Search

The old district of Guangzhou was taken as an example to explore new approaches – the perspective of space syntax – to study the urban structure based on the Geographic Information Centre (GIS) space statistics. Results show that the old district of Guangzhou has significant spatial heterogeneity; the historic regions, as the urban core, have a deep effect on the city and own a ‘double interface’ for both the visitors and indigenous inhabitants. Unique space logic has been formed in the long history of the city, but the grid structure of the old district is unbalanced and incomplete, and some regions have problems in accessibility. Given this, the paper, based on the distribution of the historical buildings, proposed to create contextual urban axes, optimise the public service and improve the space structure, to provide a reference to the preservation and utilisation of historic buildings.

With capital controls, the standard financial market transactions needed for currency carry trade are hard to implement. Using detailed trade data reported by both the mainland Chinese and Hong Kong’s governments, we present evidence that indirect currency carry trade likely takes place via round-trip reimports. We also show that greater state control in terms of more state-owned firms does not reduce such “carry trade by trucks.”

The mechanical yield of dense granular materials is a fascinating rheological phenomenon, beyond which stress no longer increases with strain at a sufficiently large deformation. Understanding the behavior of mechanical responses associated with yielding is a fundamental goal in granular physics, and other related fields including glassy physics, material sciences, geophysics, and active matter biophysics. However, despite nearly half a century of theoretical efforts, the nature of yielding in amorphous solids remains largely elusive compared to its crystalline counterpart. Here, we experimentally investigate the mechanical responses of two-dimensional bidisperse jammed disks subjected to volume-invariant pure shear, focusing on the behavior of yielding. We show that the microscopic mechanical and geometrical features of configurations under shear can be characterized by two critical exponents of weak-force and small-gap distributions originally proposed for the isotropic jamming transition. We find that the yielding transition satisfies the condition of marginal mechanical stability through a scaling relationship between the two exponents, and after yielding global instability emerges. The criticality of yielding is revealed by a significant peak of susceptibility that quantifies the fluctuation of a glass overlap order parameter. Moreover, we find a distinct transition before yielding, which is associated with the onset of structural anisotropy.

Additional file 1. Table S1. Search strategy for each database.

Additional file 3. Table S3. Risk of bias assessment of the cohort studies.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Characterization of hADMSCs. Figure S2. TGF-β1 activates hepatic stellate cells leading to ECM deposition and EMT progression. Figure S3. Inhibition of activated HSCs proliferation and activation by hADMSCs. Figure S4. Liver cirrhosis was successfully induced in C57BL/6J mice with CCl4 i.p. injections twice a week for 8 weeks. Figure S5. Ex vivo organ distribution of PKH26-hADMSCs-Exo in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model. Figure S6. Liver stiffness of mouse with different treatments was measured by shear wave elastrography (SWE) at predetermined time. Figure S7. Representative histopathology analysis of liver sections after 0, 2 and 4 weeks of hADMSCs-Exo treatment. Figure S8. GO and KEGG pathway analyses between LFG vs hADMSCs-Exo or REG. Figure S9. Western blot assay for AKT, mTOR and phosphorylated and total PI3K p85 and PI3K p110 in vivo (A) and in vitro (B). Figure S10. The gene coding for the key metabolite expression analysis in transcriptome. Figure S11. Western blot assay for pro-fibrogenic and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling protein expression in aHSCs following supplementation with hADMSCs-Exo and 10 mM choline or 10 mM phosphorylcholine simultaneously in vitro. Table S1. Primer sequences used in reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Table S2. Antibodies utilized in Western blot, immunohistochemistry or Immunofluorescence staining. Table S3. The top 25 significant KEGG pathway between hADMSCs-Exo group (n=3) and regression group (REG, n=3). Table S4. Significant metabolites between hADMSCs-Exo treatment group (n=6) and regression group (n=6) in the liver tissue samples. Table S5. Significant metabolites between hADMSCs-Exo treatment group (n=6) and liver fibrosis group (n=6) in the liver tissue samples.

Additional file 2. Table S2. Risk of bias assessment of the RCT study.

Additional file 4. Fig. S1. Forest plots of Dynesys stabilization versus instrumented fusion: (A) disc height at the intervertebral segment; (B) disc height at the proximal adjacent segment.

