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Water quality is one of the important factors supporting the growth of mangrove ecosystems. The activites of Kampung Sejahtera’s people were allegedly polluted the waters and disturbing the mangrove ecosystem. This study aimed to identify the status of water quality and pollution index in the waters of Kampung Sejahtera, Bengkulu City. The method used is a direct measurement at the research location which was carried out at 9 location points, 5 points representing the waters near the settlements of the prosperous village residents, and 4 location points representing the waters near the mangrove ecosystem. Then the results are compared with the Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 51 of 2004 concerning seawater quality standards for marine biota and to determine the status of water quality by using the pollution index method based on the Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 115 of 2003. The results of this study indicate that the temperature parameter, salinity, and pH met the quality standard while the TSS and DO parameters did not fulfill the quality standard. Based on the results of the calculation of the pollution index that the waters of Kampung Sejahtera are in the category of good condition to lightly pollute.

PLTU Teluk Sepang Bengkulu City produces heat waste dumped back into the sea which affects the quality of the water so that it has a negative impact on marine life. This study aimed to identify the quality of the water around PLTU Teluk Sepang Bengkulu City based on the physical and chemical parameters. The method used was direct measurement at the research location which is carried out at 12 measurement points,i.e 4 points around the outlet area, and 8 points in the off-shore area. The measurement result was compared with seawater quality standard for marine biota based on the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004 and was validated by analysis of sea water quality before the PLTU had operated. The result showed that the some parameters met the quality standards for marine biota included DO of 5.62-7.82, pH and turbidity in the offshore area with each value of 7.24-7.86 and 1.68-4.846 NTU. Meanwhile, the parameters which did not meet quality standards include a temperature of 30.62-36 ºC, a salinity of 26.6-30 ‰, pH and turbidity around the outlet area with each value of 6.7-6.88 and 23.25-146.8 NTU. Based on the validation result, it showed that heat waste had a very significant effect on the physical and chemical parameters of the waters, especially on temperature, pH, and turbidity.

This study aimed to assess the status of seawater quality in the Western Mediterranean Sea, Egypt. The measurement of seawater quality was carried out at two regions, namely El Dekhila harbour and ...

Scarcity of freshwater pushes countries impacted by climate change to investigate new sources of supply. Desalination plants powered by renewable energy can be the solution for a tropical developing country. Collection and treatment of seawater to produce freshwater generate an imbalanced water mass. In the case of a Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant which pumps seawater to produce freshwater and brine as waste, the most important factor is the seawater quality, only available by observation. The design of a plant and its execution will depend on factors such as ambient temperature, salinity, and TDS. The main needs for a good multi-probe marine observation system are low energy consumption, simple monitoring, and coverage of a large area. For the sake of autonomy and ease of use, a functional and robust circuit can be set up using calibrated probes, micro-controllers, and small programmable boards. The use of programmable boards and connected probes are set up as network ‘nodes’ to send in-situ data measured from the water body. These nodes send the data using radio signal with LoRa protocol to a ‘gateway’ to store or transfer them. The parameters were measured at different time intervals, water depths, and distances from the coastline to observe how said factors affect the measurements. The results from the data collected are used to compare ocean modelling and satellite data. We present in this study the implementation of a long-range wireless autonomous sensor network and first validation tests in Jamaica and how it fills lack of information for a desalination project. Results indicate a good correlation between measure, modelling, and remote sensor. LoRa P2P network allows at an affordable price continuous monitoring of remote areas with great autonomy and resilience; results showed a successful transmission of > 80% within the network.

The port area is a diverse business district, both industry and other activities. Even though it is positioned far from residential areas, the impact of its activities indirectly still reaches the surrounding community. The environmental conditions of the port area need to be controlled routinely so that their management does not violate applicable regulations. Environmental management is needed so that risks arising from all activities can be controlled. Panjang Port as one of the well-developed fuel storage terminals as part of the Pelindo II region. This study has been designed to assess air quality and seawater quality around Panjang Port, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. Several air quality parameters and marine water quality parameters were monitored from 2011 to 2013. The air quality sampling conducted in the fuel storage tank area and chemicals as well as supporting facilities. The air quality parameters are SO2, NO2, O3, CO, H2S, and dust. The results of data analysis showed several air quality parameters such as SO2, NO2, O3, dust, H2S, and NH3 are below the threshold of minimum quality standard. Only the CO parameter tends to increase semester to semester. The seawater quality parameters include physical, chemical, and biological quality. Almost the physical quality parameters are below the quality standard, thus the chemical quality too, except the pH and TSS tends to higher than a quality standard. In general, these studies on air quality and seawater quality at the Panjang Port have been carried out well and the results show that the environmental conditions for the Panjang Port area are still quite good, only it is recommended to add a green area around the site.

