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Variable rate nitrogen (VRN) management strategies seek to optimise the nitrogen (N) supply to match crop demand, both to maximise farmer profitability and minimise environmental risks. Despite potential benefits, there has been comparatively little work looking at the value proposition underpinning VRN. Gridded soil samples from a cropping paddock in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, were characterised for residual mineral N and a bioassay used to quantify N mineralisation potential. These data were used in APSIM, a systems model, to estimate production outcomes under three different N management strategies in an irrigated and non-irrigated maize cropping system. Predictions showed that yield was comparable between management scenarios, while VRN resulted in lower residual soil N at harvest for both irrigated and non-irrigated systems. While these results are for a single paddock, they demonstrate that in this circumstance the implementation of VRN significantly improved environmental outcomes without impacting gross margins.

A critical omission from climate change impact studies on crop yield is the interaction between soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N) availability, and carbon dioxide (CO2). We used a multimodel ensemble to predict the effects of SOC and N under different scenarios of temperatures and CO2 concentrations on maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in eight sites across the world. We found that including feedbacks from SOC and N losses due to increased temperatures would reduce yields by 13% in wheat and 19% in maize for a 3°C rise temperature with no adaptation practices. These losses correspond to an additional 4.5% (+3°C) when compared to crop yield reductions attributed to temperature increase alone. Future CO2 increase to 540 ppm would partially compensate losses by 80% for both maize and wheat at +3°C, and by 35% for wheat and 20% for maize at +6°C, relative to the baseline CO2 scenario.

Public health protection must be the primary goal of a drinking water utility; delivered through supplying safe drinking water. For complex multi-utilities, this goal may come under pressure from the need to manage a plethora of business risks. We describe a risk management maturity model for assessing the capacity of utilities to manage business risks and comment on the importance of ‘mindfulness' as a prerequisite for effective risk managemen

In 1992 the New York State Office of Mental Health issued a statewide plan for mental health services to reduce the number of inpatient beds in state-run facilities from approximately 11,000 to between 6,000 and 8,000 by the year 2000. This reduction resulted in at least a 25 percent increase in psychiatric beds at local general hospitals. In 1992 Albany Medical Center Hospital's department of inpatient psychiatry established an interdisciplinary committee to address changes resulting from the reconfiguration of services to chronic mentally ill persons. The committee established procedures to use the principles of total quality management to respond to problems and to continuously improve the therapeutic milieu. The authors describe how these principles were used to create a patient satisfaction survey, to examine and improve part of the hospital admissions procedure, and to review and revise treatment planning documentation. A concurrent review committee reviews patients' records to ensure accuracy of documentation and quality of care.

3 páginas., A survey of wild rabbits in Tayside, Scotland revealed that 67 per cent were infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. In general, the infected rabbits had histopathological changes within the lymph nodes and intestines which were consistent with the changes due to paratuberculosis in ruminants, The survey raises the possibility that rabbits and other wildlife may be involved in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis, a possibility which has important implications for the control of the disease.

The hydration of calcium aluminates cements is dominated by that of CA, CaAl2O4, which is a major constituent of all of them. At ambient temperatures, CAH10 and an amorphous phase are formed initially, but these are metastable and slowly (or more rapidly if exposed to higher temperatures) transform into C3AH6 and gíbbsite. This conversion reaction is accompanied by and increase ín porosity, which can lead to a loss in strength and vulnerability to chemical attack. Various methods of thermal analysis have been applied as a routine test to determine the degree of conversion, and the results from these methods are critically evaluated. Thermal analysis is a useful technique for identification of the various hydrates that can form in these systems, especially at early stages of hydration when poorly crystalline phases are present. Differential thermal analysis curves showing peaks attributable to all these hydrates are presented and it is shown that overlap frequently occurs, leading to difficulties in interpretation, which can sometimes be minimized by use of a complementary technique such as X-ray diffraction.La hidratación de cementos aluminosos está regida por la de CA, CaAl2O4, que es el componente principal. A temperatura ambiente inicialmente se forman CAH10 y una fase amorfa, pero son metaestables y se transforman lentamente (o más rápidamente si se exponen a temperaturas más altas) en C3AH6 y gibsita. Esta reacción de conversión está acompañada de un aumento de porosidad, lo que lleva a la pérdida de resistencia y a la vulnerabilidad al ataque químico. Se han aplicado distintos métodos de análisis térmico como una prueba rutinaria para determinar el grado de conversión y se ofrece una evaluación crítica de los resultados de estos métodos. Análisis térmico es una técnica útil para identificar los distintos hidratos que pueden formarse en estos sistemas, especialmente en las etapas iniciales de la hidratación cuando están presentes las fases pobremente cristalinas. Se presentan curvas diferenciales de análisis térmico que muestran picos atribuibles a todos estos hidratos y se demuestra que, frecuentemente, ocurre superposición que produce dificultades en interpretación, las que a veces pueden hacerse menores utilizando técnicas como la difracción de rayos X.