ObjectiveMilitary training-induced fatigue (MIF) often results into non-combat attrition. However, standard evaluation of MIF is unavailable. This study aimed to provide credible suggestions about MIF-evaluation.MethodsA 3-round Delphi study was performed. The authority of the experts was assessed by the authority coefficient (Aa). In round 1, categories of indicators were collected via anonymous survey of experts, then potential indicators were selected via literature search. In round 2, experts should evaluate the clinical implication, practical value, and importance of each potential indicators, or recommend new indicators based on feedback of round 1. Indicators with recommendation proportions ≥ 70% and new recommended indicators would be included in round 3 to be rated on a 5-point Likert scale. “Consensus in” was achieved when coefficient of concordance (Kendall's W) of a round was between 0.2 and 0.5 and the coefficient of variation (CV) of each aspect for an indicator was < 0.5. If round 3 could not achieve “consensus in,” more rounds would be conducted iteratively based on round 3. Indicators included in the recommendation set were ultimately classified into grade I (highly recommended) or grade II (recommended) according to the mean score and CV of the aspects.ResultsTwenty-three experts participated with credible authority coefficient (mean Aa = 0.733). “Consensus in” was achieved in round 3 (Kendall's W = 0.435, p < 0.001; all CV < 0.5). Round 1 recommended 10 categories with 73 indicators identified from 2,971 articles. After 3-round consultation, consensus was reached on 28 indicators focusing on the cardiovascular system (n = 4), oxygen transport system (n = 5), energy metabolism/metabolite level (n = 6), muscle/tissue damage level (n = 3), neurological function (n = 2), neuropsychological/psychological function (n = 3), endocrine function (n = 3), and exercise capacity (n = 2). Among these, 11 indicators were recommended as grade I: basic heart rate, heart-rate recovery time, heart rate variability, hemoglobin, blood lactic acid, urine protein, creatine kinase, reaction time, Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale, testosterone/cortisol, and vertical jump height.ConclusionThis study developed a reliable foundation for the comprehensive evaluation of MIF among soldiers.

ObjectiveBasic combat training (BCT) is a kind of necessary high-intensity training to help each military recruit convert into a qualified soldier. In China, both the physical fatigue and passive psychological state have been observed in new recruits during BCT. However, after same-intensity training, the degree of fatigue and passive mood vary among recruits. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of BCT on mood state of recruits with different physical fitness levels from a perspective of fatigue.Materials and methodsBefore and after BCT, the degree of fatigue and mood state of participants were evaluated via the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale and Profile of Mood States Questionnaire immediately after 20 push-ups as RPE and POMS scores [total mood disturbance (TMD), passive mood (Ttension, Tanger, Tfatigue, Tdepression, and Tconfusion) and positive mood (Tvigour and Testeem)]. The participants were divided into two groups according to the RPE score measured after BCT: (1) group 1: RPE score after BCT < 13 and (2) group 2: RPE score after BCT ≥ 13.ResultA total of 564 recruits were included (group 1: 456/564, 80.85%; group 2: 108/564, 19.15%). After BCT, in group 1, TMD (from 95.65 ± 17.89 to 87.52 ± 17.63) and passive mood Ttension (from 4.46 ± 3.18 to 3.79 ± 3.14), Tfatigue (from 4.94 ± 3.58 to 3.12 ± 3.04), Tdepression (from 2.86 ± 3.41 to 2.01 ± 2.75), Tconfusion (3.12 ± 2.72 to 2.42 ± 2.57) declined significantly (all within-group p < 0.001), but positive mood both increased significantly (Tvigour: from 13.21 ± 4.59 to 15.44 ± 5.42, Testeem: from 9.18 ± 3.36 to 11.04 ± 3.67; both within-group p < 0.001); while in group 2, only Tanger (from 4.27 ± 4.16 to 6.22 ± 5.94, within-group p = 0.001) and Testeem (from 8.36 ± 3.15 to 9.07 ± 3.67, within-group p = 0.031) increased significantly.ConclusionBCT could alleviate passive mood and add to positive mood for recruits with better physical fitness, while had no ameliorative effects on or even deteriorate most of the passive mood for recruits with worse physical fitness.