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between atmospheric parameters, seawater quality and green mussel production which were cultured in pond, estuary and coastal areas. Seawater and mussel samples were collected from mussel farms in the inner Gulf of Thailand from January to December 2019. Climate data were obtained from the Thai Meteorological Department. The correlations between selected atmospheric and seawater parameters were developed using linear and non-linear models. The influence of seawater quality on mussel production was evaluated using principal component analysis and stepwise multiple linear regression. The effects of atmospheric variation on green mussel productivity were simulated. The results showed that high air temperature and rainfall caused an increase in seawater temperature and a decrease in salinity, respectively. It was observed that the most influential factors affecting mussel production were nutrients and dissolved oxygen in ponds, temperature and salinity in estuaries, and nutrients and pH in coastal areas. The simulation indicated that mussel production can deteriorate when air temperature reaches 34°C and rainfall is higher than 200 mm per month. Our results suggest that under climate change events, locations with less riverine influence can provide higher mussel productivity. These results can be used as a guideline for farmers during a climate change event., Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar las relaciones entre los parámetros atmosféricos, la calidad del agua de mar y la producción de mejillones verdes que se cultivaron en estanques, estuarios y áreas costeras. Se recolectaron muestras de agua de mar y mejillones de granjas de mejillones en el interior del Golfo de Tailandia de enero a diciembre de 2019. Los datos climáticos se obtuvieron del Departamento Meteorológico de Tailandia. Las correlaciones entre parámetros atmosféricos y de agua de mar seleccionados se desarrollaron utilizando modelos lineales y no lineales. La influencia de la calidad del agua de mar en la producción de mejillones se evaluó mediante análisis de componentes principales y regresión lineal múltiple paso a paso. Se simularon los efectos de la variación atmosférica sobre la productividad del mejillón verde. Los resultados mostraron que la alta temperatura del aire y las precipitaciones provocaron un aumento de la temperatura del agua de mar y una disminución de la salinidad, respectivamente. Se observó que los factores más influyentes que afectaron la producción de mejillón fueron los nutrientes y el oxígeno disuelto (OD) en los estanques; temperatura y salinidad en estuarios; y nutrientes y pH en zonas costeras. La simulación indicó que la producción de mejillón puede deteriorarse cuando la temperatura del aire alcanza los 34°C y la precipitación supera los 200 mm por mes. Nuestros resultados sugieren que, bajo eventos de cambio climático, los lugares con menos influencia fluvial pueden proporcionar una mayor productividad de mejillón. Estos resultados se pueden utilizar como guía para los agricultores durante un evento de cambio climático.

This paper builds an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) multiple logistic regression model to analyze how socio-economic development impacts mainland China's coastal waters environment. China's coastal provinces have significantly different seawater quality at different stages of the seawater's EKC. Jiangsu and Hebei are still at the early stage of the seawater's EKC because of the large quantity of pollution-intensive industry, whereas the coastal provinces at the late stage of the seawater's EKC have presented obviously improved seawater quality based on adjustments in the industrial structure since 2001. Urbanization has a severe impact on the seawater quality of Shanghai and Zhejiang at the middle stage of the seawater's EKC. Furthermore, this paper proposes an overall strategy and several “tailored” strategies to address coastal waters environment improvement for current poorly targeted policies at different stages of the seawater's EKC.

A direct method for measuring adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) in seawater was developed recently, in which commercial reagents are added directly to seawater. However, calibration is required if seawater quality changes (such as changes in salinity, pH, Mg2+, Fe3+) as the seawater matrix interferes with ATP measurement. In this research, a 0.1 μm filtration process is introduced to eliminate such interferences. In addition, a filter rinsing step with sterilized artificial seawater is proposed to eliminate interference of free ATP. The ATP-filtration method is fast (2 = 0.72, n = 100) with intact cell concentration. Microbial ATP concentration measured using the ATP-filtration method and the ATP-direct method were comparable. Microbial ATP measured along the treatment train of a full-scale seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant decreased from 530 in the raw seawater to 10 ng-ATP/L after pre-treatment and to 0.5 ng-ATP/L in the SWRO permeate. The method was also applied to monitor bacterial growth potential (BGP) across the pre-treatment train of a (pilot) seawater desalination plant, where the removal of BGP through the media filtration and ultrafiltration was 44% and 7%, respectively.

