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Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and RBP2 sequence data from Phaeocollybia collections made at Cascade Head Experimental Forest in Oregon support recognition of a new species, P. chefensis. Collections of the new species were previously referred to P. tibiikauffmanii. Sequence analyses also establish that P. tibiikauffmanii is a synonym of P. spadicea, P. rifflipes is a synonym of P. lilacifolia, and P. rufotubulina is a synonym of P. californica. A revised general key to Pacific Northwest Phaeocollybia species is provided.

The genus

Mushrooms named Gymnopilus spectabilis and G. junonius have been reported widely in North America on both dead hardwood or dead or living conifers. Based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and large ribosomal subunit (LSU), we found that although Gymnopilus junonius (= G. spectabilis s. auct.) is widespread in Europe, South America, and Australia, none of the limited sequences available from North America represent this species. We report five species of this group from North America, including three previously described species, G. luteus, G. subspectabilis, and G. ventricosus, and two new species, Gymnopilus voitkii and Gymnopilus speciosissimus. We recognize a sister species to G. luteus, based on sequences previously reported as G. spectabilis from China, Japan, and the Russian Far East, but, lacking material to describe it as a new species, we give it an informal clade name, /sororiluteus. Another new species in this complex is described from Japan, as Gymnopilus orientispectabilis. Species in this group may be distinguished by their ITS sequences as well as by macro- and micromorphology, substrate, and geography.

Donald John Stoddart Barr (FIG. 1) was born on September 18, 1937, and grew up in wartime England near Guildford in Surrey. With a large garden, forests, and fields around his country home, Donald,...

Two new species, Fomitopsis mounceae and F. schrenkii (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) in the F. pinicola species complex in North America, are described and illustrated. Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses identified three well-delimited lineages that represent F. mounceae and F. ochracea from Canada, the Appalachian Mountains, and the northern United States and F. schrenkii from western and southwestern regions of the United States. Fomitopsis pinicola sensu stricto is restricted to Eurasia and does not occur in North America. Morphological descriptions of basidiocarps and cultures for F. mounceae, F. schrenkii, and F. ochracea are presented. The three species are readily differentiated by nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) sequence, geographic distribution, and basidiospore size. Polyporus ponderosus H. Schrenk is an earlier illegitimate synonym of F. schrenkii. Both F. mounceae and F. schrenkii have a heterothallic multiallelic incompatibility system.

It is now a decade since The International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) produced an overview of requirements and best practices for describing a new fungal species. In the meantime the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp) has changed from its former name (the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) and introduced new formal requirements for valid publication of species scientific names, including the separation of provisions specific to Fungi and organisms treated as fungi in a new Chapter F. Equally transformative have been changes in the data collection, data dissemination, and analytical tools available to mycologists. This paper provides an updated and expanded discussion of current publication requirements along with best practices for the description of new fungal species and publication of new names and for improving accessibility of their associated metadata that have developed over the last 10 years. Additionally, we provide: (1) model papers for different fungal groups and circumstances; (2) a checklist to simplify meeting (i) the requirements of the ICNafp to ensure the effective, valid and legitimate publication of names of new taxa, and (ii) minimally accepted standards for description; and, (3) templates for preparing standardized species descriptions.

A commentary is provided on the seven formally published proposals to modify the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) that will be dealt with by the Fungal Nomenclature Session (FNS) of the 11th International Mycological Congress (IMC11) in July 2018. The proposals deal with four issues: (1) clarification of the meaning of “original material” in relation to the typification of sanctioned names; (2) indication of the nomenclatural status of sanctioned names in author citations; (3) use of DNA sequences as nomenclatural types; and (4) use of repository identifiers as an alternative to author citations. Information is also provided on the composition and role of the Fungal Nomenclature Bureau and the operation of the FNS and the pre-Congress Guiding vote.

A revised version of Chapter F of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants is presented, incorporating amendments approved by the Fungal Nomenclature Session of the 11th International Mycological Congress held in San Juan, Puerto Rico in July 2018. The process leading to the amendments is outlined. Key changes in the San Juan Chapter F are (1) removal of option to use a colon to indicate the sanctioned status of a name, (2) introduction of correctability for incorrectly cited identifiers of names and typifications, and (3) introduction of option to use name identifiers in place of author citations. Examples have been added to aid the interpretation of new Articles and Recommendations, and Examples have also been added to the existing Art. F.3.7 concerning the protection extended to new combinations based on sanctioned names or basionyms of sanctioned names (which has been re-worded), and to Art. F.3.9 concerning typification of names accepted in the sanctioning works.