This paper quantifies economic interdependence among Asian economies and between Asia and the rest of the world using a modern global value chain decomposition framework. It shows that global value chain linkages in value-added terms across economies have grown faster than value-added linkages through final goods trade. Stronger value-added linkages between two economies tends to make it more likely for the pair to have membership in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership or Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership.

The advanced oxidation process of the photo-Fenton reaction can produce hydroxyl radicals with extremely strong oxidizing properties for the efficient and green degradation of various chemical and microbial pollutants. Herein, we report an approach to fabricating heterogeneous Fenton catalysts of

A flurry of recent regional economic agreements in the Pacific are best characterized as ‘semi-inclusive,’ as each tends to include some large economies in the region but omit some others. With a p...

Here, we report the development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method that involves using multiepitope recombinant S protein (rSP) as the coating antigen to detect antibodies against canine coronavirus (CCoV). rSP was designed by arranging its four S fragments (91–135 aa, S1 gene; 377–434 aa, S2 gene; 647–671 aa, S3 gene; 951–971 aa, S4 gene; 207–227 aa) and two T-cell epitopes in tandem: T–E1–E2–E3–E4–T. This multiepitope antigen, which has a molecular weight of approximately 25 kDa and contains a His-tag, was recognized by a CCoV-positive serum in a Western blot assay. The optimal concentration of rSP as a coating antigen in the ELISA was 2 μg/mL, and the optimal dilution of enzyme-labeled secondary antibody was 1:10,000. The cutoff OD450 value was established at 0.2395. No reactivity was observed with antisera against canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, or feline calicivirus, indicating that this assay is highly specific. We also tested 64 clinical serum samples using our newly established method, and the positive rate was found to be 82.8%. In conclusion, our assay was found to be highly sensitive and specific for the detection of antibodies against CCoV, and it can therefore serve as a new, efficient diagnostic method.

A type of mutual inductance displacement sensor based on probe circuit board (PCB) technology is discussed in this paper. Firstly, the basic structure and principle of the sensor are introduced and an objective function of calculation is proposed for the optimisation of sensitivity. Then, the influence of design parameters on sensor performance is explored and some design experience is summarised. At the same time, a typical method of circuit implementation for the sensor is introduced and the static experiments are carried out with this method. Compared with the sensors reported in the literature, it is concluded that the index of the experimental sensor has reached a good level.

Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. This study explored the core genes and pathways associated with DKD to identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.Methods: We downloaded microarray datasets GSE96804 and GSE104948 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The dataset includes a total of 53 DKD samples and 41 normal samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the R package “limma”. The Metascape database was subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses to identify the pathway and functional annotations of DEGs. A WGCAN network was constructed, the hub genes in the turquoise module were screened, and the core genes were selected using LASSO regression to construct a diagnostic model that was then validated in an independent dataset. The core genes were verified by in vitro and in vivo experiments.Results: A total of 430 DEGs were identified in the GSE96804 dataset, including 285 upregulated and 145 downregulated DEGs. WGCNA screened out 128 modeled candidate gene sets. A total of eight genes characteristic of DKD were identified by LASSO regression to build a prediction model. The results showed accuracies of 99.15% in the training set (GSE96804) and 94.44% and 100%, respectively, in the test (GSE104948-GPL22945 and GSE104948-GPL24120). Three core genes (OAS1, SECTM1, and SNW1) with high connectivity were selected among the modeled genes. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the upregulation of these genes.Conclusion: Bioinformatics analysis combined with experimental validation identified three novel DKD-specific genes. These findings may advance our understanding of the molecular basis of DKD and provide potential therapeutic targets for its clinical management.

