and intra-reservoir shales encountered while drilling offshore Abu Dhabi. This work showed that Layer A shale's compressive strength can be reduced by approximately 70 to 75% and the intra-reservoir shares by approximately 45 to 50%, when the shear plane of failure aligns with the weak laminations, compared to loading parallel, or perpendicular to the bedding planes. The inclusion of the measured strength anisotropy functions into a wellbore stability model is shown to accurately predict the observed mud weights associated with induced wellbore breakout. The non-aqueous (NADF) mud weight required for wellbore stability was incorporated in an Integrated Hole Quality and Quantitative Risk Assessment (IHQ/QRA) study to evaluate the drillability of various ERD well designs. Actual field drilling performance with NADF has also been used to validate the model. Increased understanding of this wellbore failure mechanism has the potential to reduce drilling risk and significantly increase current extended reach drilling limits for ZADCO's long term field development plan offshore Abu Dhabi.

Optically active homoallylic alcohols of exceptionally high enantiomeric purity (98-≥99% ee) readily available via asymmetric allylboration were converted into p-nitrobenzoate esters and subjected to hydroboration followed by oxidation with CrO 3 in aqueous acetic acid (10% H 2 O) to obtain the corresponding carboxylic acids with the same number of carbon atoms. The protecting ester group was hydrolyzed and the product lactonized in situ to the γ-substituted γ-butyrolactones (5) (R=Me, Pr, i-Pr, t-Bu, Ph, (E)-CH=CHCH 3 ) usually without racemization and in good yields

Acyl-substituted methyl radicals (RCOCH 2 . ; R=H, Me, Ph), generated by photolysis of RCOCH 2 -HgCl, add to alkenes, enol ethers, or vinyl sulfides to give adduct radicals that are readily trapped by PhSSPh to yield a three-component condensation product. The presence of an alkali metal carbonate is crucial in preventing side reactions resulting in the conversion of the mercurial to RCOCH 3 by PhSH formed in the photolysis

Acyl-substituted methyl radicals (RCOCH 2 . ; R=H, Me, Ph), generated by photolysis of RCOCH 2 -HgCl, add to alkenes, enol ethers, or vinyl sulfides to give adduct radicals that are readily trapped by PhSSPh to yield a three-component condensation product. The presence of an alkali metal carbonate is crucial in preventing side reactions resulting in the conversion of the mercurial to RCOCH 3 by PhSH formed in the photolysis

For the first time, a highly efficient and direct oxidation of a variety of organoborane intermediates into carboxylic acids has been demonstrated, without an increase or decrease of carbon atoms. Synthetically useful procedures have been developed for the ready conversion of representative terminal alkenes into carboxylic acids via oxidation of the organoboranes obtained by hydroboration of the terminal alkenes

This chapter introduces ant colony optimization as a method for computing minimum Steiner trees in graphs. Tree computation is achieved when multiple ants, starting out from different nodes in the graph, move towards one another and ultimately merge into a single entity. A distributed version of the proposed algorithm is also described, which is applied to the specific problem of data-centric routing in wireless sensor networks. This research illustrates how tree based graph theoretic computations can be accomplished by means of purely local ant interaction. The authors hope that this work will demonstrate how innovative ways to carry out ant interactions can be used to design effective ant colony algorithms for complex optimization problems.

The ant systems optimization approach is a new method of solving combinatorial optimization problems. It was originally introduced as a metaheuristic approach for the well-known traveling salesman problem. But it was subsequently shown to be an equally effective algorithm for solving other optimization problems. This article supplies more results for an extended ant colony algorithm, which can be used to compute a minimum cost Steiner tree from a graph. In each pass of the proposed algorithm, ants are placed at the terminal nodes of the Steiner tree to be computed. They are then allowed to move towards one another, along the edges of the graph, until they merge into a single entity. In this process, the paths taken by the ants define a Steiner tree. Edges receive reinforcement in the form of pheromone deposits along the paths taken by the ant, that is based on the quality of the Steiner tree produced. Pheromones eventually accrue most along better edges. As a result, after several iterations, a good Steiner tree can be extracted from the deposit. The algorithm can easily be used in several practical applications.

Readily prepared and stable (+/-)-isopinocampheyldichloroborane [(+/-)-IpcBCl(2)] was conveniently used for the stepwise hydroboration of two different alkenes using the in situ reduction-hydroboration protocol to give mixed trialkylboranes, IpcBR(1)R(2). Convenient elimination of alpha-pinene from these trialkylboranes by treatment with an aldehyde, RCHO, provided the borinate ester, R(1)R(2)BOCH(2)R. This intermediate was readily converted into the unsymmetrical ketones, R(1)COR(2), in high yields and purity, by an established method. This methodology was successfully applied to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure spiroketals using optically pure TBS ether protected homoallylic alcohols as the alkenes for stepwise hydroboration.