The rust species Puccinia graminis and P. striiformis sensu stricto are important cereal pathogens, most well-known for causing the diseases stem rust and stripe rust on wheat and generating significant yield losses. Early and accurate detection of the pathogens would facilitate effective control of the diseases. In the present study, we developed real-time PCR assays to detect the specific lineages that include the wheat pathogens for each species complex, as identified using multi-gene DNA sequence analyses. Four DNA loci, for a comprehensive set of target and closely related fungi collected from diverse hosts and geographic regions, were explored to search for suitable lineage-specific probes: β-tubulin (BT), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Four TaqMan® real-time PCR assays were designed based on either the BT or RPB2 genes: one targeting Puccinia Series Striiformis (PSBT), one targeting P. striif...

We explored evolutionary relationships within the Lyophyllaceae by combining sequence data from six loci. The most likely phylogram led us to reconsider the Lyophyllaceae classification with the recognition of two new genera (Myochromella and Sagaranella) based on ecological and/or morphological distinctiveness. Lyophyllaceae are ecologically highly diversified and our phylogeny suggests that four to five ecological transitions from free-living to parasitic or mutualistic lifestyles have occurred within the family. Due to moderate phylogenetic support recovered for several relationships within that clade and due to the uncertainty about the ecological strategy adopted by five of the sampled species, three out of these transitions could be unequivocally reconstructed suggesting that saprotrophy is plesiomorphic for Lyophyllaceae. Significant differences in rates of molecular evolution were detected among taxa. These differences are not associated with ecological transitions throughout the Lyophyllaceae, however, within each of the major clades identified in the family, taxa of different ecological strategies show an overall tendency to evolve at different speeds at the molecular level.

The morphological variation of basidiomata of Filoboletus manipularis (Berk) Singer collected in southern Viet Nam was studied. Phylogenetic analyses comprising three gene loci indicated that these collections, although exhibiting widely varying morphologies, represented a single species with a population composed of genetically diverse, sexually compatible monokaryon parental strains. No correlation was found between any aspect of morphological variation and intraspecific phylogenetic patterns for the three gene loci studied. Primers were designed to amplify the intron-rich 5′ region of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1α) and amplicons cloned and sequenced to characterize the parental haplotypes for individual basidiomata. The presence of recombination over the entire morphological diversity seen was confirmed by split decomposition analysis and analysis of gene diversity indicated a lack of allelic fixation within local populations. On several occasions, more than two apparent parental haplotypes were characterized from individual basidiomata, indicating that at least some basidiomata are chimeric or otherwise develop from a multinucleate condition. The literature supporting our observations of the occurrence of multinucleate basidiomata is reviewed and possible mechanisms for this phenomenon are proposed.

Niu-chang-chih, a medicinal polypore restricted to Taiwan on the endemic tree species Cinnamomum kanehirae, currently goes by the names Antrodia cinnamomea T.T. Chang &W.N. Chou, A. camphorata (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu & al., and Taiwanofungus camphoratus (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu & al., the latter two based on Ganoderma camphoratum M. Zang & C.H. Su. The basidiocarps on the holotypes for the two basionyms Antrodia cinnamomea and Ganoderma camphoratum are of niu-chang-chih. The first validly published name that was applied to this species was G. camphoratum M. Zang & C.H. Su published in 1990. However, the original type of G. camphoratum consisted of mixed material, consisting chiefly of a basidiocarp of niu-chang-chih but also of the spores of another unrelated fungus. The two elements are represented in the original description and accompanying illustrations. Later Chang & Chou (2004) lectotypifed G. camphoratum limiting it to the spores described and illustrated by Zang and Su, the only portion of the original type that Chang and Chou believed to belong in Ganoderma, and applied the name Antrodia cinnamomea Chang & Chou (1995) to niu-chang-chih. Many, however, reject Chang and Chou's conclusions and continue to apply the name Ganoderma camphoratum, and combinations based on it (i.e., Antrodia camphoratum,Taiwanofungus camphoratus), to niu-chang-chih, relegating Antrodia cinnamomea to synonymy. Based on careful examination of the type of G. camphoratum, it is concluded that the spores upon which Chang and Chou's lectotype is based are a minor admixture with the original gathering of the niu-chang-chih specimen and thus cannot serve as the lectotype for the name Ganoderma camphoratum. Ganoderma camphoratum is lectotypified here so as to exclude the spores present in the original holotype that are not from niu-chang-chih. Furthermore, since this conclusion could be subject to challenge and the species is exceptionally important medicinally and economically, we also propose to conserve the name with a conserved type that is consistent with the lectotype effected herein. An overview of the taxonomy of niu-chang-chih is also provided and a new combination, Taiwanofungus salmoneus, for a related species is effected.