BackgroundBased on the etiology, membranous nephropathy (MN) can be categorized into idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) and secondary membranous nephropathy. Malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy (MMN) is a common type of secondary MN. Its incidence is only second to that of lupus nephritis. As the treatment and prognosis of MMN differ significantly from those of other MNs, the identification of MMN is crucial for clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to develop a model that could efficiently discriminate MMN, to guide more precise selection of therapeutic strategies.MethodsA total of 385 with IMN and 62 patients with MMN, who were hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between January 2017 and December 2020 were included in this study. We constructed a discriminant model based on demographic information and laboratory parameters for distinguishing MMN and IMN. To avoid an increased false positivity rate resulting from the large difference in sample numbers between the two groups, we matched MMN and IMN in a 1:3 ratio according to gender. Regression analysis was subsequently performed and a discriminant model was constructed. The calibration ability and clinical utility of the model were assessed via calibration curve and decision curve analysis.ResultsWe constructed a discriminant model based on age, CD4+ T cell counts, levels of cystatin C, albumin, free triiodothyronine and body mass index, with a diagnostic power of 0.860 and 0.870 in the training and test groups, respectively. The model was validated to demonstrate good calibration capability and clinical utility.ConclusionIn clinical practice, patients demonstrating higher scores after screening with this model should be carefully monitored for the presence of tumors in order to improve their outcome.

This paper examines the relation between productivity and specialisation of firms in business functions. We distinguish between specialisation in R&D, fabrication and marketing based on the firm's employment composition over these functions using unique survey data of Dutch firms. Our results suggest that firms specialised in R&D and marketing are significantly more productive compared to firms specialised in fabrication. We find that measures of upstreamness based on input–output tables do not significantly relate to firm productivity and are uncorrelated to measures of functional specialisation.

In this study, a wavelet denoising method is first used to eliminate the influence of noise. Then, an overlapping smooth window technique is introduced into the asymmetric multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis method, which was combined with the multiscale multifractal analysis method, resulting in the proposed asymmetric multiscale multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis method. This method not only remedies the pseudo-fluctuation defect of the traditional method, but also explores the asymmetric multifractal cross-correlation between China’s rebar futures and spot markets at different scales. The results show the existence of an asymmetric multifractal cross-correlation between rebar futures and spot markets with upward and downward trends at different scales. This cross-correlation is highly complex at the small-scale, and more pronounced when the futures market is in an uptrend.

The concept and logic of the "smile curve" in the context of global value chains has been widely used and discussed at the individual firm level, but rarely identified and investigated at the country and industry levels by using real data. This paper proposes an idea, based on an inter-country input-output model, to consistently measure both the strength and length of linkages between producers and consumers along global value chains. This idea allows for better identification and mapping of smile curves for countries and industries according to their positions and degrees of participation in a given conceptual value chain. Using the 1995-2011 World Input-Output Tables, several conceptual value chains are investigated, including exports of electrical and optical equipment from China and Mexico and exports of automobiles from Japan and Germany. The identified smile curves provide a very intuitive and visual image, which can significantly improve our understanding of the roles played by different countries and industries in global value chains. Further, the smile curves help identify the benefits gained by these countries and industries through their participation in global trade.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-gsj-10.1177_21925682221110180 for Effect of High-Riding Vertebral Artery on the Accuracy and Safety of C2 Pedicle Screw Placement in Basilar Invagination and Related Risk Factors by Lu-Ping Zhou, Ren-Jie Zhang, Hua-Qing Zhang, Zhen-Fei Jiang, Jin Shang and Cai-Liang Shen in Global Spine Journal

A binding interest rate cap on household savings is a common form of financial repression in developing economies and typically benefits banks. Using proprietary data from a leading Chinese FinTech company, we study Fintech's role in ending financial repression in China through the introduction of a money market fund with deposit-like features available through an already widely-adopted household payment platform. Cities and banks whose depositor base is more exposed to FinTech see greater deposit outflows. Importantly, exposed banks respond to FinTech competition by offering competing products with market interest rates. FinTech thus facilitates a bottom-up interest rate liberalization.

While major stock market indices are followed by large monetary investments, we document that membership decisions for the S&P 500 index have a nontrivial amount of discretion. We show that firms’ purchases of S&P ratings appear to improve their chance of entering the index (but purchases of Moody’s ratings do not). Furthermore, firms tend to purchase more S&P ratings when there are openings in the index membership. Such a pattern is also confirmed by an event study that explores a rule change on index membership in 2002. Finally, discretionary additions exhibit subsequent deterioration in financial performance relative to rule-based additions.