A new seawater laboratory pilot has been installed in order to evaluate the impact of the seawater quality on the performance of nanofiltration membranes and filters. The test program implemented was designed to produce the data required to optimize the design and operating parameters of a subsea sulfate removal plant, particularly with respect to the technology developed by Total, Saipem and Veolia, co-owners of the development. The equipment qualification plan is approaching completion with the development of subsea barrier-fluidless pumps, all-electric control systems, high-cycling valves operated by electric actuators and subsea water analyzers. This presented pilot laboratory study completes this plan. Nanofiltration membranes are commonly used to remove the sulfates found in seawater before the water is injected into wells. The principal advantages of relocating this equipment from topside to subsea are better reservoir sweep control, a substantial subsea water injection network reduction and savings on space and weight on the topsides deck. The move to subsea offers the opportunity to simplify the process due to improved deep water quality. This was previously demonstrated through a subsea test campaign. This new pilot study provides data both on the performance of a plant operating with different feed water quality and on the success of operating changes to further optimize the plant performance. The pilot has been installed at the Palavas-les-Flots site in France. Raw water collected from the basin was mixed with ultra-filtered water in order to calibrate the feed water quality. The pilot includes a two stage nanofiltration configuration and single stage nanofiltration unit. The two stage configuration was used to produce data for operation across an array of feed water quality and plant operating conditions. The single stage unit was used to produce data on membrane fouling over a long operating duration. Results from these tests and discussion on how this data relates to subsea plant performance shall be presented. This innovative approach enables a wide range of subsea water quality to be simulated and tested against different process configurations of the subsea unit. Indeed, for each industrial subsea application, the raw seawater quality is dependent on both the region and the depth of the seawater inlet. With this experimental data acquisition campaign and understanding of the seawater quality at inlet, the system design can be tailor-made for each future application case.

The occurrence of several aquatic contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, were investigated in seawater samples collected from effluent-dominated sites in Indonesia: 4 sites in Jakarta Bay and one on the north coast of Central Java. The data presented in this preliminary study provide a snapshot of seawater quality in these areas. Results show that nutrient parameters exceeded the Indonesian Standard Quality of Seawater limits, and some metals were also present. Interestingly, high concentrations of paracetamol were detected at Angke (610 ng/L) and Ancol (420 ng/L), both in Jakarta Bay. To date, this is the first study to report the presence of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in the coastal waters around Indonesia. The high concentrations detected, compared to other levels reported in scientific literature, raise concerns about the environmental risks associated with long-term exposure and, especially, the impact on nearby shellfish farms. Given pharmaceuticals' consideration as emerging contaminants, these data suggest further investigations are needed.

Xu, H.; Feng, J.; Ji, M.; Fan, S., and Ji, W., 2020. The seawater quality monitoring and data inconsistency processing system based on LoRa sensor network. In: Hu, C. and Cai, M. (eds.), Geo-informatics and Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 105, pp. 219–222. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.With the development of society and the influence of human activity, marine pollution, especially in the coastal area, has become more and more serious. Therefore, research on seawater quality plays an important role in mariculture, marine eutrophication, and algal bloom prediction. The large range and low power consumption conditions of some typical wireless transmission modes used in seawater quality monitoring systems, like ZigBee and 4G, make real-time data collection difficult. In this article, a seawater quality monitoring and data inconsistency processing system based on “long-range” (LoRa) technology is proposed. In the system, the seawater quality information is collected by the LoRa-based sensor network and transmitted to the cloud platform to perform data analysis and processing. In order to reduce the inconsistency of the data collected by multiple sensors, the algorithm of data inconsistency elimination, which is based on evidence theory and thresholds, is presented. The performances of the proposed algorithm and several other typical algorithms are evaluated through experiments. Simulation results show that the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is superior to the other compared typical algorithms, and the LoRa-based sensor network can achieve a reliable and stable performance.

الملخص إن الخصائص البكتيرية و الفيزيوكيميائية لمياه البحر لها تأثير مباشر في صحة الإنسان، لذا اهتمت هذه الدراسة بالكشف عن مؤشرات التلوث بشاطئ رجيش، بمدينة المهدية شرق الساحل التونسي، والتحري بخصوص حساسية البكتيريا المعزولة للمضادات الحيوية. شمل هذا البحث عينات من مياه البحر والرواسب خلال أربعة أشهر متتالية، وتبين أن إجمالي المواد الصلبة العالقة والمركبات العضوية المولدة، أعلى من المعايير المقبولة في تونس، كما جرى الكشف عن المكورات المعوية البرازية في جميع المواقع، مما يدل على التلوث البرازي البشري والحيواني للماء. كانت جميع السلالات المعزولة شديدة المقاومة للريفامبيسين والجنتاميسين والكلورامفينيكول والأمبيسيلين والأزيثروميسين. أمام هذه الوضعية، يوصى بالانتباه إلى عملية معالجة مياه المصارف، واعتماد تقنية المعالجة الثلاثية قبل تصريفها في البحر، للمحافظة على الصحة العامة والحد من التلوث المائي وانتشار الأمراض. Bacterial and physicochemical properties of seawater have a crucial impact on human health. Data about these characteristics in Rejiche Cost, a touristic and a fishing area in Tunisia are limited. Thus, in the present study, seawater and sediment samples were collected during four successive months. Various physicochemical and microbial properties were screened to ascertain the safety of water for swimming. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using disc diffusion method. Total suspended solid, turbidity, absorbable organic halogen, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand were higher than accepted norms in Tunisia. Enterococcus faecalis was detected in all the sites indicating a human fecal contamination. All isolated strains were highly resistant to rifampicin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and azithromycin. Our results showed that the situation in Rejiche cost is alarming. Treatment of wastewater discharges requires intensive monitoring to improve seawater quality and to respect the required healthy standards.