Introduction Since its initiation in 1951, Taxon has become the medium for the publication of proposals of “nomina conservanda” and, since 1975, of “nomina utique rejicienda” under Art. 14 and Art. 56, respectively, of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) (ICN, McNeill & al Regnum Veg. 154. 2012). Publication in Taxon constitutes the submission to the General Committee required under Art. 14.12 and 56.2. The first formal guidelines for the preparation of such proposals appeared in 1994 (Nicolson & Greuter in Taxon 43: 109–113. 1994); these were most recently updated by McNeill & al. in Taxon 61: 248–251. 2012, and the following represents a further update reflecting the publication of the Melbourne Code and its Appendices (Wiersema & al. in Regnum Veg. 157. 2015). At the request of its Nomenclature Section, the Tokyo Congress in 1993 urged “plant taxonomists ... to avoid displacing well-established names for purely nomenclatural reasons”. This, and an instruction by the Section that the Permanent Nomenclature Committees “make full use of the options that the Code now provides”, emerged from the very substantial broadening of the scope for conservation and rejection of names that was adopted at that Congress. The prime criterion for conservation and rejection of names is the avoidance of “disadvantageous nomenclatural change” (Art. 14.1, 56.1). Botanists should, therefore, explore the possibility of conservation or rejection of names before introducing any such nomenclatural change (see “Deciding to make a proposal”, below).

Historically, nonlichenized fungi in two phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with pleomorphic life cycles may have more than one acceptable legitimate name with priority given to names typified by teleomorphs. This idea has been challenged amidst considerable prolonged debate. An intermediate step towards normalized nomenclature was made in Vienna through the introduction ofteleomorph epitypes. A Special Committee was formed to provide guidance on another proposal to prohibit future dual nomenclature and to review the need for Article 59. Committee membership fluctuated between ten and twelve individuals whose opinions were divided over three options: (1) delete Article 59, (2) remove the option for epitypification, or (3) revise the Article further. The Committee reached an impasse and as a body could not recommend acceptance or rejection of any particular proposal. A set of proposals discussed by the Committee is made separately and independently.

(221) Add a new Note after Art. 7.8 to read as follows: "Note 1. For sanctioned names all references to 'protologue' (cf. Art. 9.4, 9.5, 9.17, 10.2, 10.5, 10.4, 59.2, 59.3 & 59.7 and Ree. 9A.2, 9A.3, 9A.4, 9B.1) are taken as referring to everything associated with the name in the sanctioning work." The above is editorial and should have been added when sanctioning first entered the Code in Sydney. It makes it clear that for a sanctioned name it is the treatment of the sanctioning author not the pr t logue that determines typification.

Observation of a population of Chlamydopus meyenianus over a fifteen-year period provides insights into the development of an infrequently collected woody stalked gasteromycete. Color photographs of Chlamydopus collections from an Oregon site along Interstate Highway 84 from 1993-2008 illustrate for the first time its complete development from late spring emergence (with all external tissues intact) to the more commonly encountered 'bones' of specimens dried in situ during the summer. Other desert puffballs are also briefly discussed.