We develop a unified framework to trace value added along global supply chains in the presence of foreign direct investment by decomposing either GDP based on forward linkages or final production based on backward linkages. The new framework accounts for the presence of foreign invested enterprises (FIEs), their interactions with local firms in the host countries as well as their activities in international trade. The size of the GVC activities identified with this framework roughly doubles that in the previous literature that treats FIEs the same as local firms. The “missing GVC activities” are more serious for high-tech sectors than for those with a lower R&D intensity, and more serious for high-income economies than for middle-income economies.

Ziyin Huatan Recipe (ZYHT), a traditional Chinese medicine comprised of Lilii Bulbus, Pinelliae Rhizoma, and Hedyotis Diffusa, has shown promise in treating gastric cancer (GC). However, its potential mechanism has not yet been clearly addressed. This study aimed to predict targets and molecular mechanisms of ZYHT in treating GC by network pharmacology analysis and to explore the role of ZYHT in GC both in vitro and in vivo.Targets and molecular mechanisms of ZYHT were predicted via network pharmacology analysis. The effects of ZYHT on the expression of metastasis-associated targets were further validated by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. To explore the specific molecular mechanisms of the effects of ZYHT on migration and invasion, the runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) gene was knocked out by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9, and lentiviral vectors were transfected into SGC-7901 cells. Then lung metastasis model of GC in nude mice was established to explore the anti-metastasis effect of ZYHT. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to explore the impact of ZYHT on the expression of metastasis-related proteins with or without RUNX3 gene.The network pharmacology analysis showed that ZYHT might inhibit focal adhesion, migration, invasion and metastasis of GC. ZYHT inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells in vitro via regulating the expression of metastasis-associated targets. Knocking out RUNX3 almost completely reversed the cell phenotypes (migration and invasion) and protein expression levels elicited by ZYHT. In vivo studies showed that ZYHT inhibited the metastasis of GC cells to the lung and prolonged the survival time of the nude mice. Knocking out RUNX3 partly reversed the metastasis of GC cells to the lung and the protein expression levels elicited by ZYHT.ZYHT can effectively inhibit the invasion and migration of GC in vitro and in vivo, and its molecular mechanism may relate to the upregulation of RUNX3 expression.

The real eective exchange rate (REER) is one of the most cited statistical constructs in open-economy macroeconomics. The conventional measures of the REER assume a world in which every country exports only final goods. With rising importance of oshoring and cross-border trade in intermediate goods, such measures are increasingly flawed. Taking into account international value chains, we develop a theoretical framework to compute REER at the both sector and country levels. The framework nests all existing measures in the literature and addresses their shortcomings. We exploit detailed trade data from the recently available World Input-Output Database(WIOD) spanning the period 1995-2011 to compute the REER for gross output as well as value added for 40 countries and 1435 country-sectors.

The external magnetic flux density and distribution of the permanent magnet (PM) rotor of the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnetic bearing directly affect the load-carrying properties and stability of the HTS magnetic bearing. In order to facilitate the design of the PM rotor that meets the application requirements, a finite element analysis (FEA) method to calculate the magnetic flux density and distribution of PM rings and PM rotor would be used. A magnetic field measurement system was built as well. By comparing the results of calculation and measurement, the validity of the magnetic field calculation method is verified. And the calculation results are promoted after correcting the calculation parameters of the magnetic ring. Therefore, the correctness and accuracy of the calculation method are verified by experimental measurement. The magnetic field measurement system can be used to measure and select the magnetic rings with uniform and consistent magnetic field to improve the stability of the HTS magnetic bearing. And the performance of the Nd2Fe14B magnets N52 at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) was measured, which has been increased by about 9% relative to magnetic field at room temperature (295 K).

How to promote capital account liberalization while preventing financial crises is a challenging task for policymakers. This study proposes a nonlinear (progressive) capital flow tax as a solution. We first demonstrate that the collateral requirement of international borrowing can give rise to multiple equilibria and self‐fulfilling financial crises. We then show that the crisis equilibrium characterized by large exchange rate depreciation, capital flight and welfare loss can be eliminated by imposing a nonlinear (progressive) tax scheme on capital outflows with the marginal tax rate increasing with the size of individual capital outflows. The implementation of such a tax scheme in China is also discussed.