Temperature, pH and trace elements (F, P, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) contents were determined in 16 stations as well as in 2 industrial and 2 domestic discharge sources, in the central coastal area of the Gulf of Gabes. Compared to the northern and southern areas of the study area, the highest contents of contaminants were reached in the central area which hosts the coastal industrial complex. The seawater in this central area was also found to be acid and of higher temperature. Based on the Water Pollution Index results, an increasing degradation gradient of the seawater quality was revealed from northern and/or southern stations to central ones, categorized as ‘strongly to seriously affected’. Phosphogypsum wastes dumped by the Tunisian Chemical Group (GCT) seem to have continuously degraded the seawater quality in the study area. A rapid intervention is needed to stop the effects on the marine environment.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are global threats to marine ecosystems, fisheries, and human health. Therefore, developing effective and accurate methods for identifying causative algae and monitoring seawater quality is urgent. However, traditional, microscopy-based methods are complex, inaccurate, and time-consuming. Here, we present a novel method for effective and sensitive detection of Chattonella marina using hyper-branched rolling circle amplification (HRCA) and HRCA-based strip test (HBST). The large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) D1–D2 region of C. marina was firstly sequenced to design a species-specific padlock probe (PLP). The HRCA reaction with two amplification primers and further HBST for C. marina was established. The optimized reaction conditions for HRCA were PLP concentration, 20 pM; ligation temperature, 65 °C; ligation time, 60 min; amplification temperature, 61 °C; and amplification time, 60 min. The developed HBST detection procedure involved HRCA reaction, test strip preparation, hybridization, coloration, and judgment of hybridization by the naked eye. Specificity and sensitivity of the established methods were validated. Moreover, the results showed that the established detection methods were specific and sensitive to C. marina. The detection limits of HRCA and HBST assays were 10 copies and 1 copy μL–1 of plasmid with LSU rDNA of C. marina, which are of two and three respective magnitude orders higher than conventional PCR. Finally, the protocols were applied to the simulated field samples and the results showed that the developed HBST assay had higher detection sensitivity than HRCA and PCR. In conclusion, the methods presented in this study are promising for sensitive, intuitive, and specific detection of C. marina in field monitoring natural samples and may provide a good detection model for other harmful algae in the future.

The selection of an appropriate sampling frequency is very important in monitoring coastal seawater quality. The present study sought to optimize the sampling frequency for coastal seawater quality monitoring. We combined mathematical models with natural and human activities by the analytic hierarchy process method. The study was designed to consider historical monitoring data, regulated seawater quality standard, tide, land use, and ship activities in optimizing coastal seawater sampling frequency in Ha Long Bay, Vietnam. The study results indicated that monitoring activities should focus in points having high human activities as well as high concentration of TSS, ammonium, and oil. Points S1-S8 should have high sampling frequency (16-30 samples/year), whereas points S23-S28 can have low sampling frequency (3-5 samples/year). In a year, monitoring activities should be focused in June, July, and August with the number of samples of 42, 54, and 44 pear year (weighting values 0.120, 0.161, and 0.112), respectively. It should consider the mathematical aspects associated with natural and human factors when calculating sampling frequency for coastal seawater quality monitoring. Proposed optimization method can be applied for other coastal regions.

The study provides an assessment of sand dredging activities from the bottom of the sea during 2016 in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Total Suspended Solids were analyzed from 2010 until 2016 in the northern and eastern locations according to the Manual of oceanographic observations and pollutant analyses methods. Fifty five percent of sand dredging companies complied with some legislation such as air quality and occupational health. Almost all lacked any compliancy evidence supporting environmental protection. Only 9% of these sand companies use siltation processes to the dredged materials. Siltation is an important step to avoid dispersion of sand into the marine environment. Ambient Total Suspended Solids was around 6.1 mgl−1 ± Standard Error and the study recommends 10 mgl−1 level as an accepted concentration in samples taken from 500 meters away from the dredgers and 100 mgl−1 in samples taken from the middle of the generated silt plumes. The effect of climatic temperatures, dust storms and rain levels on seawater Total Suspended Solids concentration has been briefly discussed. The study concludes no significance seasonal or spatial variation on the ambient Total Suspended Solids concentration. It recommends coupling remote sensing with the conventional data collection and integration of modelling efforts for effective cost benefit monitoring and management of the coastal waters.