Data on macrofungal diversity and distribution patterns were compiled for major geographical regions of the world. Macrofungi are defined here to include ascomycetes and basidiomycetes with large, easily observed spore-bearing structures that form above or below ground. Each coauthor either provided data on a particular taxonomic group of macrofungi or information on the macrofungi of a specific geographic area. We then employed a meta-analysis to investigate species overlaps between areas, levels of endemism, centers of diversity, and estimated percent of species known for each taxonomic group for each geographic area and for the combined macrofungal data set. Thus, the study provides both a meta-analysis of current data and a gap assessment to help identify research needs. In all, 21,679 names of macrofungi were compiled. The percentage of unique names for each region ranged from 37% for temperate Asia to 72% for Australasia. Approximately 35,000 macrofungal species were estimated to be “unknown” by the contributing authors. This would give an estimated total of 56,679 macrofungi. Our compiled species list does not include data from most of S.E. Europe, Africa, western Asia, or tropical eastern Asia. Even so, combining our list of names with the estimates from contributing authors is in line with our calculated estimate of between 53,000 and 110,000 macrofungal species derived using plant/macrofungal species ratio data. The estimates developed in this study are consistent with a hypothesis of high overall fungal species diversity.

(2049-2050) Proposals to conserve the name Wickerhamomyces against Hansenula and to reject the name Saccharomyces sphaericus (Ascomycota: Saccharomycotina) : Saccharomycotina)

Proposals to conserve the names Cantharellus lutescens Fr.: Fr. and C. tubaeformis Fr.: Fr. (Basidomycota) with conserved types.

Agaricus vittadinii Moretti (1826a: 66) is a striking species traditionally ascribed to the genus Amanita Pers. (1797: 65) (Bas 1969; Traverso 1998; Neville & Poumarat 2004). Amanita is one of the most widespread, species-rich ectomycorrhizal genera (Yang 1997; Yang et al. 1999; Neville & Poumarat 2004; Tulloss 2000; Kirk et al. 2008; Tulloss & Yang 2015), characterized by usually agaricoid basidiomata (including sequestrate forms) with a pallid spore print, a hemiangiocarpic schizohymenial development, presence of both universal and partial veils, and usually white and free lamellae (Bas 1969; Neville & Poumarat 2004; Justo et al. 2010). Microscopically, diagnostic characters are amyloid or inamyloid spores, bilateral hymenophoral trama and longitudinally acrophysalidic stipe tissue, which consists of clavate, usually terminal elements, longitudinally oriented on a diffuse system of narrow, branching hyphae (Corner & Bas 1962; Bas 1969; Jenkins 1986; Yang 1997, 2005; Traverso 1998; Neville & Poumarat 2004).

The genus Lentinus (Polyporaceae, Basidiomycota) is widely documented from tropical and temperate forests and is taxonomically controversial. Here we studied the relationships between Lentinus subg. Lentinus sensu Pegler (i.e. sections Lentinus, Tigrini, Dicholamellatae, Rigidi, Lentodiellum and Pleuroti and polypores that share similar morphological characters). We generated sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and partial 28S regions of nuc rDNA and genes encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), focusing on Lentinus subg. Lentinus sensu Pegler and the Neofavolus group, combined these data with sequences from GenBank (including RPB2 gene sequences) and performed phylogenetic analyses with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. We also evaluated the transition in hymenophore morphology between Lentinus, Neofavolus and related polypores with ancestral state reconstruction. Single-gene phylogenies and phylogenies combining ITS and 28S with RPB1 and RPB2 genes all support existence of a Lentinus/Polyporellus clade and a separate Neofavolus clade. Polyporellus (represented by P. arcularius, P. ciliatus, P. brumalis) forms a clade with species representing Lentinus subg. Lentinus sensu Pegler (1983), excluding L. suavissimus. Lentinus tigrinus appears as the sister group of Polyporellus in the four-gene phylogeny, but this placement was weakly supported. All three multigene analyses and the single-gene analysis using ITS strongly supported Polyporus tricholoma as the sister group of the Lentinus/Polyporellus clade; only the 28S rRNA phylogeny failed to support this placement. Under parsimony the ancestral hymenophoral configuration for the Lentinus/Polyporellus clade is estimated to be circular pores, with independent transitions to angular pores and lamellae. The ancestral state for the Neofavolus clade is estimated to be angular pores, with a single transition to lamellae in L. suavissimus. We propose that Lentinus suavissimus (section Pleuroti) should be reclassified as Neofavolus suavissimus comb. nov.