In this report, we describe a murine system in which treatment with recombinant human interleukin 1 (IL-1) induced an acute lethal state with pathologic changes similar to septic shock at high doses and development of arthritic and other tissue changes following more prolonged treatment with lower doses. We have demonstrated that both recombinant human interleukin 1 alpha and recombinant human interleukin 1 beta could be administered to an endotoxin hyporesponsive strain, C3H/HeJ, and produce these pathologic changes. Induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and colony-stimulating factor activity was noted. The ability to induce these changes was dose and time dependent. Histopathologic changes included lesions in the lung, heart, liver, adrenal glands, intestines, and joints. Neutrophil infiltration was a prominent feature in many organs. Drugs, immunotherapy, or other treatments which have been effective in delaying or preventing a lethal syndrome induced following high dose interleukin 2 therapy were not effective in preventing the interleukin 1-induced lethal syndrome. Interestingly, pretreatment with low nonlethal doses of IL-1 (but not lipopolysaccharides or TNF) could prevent deaths from an LD100 challenge dose of IL-1.

Objective: To determine if photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (Visudyne; CIBA Vision Corp, Duluth, GA) can improve the chance of stabilizing or improving vision (m and best-corrected visual acuity (Snellen equivalent) of approximately 20/100 or better. Intervention: Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to verteporfin (6 mg per square meter of body surface area; n = 81) or placebo (5% dextrose in water, n = 39) administered via intravenous infusion of 30 ml over 10 minutes. Fifteen minutes after the start of the infusion, a laser light at 689 nm was delivered at an intensity of 600 mW/cm(2) over 83 seconds to give a light dose of 50 J/cm(2) to a round spot size on the retina with a diameter of 1000 mum larger than the greatest linear dimension of the choroidal neovascular lesion. At follow-up examinations every 3 months, retreatment with either verteporfin or placebo (as assigned at baseline) was applied to areas of fluorescein leakage if present. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was the proportion of eyes at the follow-up examination 12 months after study entry with fewer than eight letters (approximately 1.5 lines) of visual acuity lost, adhering to an intent-to-treat analysis. Results: At baseline, move than 90% of each group had evidence of classic CNV (regardless of whether occult CNV was present) and only 12 (15%) and 5 (13%) cases in the verteporfin and placebo groups, respectively, had occult CNV (regardless of whether classic CNV was present). Seventy-nine of the 81 verteporfin-treated patients (98%) compared with 36 of the 39 placebo-treated patients (92%) completed the month 12 examination. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and fluorescein angiographic outcomes were better in the verteporfin-treated eyes than in the placebo-treated eyes at every follow-up examination through the month 12 examination. At the month 12 examination, 58 (72%) of the verteporfin-treated patients compared with 17 (44%) of the placebo-treated patients lost fewer than eight letters (P < 0.01), including 26 (32%) versus 6 (15%) improving at least five letters (1 line). Seventy (86%) of the verteporfin-treated patients compared with 26 (67%) of the placebo-treated patients lost fewer than 15 letters (P = 0.01), Few ocular or other systemic adverse events were associated with verteporfin therapy compared with placebo treatment. Conclusions: Because photodynamic therapy with verteporfin can safely increase the chance of stabilizing or improving vision in patients with subfoveal CNV from pathologic myopia compared with a placebo, we recommend ophthalmologists consider verteporfin therapy for treatment of such patients. Ophthalmology 2001; 108:841-852 (C) 2001 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Section I - Page 1 - 20. A short historical introduction with literature of the subject. • • Section II.- Page 21 - 86. Dietaries of the various social grades. How they differ from Standards of Voit, Atwater, and Rubner. • Upper Middle Classes page 21. • Middle Classes. page 24. • For Professional Men page 30. • Comparisons with Chittenden's page 33. • Chittenden's Experiments with men of U.S.A Army page 36. • English Out Door Labourer page 38. • Working Class Dietary for Towns page 40. • Young Persons living alone on small incomes, page 45. • Inadequate Dietaries page 48. • Family Dietary of the Poor . . page 50. • Ladies on small Incomes pages 54 & 56 • Poor Aged People pages 56 & 57 • Dietary of Girls from 4 - 15 years of age. • Experience of 17 years . ... . . . . page 62 • Comparisons of Jewish & Christian Children page 73. • Experience of Feeding page 360. • • II. Babies with Cowl Milk page 79 • Is Cow's Milk a Common Clause of Tuberculosis. 84 • Section III. - Pages 86 - 91. • Vagaries of Diet. Probable Explanation of Maintenance of Health thereon page 86 • • Section IV. - Page 91 -- 93a. Some comparative weights page 91. • Literature with Comments on Foregoing Points page 92. • Section V. -- Page 94 - 136. Food and Diet studied more particularly from Physiological and Therapeutical Standpoints. Importance of Fat in a dietary. Rickets page 94. • Tuberculous page 96 • Vasomotor neuroses . page 99. • Margarine as a food page 100. • The place of fat in Diabetes page 101. • Food Stuffs as Remedies - Vital or Life supporting Principles. Nature of Vital Principle. Search for this Principle . . . . pages 105 - 110. • Experiments with Food Stuffs exhausted with Alcohol Series page 111. • List of Food Stuffs rich in Lipoids or Vital Principles page 111. • Food Stuffs or Preparations employed as Curative Agents . page 115. • Relative amounts of meat eaten by Various Social Grades 165. • England. and Wheat. , 167. • Scotland - Oatmeal, Barley. 168. • France, Germany, &c. - Ergotism 169. • Spain, Italy, U.S.A. - Maize 171. • Italy - Macaroni 171. • Rice. & Beri -beri 172. • Action of Alcohol - Dietetic 172. • Pharmacological 174. • Toxicological 175. • Literature of Section 184. • Special Food Preparations Changing Customs in Feeding - Effects on Health 187. • Bleached Flour 188. • Frozen & Chilled Meat - Effects on Health. . . 188. • ection VIII. Page. 189 196. • Rise in Standard of Living 189. • Rise in Price of Provisions. . . . . . . . . . 193. • Rise in Price of Beef and Mutton 194. • Prices in 1902 & 1912. Wages in same • period - Effects of both on Health 196. • Section I X - Experimental Notes page 197 - 223. • Comparisons between Home -fed and Frozen Meats. 197. • Macroscopic and Microscope Appearances cf two Meats 198. • Nitrogen Values of both 199. • Cold Storage of Food Stuffs - Need for Observation 199 -200. • Temperatures employed in Cold Storage 201. • Relative Digestibility of Breads - Yeast and Chemical Raised and Predigested Breads . 203. • Expense of Fancy Breads 208. • Treatment of Oatmeal to render Cellulose less irritating. . 206. • Boiling, dry baking, and. re- cooking 209 -210. • Corn -milling -- changes in and Disease - Stone in Bladder 211. • Wheat - decorticated as a Food - Frumenty 212. • Digestive Action of Fruits and Fruit Juices - Their Therapeutic Value . . . . . . . . . . . 214. • Clean milk - Plan for Small Dealers 218. • Margarine - Manufacture and Adulterations 220. • The German Freibank 223.