Marine and coastal ecosystems are vulnerable to water pollution which can come from the land and coastal activities. The establishment of seawater quality standards is the basis for ecological risk assessment of marine pollution. In this paper we describe the development of our seawater quality metric, so-called the UI BlueMetric. Seawater quality conditions were studied using a seawater sample from Carita Beach, Sukarame Village, Province of Banten, Indonesia. UI BlueMetric quantifies the level of seawater conditions state. Laboratory test results processed on UI BlueMetric tools showed that the seawater from Carita Beach scored 2775 out 5700 for the seawater quality criteria of UI BlueMetric

Sea surface temperature (SST), surface chlorophyll (SChl), Sea surface salinity (SSS), and total suspended solids (TSS) are some critical seawater quality parameters (SWQP) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) of Bangladesh. The research objectives were to investigate the distribution of SST, SChl, SSS, and TSS in the Summer and Winter seasons of 2014, 2018, and 2020 and denominate the spatial and temporal variation of these parameters in the BoB. The MODIS-Aqua, VIIRS-SNPP level-3 ocean color, and Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS multitemporal images were used and the Geographical Information System (GIS), and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques were applied for interpreting and mapping the output. The results asserted that temporally in the Summer season SChl and SSS increased by 11.02% and 7.96% respectively and TSS decreased by 14.25% from 2014 to 2020. On the other hand, in the Winter season, SST and SSS decreased by 3.37% and 3.38% respectively and SChl and TSS increased by 2.32% and 70.95% respectively from 2014 to 2020. Besides, in the Summer season, the maximum values of SST, SChl, and TSS were 30.16 °C, 2.61 mg/m3, 268.45 mg/l respectively and in the Winter season, the maximum values were 25.06 °C, 2.93 mg/m3, 192.31 mg/l respectively. Spatially, all the maximum values of SST, SChl, and TSS were concentrated in areas near the coastline. Contrary, the maximum values of SSS were 29.01 ppt and 31.21 ppt in the Summer and Winter seasons respectively and both values were coagulated in the open sea area. Seasonally, The SST and TSS were higher in the Summer season and SChl and SSS were higher in the Winter season for all the years in the BoB.

Coastal area is a typical, complex area interacted between terrestrial and ocean systems. Catastrophic regime shifts of coastal ecosystem may occur as a result of gradual changing forces exerted by external factors. In this study, we presented an indicator-based framework which includes the land-water-biodiversity (LWB) nexus indices of catastrophe analysis to emphasize resilience of Xiamen, a coastal city of China, associated with implementation of integrated coastal management (ICM). The results demonstrate the changes of equilibria in land, water, and biodiversity subsystems that were divided into three periods (1996–2000, 2000–2012, and 2012–2015). The implementation of several ICMs helped to preserve resilient coastal ecosystems since 1997, which indicates effective guidance of resilient coastal management on coastal land, water and biodiversity. Based on trends of indicator changes, we identified the main indicators controlling catastrophic transformation of the LWB nexus system state, which include built-up area and coastal reclaimed area in land subsystem, seawater quality in water subsystem, and all four biodiversity indices. The identified key drivers to catastrophic regime shifts can help to navigate decision making in resilient coastal ecosystem management. The Xiamen case study provides a systematic and quantitative framework for resilience assessment of integrated coastal management and sustainable development.

This paper reviews some seawater quality evaluation methods such as Ocean Health Index (OHI) and Puget Sound Partnership (PSP). In this paper, we discuss our UI BlueMetric assessment tools which is a new tool proposed as performance indicators of coastal areas in terms of its biodiversity, water quality, waste, and human activity. This paper presents a benchmarking of BlueMetric with two existing marine assessment tools. We compare UI BlueMetric to the OHI and PSP in terms of the assessment of the seawater quality in the coastal area. The coastal area environmental quality has produced a growing body of literature with meta-analyses on methods. The considerations and evaluation systems that influenced its original design are presented. We also discussed the comparison framework. This paper presents the methodology used in different seawater quality evaluation, the intended users, as well as discussing the difference in the goals and missions of the assessment tools. This paper concludes that all of the three evaluation systems have some similarities in their indicators related to seawater evaluation. UI BlueMetric has the least number of parameters so that it is suitable to be applied in early assessment.