Collybia, as understood by Antonin & Noordeloos, comprises four species: C. racemosa, C. tuberosa, C. cirrhata and C. cookei. Collybia tuberosa, C. cirrhata and C. cookei are morphologically similar and are primarily distinguished from each other by the presence or absence and the colour of sclerotia. All four share a common and unique habitat. Phylogenetic reconstructions using DNA sequences of the ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 support four distinct clades, each corresponding to a morphological species, with the C. tuberosa, C. cirrhata and C. cookei clades forming a larger group. Analyses of ribosomal Large Subunit DNA sequences confirmed that Collybia tuberosa, C. cirrhata and C. cookei formed a monophyletic group. In both analyses, the C. racemosa sequence was highly divergent from those of the other three species of the complex and we propose a separate genus name, Dendrocollybia, for this species. Simple diagnostic RFLP patterns were identified for the four species and were used to validate morphological designations and distributions.

The originally monotypic genus Rhacophyllus was conceived for an agaric-like fungus that bore sheets of miniature sclerotium-like bodies (lysomeres) in place of lamellae. Subsequently it was demonstrated that a "normal" Coprinus-like teleomorph exists as an alternative state (morph). Following this discovery, most authors have treated Rhacophyllus as an anamorph. Ontogenetic studies indicate that the Rhacophyllus state is a variation on basidiome production. Rhacophyllus apparently was rediscovered and redescribed as a new genus Zerovaemyces, for which a new family, Zerovaemycetaceae, and a new order, Loculomycetes, were also described, all as teleomorphs. Nomenclatural application of these names are analysed, and it is concluded that Rhacophyllus (and Zerovaemyces, Zerovaemnycetaceae) are best considered to be nomina anarmorphosium. These decisions affect the naming of other taxa newly resolved molecularly. An analogous second case of modified basidiomes involves the anamorph Decapitatus gen. nov., described here for the well-known gemmiferous state of Mycena citricolor, Decapitatus flavidus comb. nov. (= Stilbum flavidum).

A new species, Flammulina mexicana, grows on woody Senecio cinerarioides at high elevation on Mexican volcanoes. A tetrapolar mating system and other cultural features are described. Flammuli- na mexicana is compared to its closest ally, E callis- tosporioides, based on type studies. Both species have hymeniform pileipelli and gelatinized subhymenia.

Examination of herbarium specimens and newly collected basidiomes combined with molecular analyses of representatives of several different taxa has uncovered the existence of a new Phaeocollybia species from Washington, Oregon, and California. Phaeocollybia pleurocystidiata represents the first spe- cies described from the United States and Canada known to exhibit a vernal phenology. Morphological and molecular comparison of the type of P. carman- ahensis with newly collected material reveals it to be conspecific with the earlier named P oregonensis; an emended description of P oregonensis is provided.

Recently published taxonomic circumscriptions for taxa withinFlammulina encouraged mating studies to confirm or reject these names or taxa. Three categories of pairing experiments were performed: 1) self-crosses of monokaryon isolates of examplars of various putative taxa; 2) inter-exemplar pairings among exemplar strains; and 3) pairings between examplars and 87 unidentified strains which were grouped on this basis. Mating experiments could distin-guishF. velutipes from other taxa, but not among infraspecific taxa ofF. velutipes (vars.velutipes, lactea, andlupinicola) and monokaryons of all these taxa were partially compatible with those ofF. ononidis. Likewise, isolates ofF. rossica andF. elastica were partially compatible with one another but incompatible with those of other taxa. All other taxa (F. mexicana, F. stratosa, F. populicola, F. fennae) appeared to be genetically isolated. Low levels of interspecific hybridization betweenF. velutipes andF. populicola, and betweenF. velutipes andF. rossica/elastica were also noted.

A new species, Flammulina stratosa Redhead, Petersen & Methven, sp.nov., is described from living Nothofagus from New Zealand. It is characterized by a thick, gelatinized mediopellis that virtually replaces all other pilear tramal tissues and is comparable with Flammulina similis. Cultures and mating systems are described.Key words: tetrapolar, conidia, southern hemisphere.