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The chemical stability of bacteriogenic “UO2” is one of the seminal issues governing its success as an in-situ waste form in remediated subsurface locations. Little detail is known about the structure and reactivity of this material, but based on comparison to its closest abiotic analog, UO2+x (0 < x < 0.25), we expect that it is complex and defected, likely to exhibit non- stoichiometry, and capable of structurally incorporating common groundwater cations as well as U(VI). This complex behavior is expected to substantially impact its stability in groundwater. Our four-institution team is conducting a systematic and coordinated characterization of: (1) the atomic- and nano-scale structures of bacteriogenic UO2+x in the absence and presence of potentially important environmental cation dopants, (2) the equilibrium solubilities and dissolution rates of these materials, (3) the biogeochemical coupling of biologically mediated Mn cycling and UO2+x oxidation, and (4) the influence of these molecular scale processes on meter scale release of U(VI) in sediments. This presentation describes results from Year 1 of this project.

The chemical stability of bacteriogenic “UO2” is one of the seminal issues governing its success as an in-situ waste form in remediated subsurface locations. Little detail is known about the structure and reactivity of this material, but based on comparison to its closest abiotic analog, UO2+x (0 < x < 0.25), we expect that it is complex and defected, likely to exhibit non- stoichiometry, and capable of structurally incorporating common ground water cations as well as U(VI). This complex behavior is expected to substantially impact its stability in ground water. Our four-institution team is conducting a systematic and coordinated characterization of: (1) the atomic- and nano-scale structures of bacteriogenic UO2+x in the absence and presence of potentially important environmental cation dopants, (2) the equilibrium solubilities and dissolution rates of these materials, (3) the biogeochemical coupling of biologically mediated Mn cycling and UO2+x oxidation, and (4) the influence of these molecular scale processes on meter scale release of U(VI) in sediments. This presentation describes results from Year 1 of this project.