Seawater desalination plants that use reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have become a core part of social infrastructure, and should be designed to meet the needs of product water quality and production capacity, while considering various environmental factors such as the seawater quality, temperature and geographical features. Furthermore, stable operation while overcoming various problems should be achieved alongside the increasing demands for energy saving and cost reduction. As no universal plant apparatus and operation technology meets these various requirements, the plants need to be customized for individual solutions. This paper reviews and summarizes the proven technologies, including their advantages/disadvantages, and points to cutting-edge technologies related to the design and operation maintenance of seawater intake, pre-treatment and the RO desalination process.

Evaluation on sustainability of coastline utilization was one of the hot topics in marine environmental science. Based on high-resolution remote sensing images, coastlines can be divided into natural coastlines and artificial coastlines. Natural coastlines are mainly converted to harbor coastline and mariculture coastline. In this study, a new comprehensive model was proposed to assess the sustainability on utilization of coastline and applied to a typical case of Beibu Gulf, China. Comprehensive economic output efficiency (EOE) of artificial coastlines was obtained by integrating the contribution weight and applying linear combination model. In addition, the P–S-R framework integrated with fuzzy mathematics model and linear combination method was constructed to evaluate the disturbance intensity of human activities on the natural coastlines (DI) by taking petrochemical plants, ports, sewage outlets and aquaculture intensity as pressure indicators, seawater quality status near the coastline as state indicators, and whether the coastline was within nature reserve boundaries as the response indicator. Rely on the EOE and DI, the cities involved in the evaluation were finally categorized into four groups: group 1 with high economic output efficiency and low ecological impacts, group 2 with high economic output efficiency and high ecological impacts, group 3 with low economic output efficiency and low ecological impacts, group 4 with low economic output efficiency and high ecological impacts. The results showed that: (1) natural coastlines retention ratios were 52.45%, 57.97% and 76.15% in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan Province respectively. In addition, 8.66%, 10.47% and 5.17% of the coastlines with high disturbance from human activities in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan Province respectively were identified; (2) only 4 of 29 cities were categorized into the group with high economic output and low ecological impacts, indicating that most of the coastal cities in Beibu Gulf of China was at a relatively low level of sustainability. The proposed indices system and the integrated analysis framework were proved to be feasible for evaluating sustainable utilization of coastlines, which can be applied to other case studies. The results of evaluation provided valuable information for decision-makers to optimize coastal land use policy targeting at the balance of development and conservation.

According to research data of the Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1992, current variation and horizontal distribution of Pb content in the bottom waters of the Jiaozhou Bay from the south of the bay mouth to the center of the bay were studied. The results show that in May, August, and October, Pb content in the Jiaozhou Bay water ranges from 4.20 to 24.39μg/L, which is in line with the national Class II, Class III, and Class IV seawater quality standards. This result indicates that in May, August and October, in the studied waters, the water quality was slightly, moderately and heavily polluted by Pb content, further revealing that under the effect of vertical water bodies, the bottom waters from the south of the bay mouth to the southeast of the bay, to the center and the southwest of the bay have been severely polluted by human discharge of Pb content. In addition, in the bottom waters of the Jiaozhou Bay from the south of the bay mouth to the center of the bay, Pb content showed high settlement: in May, the southeastern waters; in August, in the central waters; in October, in the southern waters. Therefore, the lead content of Jiaozhou Bay in different months and different places showed high deposition.

According to the water quality monitoring data of Jinzhou Bay in July 2018, September 2018 and September 2019, the change trend of seawater quality in Jinzhou Bay is analysed. The results showed that the degree of eutrophication increased with time. The excessive emission of active phosphate is the main reason for this phenomenon. In recent years, large-scale dredging and land reclamation have been carried out in Jinzhou Bay, which has effectively removed the polluted sediment and effectively controlled and improved the heavy metal pollution in Jinzhou Bay. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly control the discharge of polluted oil into the sea.

In seawater aquariums, seawater quality plays a very important role for the survival of the biota in it. There are measurement parameters that determine the quality of the seawater fit to be inhabited by seawater ornamental fish such as clown fish. Measurement parameters are such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen content (DO), pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. Current technological developments make it possible to create a system that automatically conducts seawater drainage in a seawater aquarium so that the quality of the seawater remains in accordance with its measurement parameters and is fit for habitation by seawater ornamental fish such as clown fish. In this study the measurement parameters that become the reference are the temperature, pH (acidity) values obtained from the temperature sensor and the pH sensor. For normal temperatures, if the temperature is in the range of 24°C to 28°C, while for the ideal temperature is in the range of 25-27°C. For an appropriate pH in a saltwater aquarium is 7.5-8.5 with an ideal pH of 8.2. From the results of measurements made by these sensors, the value will be processed using the fuzzy logic method, then the condition of sea water quality in the aquarium can be seen from the smartphone, and when the measurement results show an inappropriate value, the system will automatically drain the water

In recent years, with the increasing emphasis on environmental resources, the research into seawater determination methods has been very active, and the means of quality detection are continuously updated and interpenetrated. New research methods emerge continuously. This chapter provides historical background on means of seawater quality detection and discusses the pros and cons of the various methods being used currently.