Potato wart, caused by the fungal pathogen Synchytrium endobioticum, is a serious disease with the potential to cause significant economic damage. The small subunit (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were sequenced for several Synchytrium spp., showing a high rate of variability for both of these markers among the different species and monophyly of the genus within phylum Chytridiomycota. The intergenic nontranscribed spacer (IGS) of rDNA was sequenced for different pathotypes and showed no intraspecific variation within S. endobioticum, similar to the other rDNA markers from this study. To facilitate screening for the pathogen in soil, three TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed from SSU, ITS, and IGS rDNA sequences to detect S. endobioticum sporangia in the chloroform-flotation fraction of sieved soil extracts. In the screening portion of the method, a first TaqMan assay targeting the SSU rDNA was developed with positive results that were further confirmed with amplicon melt analysis. A synthetic reaction control cloned into a plasmid was incorporated into the procedure, facilitating the validation of negative results. The presence of the reaction control did not adversely affect the efficiency of the SSU target amplification. A second TaqMan assay targeting the ITS-1 region was developed as a confirmatory test. There was 100% accordance between the SSU and ITS-1 TaqMan assays. Utilizing these two assays in tandem achieved good specificity for S. endobioticum, generating negative results with the cloned SSU and ITS-1 regions from all 14 other Synchytrium spp. considered. Spike recovery experiments indicated that these assays, targeting the SSU and ITS-1 rDNA regions, developed from a phylogeny dataset of the genus, could reliably detect a single sporangium in the chloroform flotation fraction of a soil extract. Good correlation between microscopic detection of sporangia and PCR results in both positive and negative soil samples was dually demonstrated for both the SSU and ITS-1 assays.

The invalid combination Omphalina rosella is validated. A new variety 0. rosella var. vinacea is described from western North America. It is illustrat? ed and compared to 0. rosella var. rosella from Europe and North Africa, and an unnamed variety from Baja California, Mexico. Omphalina rosella is an anomalous species intermediate between Omphalina and Ricke- nella.

Fungal biodiversity studies on the Olympic peninsula, Washington, have uncovered the key to understanding one of the most enigmatic mushroom genera worldwide. Discovery of a mushroom (Squamanita contortipes) on another grossly distorted but identifiable agaric (Galerina sp.), which retained partial fertility and morphology, provides documentation of parasitism and gall formation by the genus Squamanita. This revelation leads to a reinterpretation of all Squamanitas as commingled hosts and parasites and supplies a simple explanation for anatomical mixtures of tissues erroneously cited as evidence linking the Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae, and Amanitaceae. It also resolves six decades of controversy over the identity or function of enlarged bases that often bear chlamydospores. Parasitism of mushroom fruit bodies by other mushrooms is a rare phenomenon (

Species of the genus Lichenomphalia are mostly restricted to arctic-alpine environments with the exception of Lichenomphalia umbellifera which is also common in northern forests. Although Lichenomphalia species inhabit vast regions in several continents, no information is available on their genetic variation across geographic regions and the underlying population-phylogenetic patterns. We collected samples from arctic and subarctic regions, as well as from newly discovered subantarctic localities for the genus. Phylogenetic, nonparametric permutation methods, and coalescent analyses were used to assess phylogeny and population divergence and to estimate the extent and direction of gene flow among distinct geographic populations. All known species formed monophyletic groups, supporting their morphology-based delimitation. In addition, we found two subantarctic phylogenetic species (Lichenomphalia sp. and Lichenomphalia aff. umbellifera), of which the latter formed a well-supported sister group to L. umbellifera. We found no significant genetic differentiation among conspecific North American and Eurasian populations in Lichenomphalia. We detected high intercontinental gene flow within the northern polar region, suggesting rapid (re)colonisation of suitable habitats in response to climatic fluctuations and preventing pronounced genetic differentiation. On the other hand, our phylogenetic analyses suggest that dispersal between northern circumpolar and subantarctic areas likely happened very rarely and led to the establishment and subsequent divergence of lineages. Due to limited sampling in the Southern Hemisphere, it is currently uncertain whether the northern lineages occur in Gondwanan regions. On the other hand, our results strongly suggest that the southern lineages do not occur in the circumpolar north. Although rare transequatorial dispersal and subsequent isolation may explain the emergence of at least two subantarctic phylogenetic species lineages in Lichenomphalia, more samples from the Southern Hemisphere are needed to better understand the phylogeographic history of the genus.