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between household porfolio choices and wealth distribution with micro-survey data in China. We show that due to decreasing relative risk aversion, the rich people tend to hold more complicated portfolios and own high-yield assets of stocks, housing and private businesses. As a result, the return for household portfolio increases with wealth, with the well-heeled gains more over the poor in the capital market. This therefore serves as a reason for wealth concentration and decrease of social mobility. Taxation on capital income slows down the growing process of inequality.

We aim to make two contributions to the literature on the effects of transaction costs on financial price volatility. First, by using a research design with three ingredients (a common set of companies simultaneously listed on two stock exchanges; binding capital controls; different timing of changes in transaction costs), we obtain a control group that has identical corporate fundamentals as the treatment group and is therefore far cleaner than any in the existing literature. We apply the research design to Chinese stocks that are cross-listed in Hong Kong and Mainland. Second, we entertain the possibility that a given transaction cost can have different effects in immature and mature markets. In an immature market where trading is dominated by retail investors with little knowledge of accounting and finance, a Tobin tax should have the best chance of generating its intended effect. In a more mature market, higher transaction costs may also discourage sophisticated investors, hence impeding timely incorporation of fundamental information into prices. We find a significantly negative relation in the Chinese market, on average, between stamp duty increase and price volatility. However, this average effect masks some important heterogeneity. In particular, when institutional investors have become a significant part of traders' pool, we find an opposite effect. This suggests that a Tobin tax may work in an immature market but can backfire in a more developed market.

In this study, a novel intelligent nanoplatform to integrate multiple imaging and therapeutic functions for targeted cancer theranostics. The nanoplatform, DOX@Gd-MFe3O4 NPs, was constructed Gd-doped mesoporous Fe3O4 nanoparticles following with the doxorubicin (DOX) loading in the mesopores of the NPs. The DOX@Gd-MFe3O4 NPs exhibited good properties in colloidal dispersity, photothermal conversion, NIR triggered drug release, and high T1/T2 relaxicity rate (r1=9.64 mM−1s−1, r2= 177.71 mM−1s−1). Benefiting from the high MR contrast, DOX@Gd-MFe3O4 NPs enabled simultaneous T1/T2 dual-modal MR imagining on 4T1 bearing mice in vivo and the MR contrast effect was further strengthened by external magnetic field. In addition, the DOX@Gd-MFe3O4 NPs revealed the strongest inhibition to the growth of 4T1 in vitro and in vivo under NIR irradiation and guidance of external magnetic field. Moreover, biosafety was also validated by in vitro and in vivo tests. Thus, the prepared DOX@Gd-MFe3O4 NPs would provide a promising intelligent nanoplatform for dual-modal MR imagining guided synergistic therapy in cancer theranostics.

Experimental measurements of contact forces are limited to spheres and disks in three and two dimensions, making the evaluation of the shape effect and universality of force distributions and the comparison between experiments and theories extremely difficult. Here we present precise measurements of vector contact forces in photoelastic ellipses and disks subject to isotropic compression and pure shear. We find the local, instead of the global, stress ratio, control the width of the force distributions for forces larger than the mean, regardless of the particle shape and preparation protocols. By taking advantage of the anisotropic particle shape, we can determine the anisotropic growth of contacts in ellipses subject to isotropic compression, revealing the role of non-affine particle motions in homogenizing force distributions. Our results uncover the role of local anisotropy in the statistical framework of granular materials and open a new regime of exploring the role of particle shape on the mechanical and dynamical properties of granular materials in depth., Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures

Additional file 6. The cross-tabulation of diagnostic performance of DECT in all the disease durations.

Additional file 3. The cross-tabulation of diagnostic performance of DECT in the early stage (≤1 yrs).

A binding interest rate cap on household savings is a common form of financial repression in developing economies and typically benefits banks. Using proprietary data from a leading Chinese FinTech company, we study Fintech's role in ending financial repression in China through the introduction of a money market fund with deposit-like features available through an already widely-adopted household payment platform. Cities and banks whose depositor base is more exposed to FinTech see greater deposit outflows. Importantly, exposed banks respond to FinTech competition by offering competing products with market interest rates. FinTech thus facilitates a bottom-up interest rate liberalization. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.