The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of new air backwash on dead-end ultrafiltration of seawater with a pilot at semi-industrial scale (20 m3/day). To control membrane fouling, two different backwashes were used to clean the membrane: classical backwash (CB) and new air backwash (AB) that consists of injecting air into the membrane module before a classical backwash. To evaluate the efficiency of AB and CB, a resistance in series model was used to calculate each resistance: membrane (Rm), reversible (Rrev) and irreversible (Rirr). The variation of the seawater quality was considered by integrating the turbidity variation versus time. The results indicate clearly that AB was more performant than CB and frequency of AB/CB cycles was important to control membrane fouling. In this study, frequencies of 1/5 and 1/3 appear more efficient than 1/7 and 1/9. In addition, the operation conditions (flux and time of filtration) had an important role in maintaining membrane performance&mdash, whatever the variation of the seawater quality.

To understand the status of the radionuclides released during the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, the 134Cs, 137Cs and 90Sr in the seawater in the public area of the northwest Pacific Ocean were analyzed in November–December 2012. The radioactivity of 134Cs, 137Cs and 90Sr decreased sharply from June 2011 to November–December 2012. The highest average values of 134Cs and 137Cs were found at a depth of 500 m, suggesting that 134Cs and 137Cs had been transported to a depth of 500 m or deeper by the end of 2012. Total inventories of 0.80 ± 0.20 pBq for 137Cs from the surface to a depth of 500 m and 0.07 ± 0.02 pBq for 90Sr from the surface to a depth of 100 m were obtained in the waters southeast of Fukushima. 134Cs was detectable in the Chinese exclusive economic zone, and the seawater quality was much lower than the target level for China.

The establishment of water quality criteria (WQC) for oil pollutants is the basis for ecological risk assessment of marine oil pollution. Ecotoxicity data of oil pollutants to marine organisms in China were collected and toxicity test of oil to nine Chinese marine organisms were performed. Based on the WQC guidelines of the United States, the sea WQC of oil pollutants in China were studied. Then, the ecological risk of oil in 7 sea areas of China was assessed. Results showed that the long-term and short-term criteria of oil pollutants in China are 7.3 μg/L and 36 μg/L, respectively. Except for Qinhuangdao and Xiamen sea areas, the highest oil concentration in the other five sea areas exceeded the long-term WQC by >10 times, and the highest oil concentration in the Pearl River Estuary exceeded the long-term WQC by >100 times, indicating serious ecological risk.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained an error in the affiliation section.

Inland pollution sources of Doam bay were investigated from August to October in 2013. A total of 210 sources including rivers, streams, domestic, agricultural and industrial discharge points were identified along the coast, including 32 sources that had outflow. Agricultural sources were the largest inland pollution sources (139, 66.2%). Fecal coliform concentrations were measured. These data were combined with water discharge data to determine daily loads of pollutants discharged from each source into the bay. Fecal coliform concentrations were the highest in domestic discharges. However, they only had slight influence because their discharge volume was small. The most significant pollution source was Tamjin River (St.85) due to large amount of discharge volume. The influence of St.85 reached almost half of Doam bay. Fecal coliform levels of streams increased after rainfall, but decreased overtime. Domestic pollution sources were not affected upon rain event.

A baseline survey was carried out at four beaches along Ghana’s Accra-Tema coastline over a period of sixteen weeks to determine beach quality, seawater quality and the perception of beach users towards littering. A total of 18,241 items of marine debris which weighed 297.59 kg were collected. Plastic materials were the dominant debris, accounting for 63.72% of total debris. Land-based marine debris formed the largest proportion of debris collected (93% of items/m2 and 85 kg/m2). Water quality analysis revealed high mean levels of coliforms and E. coli above World Health Organization (WHO) levels on all four beach locations. A social survey that targeted beach users and some stakeholders revealed a habit of littering and beach users as the main source of litter generation on Ghana’s beaches. Intensive education, continuous monitoring and the enforcement of appropriate policy initiatives remain vital to addressing beach and water quality issues along Ghana’s coastline.

Many coastal cities in the world have adopted submarine outfall as the solution for their sewage disposal. Brazil, a country with a coastline of 7,500 km, or quite more if one includes the perimeters of bays, has had a good experience with submarine outfalls for sewage disposal. It has proved to be a safe and economical solution to keep coastal waters to meet quality standards. The paper covers aspects such as bathing standards, legislation, refers to the main outfalls in Brazil, suggested pretreatment, and trends in the outfall design.

A hydrodynamic and water quality model for seawater around Wailingding Island was configured and validated. The model was further used to predict future scenarios in terms of increasement in sewage discharge and upgradation in sewage treatment, and the corresponding impacts on coral growth were assessed. Water quality parameters of interest included dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), NH4+-N and NO3−-N. The validation results showed that the correlation coefficients for hydrodynamics and water quality were about 0.9 and 0.7, respectively; and the sewage discharge optimization should mainly control dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to support coral growth. The prediction and assessment indicated that when there was no sewage discharge, the DIN concentration was approximately 0.312 mg/L, which couldn't meet eutrophication required by coral, reducing the DIN concentration economically and effectively to decrease the impacts on coral was the goal of sewage discharge optimization. When sewage discharge rose to 1500 t/d, the DIN concentration of the area with coral distributed increased by 10.3%. Considering that local sewage treatment cost was expensive and seawater exchange capacity was strong, as well as to maximize the benefits, BOD and DIN emission control standards were proposed: 218 mg/L and 42 mg/L, respectively. These results were helpful for sewage discharge optimization and coral protection at Wailingding Island.

The valuation of services linked to the coastal environment can provide useful information for decision-makers and, therefore, contribute to costal management strategies. By focussing on services in terms of uses, this case study particularly aims at evaluating the socio-economic activities along the French Mediterranean coast and the corresponding sensitivity to a major pollution event. The assessment comprises a large spectrum of coastal activities (market and non market) that are directly or indirectly linked to seawater quality. To estimate their values (monetary and nonmonetary), quantitative and semi-quantitative measures were used. These values, translated into indexes and presented in their geographical context, allow a socio-economic sensitivity mapping of the French Mediterranean coastal zones as a tool for spatial planning for decision-makers. The resulting maps help to identify and characterize coastal zones that are particularly sensitive to anthropogenic impacts such as marine pollution.

There were 48 sea water samples collected from Bohai Bay (China) in autumn, 2013. In surface water the heavy metal content from high to low was Cu, Zn, Cr, As, Pb, Cd, Hg, as Zn, Cu, Cr, As, Pb, Cd, Hg in bottom water. Cr and As were up to the first class value of the seawater quality standard except Zn and Cu.

Based on the investigation data of Chromium (Cr) in Jiaozhou Bay waters in1981, this paper analyzed the content, distribution and sources of Cr in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that the contents of Cr were lower than 50.00 μg.L-1 in the full year, as reached Grade I in according to National Standard of China for Seawater Quality (GB3097-1997). Stream discharge from the major rivers was the unique pollution source for Cr. Cr contents in estuaries and offshore areas ranged from 0.48-32.32 μg.L-1 and 0.18-1.85μg.L-1, respectively.

Based on the investigation data of Plumbum (Pb) in surface waters in Jiaozhou Bay in April, August and November 1981, this paper analyzed the content, distribution and source of Pb. Results showed that Pb contents in April, August and November ranged from 0.20-2.65 μg. L-1, 0.79-3.34 μg. L-1 and 0.00-3.00 μg. L-1, respectively, all of which were lower than Grade II (5.00 μg.L-1) in according to National Standard of China for Seawater Quality (GB3097-1997). Agricultural non-point source and urban point source were the major pollution source of Pb in spring (growing season) and autumn (dry season), respectively; while both point and non-point sources were responsible in summer (wet season).

Based on the investigation data of Cadmium (Cd) in Jiaozhou Bay waters in1981, this paper analyzed the content, distribution and sources of Ca in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that the contents of Cd were lower than 1.00μg.L-1 in the full year, as reached Grade I in according to National Standard of China for Seawater Quality (GB3097-1997). There were two major sources for Cd. One was atmosphere precipitation; another was land pollution from the major rivers, played the major role in spring and summer, respectively. While in autumn, both atmosphere precipitation and land pollution decreased, and there was little Cd pollution in the Bay.

As the fast development of social economics, pollution accidents become more and more frequent. Yangtze estuary wetland is an important nature reserve. Evaluation of water quality becomes important in this area. However, evaluating water quality needs to concern many criteria such as chemical oxygen demand and content of harmful elements. Simply implement of criteria can cause bad results. This paper use Wavelet neural network to evaluate seawater quality of Chinese sturgeon reserve of the Yangtze estuary wetland in Spawning season successfully and calculate the quantities of floating animals and plants. The analysis also set up good mechanism of seawater quality evaluation.