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Adolphe Quetelet was a Belgian polymath who aimed to advance aggregate-level statistical tools as a unifying framework for all scientific disciplines. In doing so, Quetelet adopted the astronomer's Law of Error (i.e., the normal distribution curve) and applied it to the study of moral and social phenomena in developing his notion of physique sociale (social physics). Quetelet further focused his attention on l'homme moyen (the average man) and, as such, argued that the average value of a distribution should be of primary concern in the study of human attributes. In the present article, I examine the influences that these ideas had on the methodological practices of late 19th- and early 20th- century psychologists. I illustrate how the dominant methodological approach implemented by psychologists in the early 20th century was deeply rooted in the demography of Quetelet's social statistics. In particular, I argue that psychologists' adoption of the Neo-Galtonian model of research was successful because it embraced Quetelet's determinism, emphasis on average values, and grouping of distributions based on type. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Autoencoders are widely used in many scientific disciplines for their good performance as so-called building blocks of deep learning. Furthermore, they have a pronounced capability for dimensionality reduction. In this paper it is shown that autoencoders can additionally be used not only to detect but to qualify dependencies among the parameters of input data sets. For doing so, a two-step approach is proposed. Herein, the identical mapping of the input data to the output layer is done with a stacked autoencoder. Evaluating respective sensitivity measures yields the sought interrelations between the input parameters, if there are any. To verify the new approach, numerical experiments are conducted with synthesized data where linear or nonlinear dependencies between the input parameters are known a priori. It is shown that the two-step approach automatically detects these dependencies for all investigated cases.

The study of entropies of hypergroups in scientific disciplines such as chemistry, physics, geometry and coding theory helps us to calculate the chaos of the scientific processes of phenomena. In this respect, different entropies on hypergroups have been defined and their systemic properties have been investigated. This paper introduces the notion of hypernormed entropy on topological hypernormed hypergroups and provides some interesting examples. The study investigates the fundamental properties of this entropy such as invariance under conjugation, invariance under inversion, the logarithmic law, monotonicity for subflows and continuity for direct limits.

Visual Literacy As an Approach To Learning Photography. This article is an overview of the current photographic phenomena. Visual literacy as an approach becomes an offer in the development of photography learning science. As a of discipline, photography has the complexity of learning, just like other scientific disciplines. In photography learning, visual literacy is a significant capital. Visual literacy can be understood as a person's ability to respond to phenomena. It's not just the ability to switch media (design); from the oral to the visual, from the textual to the visual, from the audio to the visiual or from the visual to the other visual forms, and the ability to conduct studies of existing visual works. In photography, it is necessary not only to be processed artistically but also processed that has critical considerations, both from ethics, aesthetics, and perspective, to a phenomenon

Leibniz's concept of monads had of great importance for the development of the idealistic conception. Through Kant and his "Physical Monadology" she infiltrated into modern German philosophy. However, not only modern idealists referred to the concept of monads. Especially, that many scientific disciplines, which emanated from philosophy, related to the scope of idealistic notions, for example: psychology or sociology. German psychology and its creators have many often referred to monads theory. Freud, Fromm and Jung presented even their own point of views on this topic. Later theories, such as Lowe's theory, also refer to the concept of monads. These relations and the historical connections between monad theory and modern German psycho-philosophy are shown in this work.

Scientific topics vary in popularity over time. In this paper, we model the life cycles of 200 trending topics by fitting the Logistic and Gompertz models to their frequency over time in published abstracts. Unlike other work, the topics we use are algorithmically extracted from large datasets of abstracts covering computer science, particle physics, cancer research, and mental health. We find that the Gompertz model produces lower median error, leading us to conclude that it is the more appropriate model. Since the Gompertz model is asymmetric, with a steep rise followed a long tail, this implies that scientific topics follow a similar trajectory. We also explore the case of double-peaking curves and find that in some cases, topics will peak multiple times as interest resurges. Finally, when looking at the different scientific disciplines, we find that the lifespan of topics is longer in some disciplines (e.g. cancer research and mental health) than it is others, which may indicate differences in research process and culture between these disciplines.

The stationarity of hydrological systems is dead in the era of the Anthropocene. Has our hydrological or water resources knowledge been well transformed to address this change? By using publications indexed in the Web of Science database since 1900, we aim to investigate the global development of water resources knowledge at the river basin scale with a systems approach, of which water resources knowledge development in a river basin is defined as a complex system involving the co-evolutionary dynamics of scientific disciplines and management issues. It is found that (1) legacy-driven water resources knowledge structures have consistently dominated most of the highly researched river basins in the world, while innovation-driven structures are identified in the river basins receiving increasing research publications in the recent period; (2) the management issues addressed by legacy-driven river basin studies are increasingly homogenized, while a wider range of emerging issues are considered by innovation-driven river basin studies; and (3) cross-disciplinary collaborations have remained largely unchanged and collaborations with social sciences have been very limited. It is concluded that the stationarity of water resources knowledge structure persists. A structural shift of water resources knowledge development is urgently needed to cope with the rapidly changing hydrological systems and associated management issues, and opportunities for such a shift exist in those less researched but globally distributed innovation-driven river basins.

T he current research aims to identify the degree of twenty-first century skills application among university students in the Kingdom. By determining the level of skills available in the university curricula from the students' point of view, determining the level of application of the skills among university students and indicating the differences reflected in the response of the sample members (gender and specialization).The research sample consisted of (576) male and female students from Saudi universities. The researcher prepared a scale through reviewing several studies related to its construction and application to use it with the participants. This scale consisted of two parts: The first part is a survey measuring the 21st century skills in the university curricula. The second part is the university students’ application of the skills of the twenty-first century.The results of the research showed that the skills of the 21st century are available and applicable in the university curricula with a high degree among university students, with statistically significant differences between the literary and scientific disciplines of students in favor of the scientific students. There are no differences between the gender of the participants in possessing the skills of the 21st century, except in flexibility in favor of males.

Este ensayo busca analizar los procesos de institucionalización de la formación de los profesores de Educación Física en Argentina durante el siglo XX. Para ello relevamos las instancias de creación de las instituciones educativas y las principales líneas rectoras de la formación disciplinar. Con base en ello identificamos cuatro momentos de la matriz instruccional, en donde se procuró instituir determinadas concepciones disciplinares, modelos formativos y campos de acción profesional. Ello encontró sustento en diversas disciplinas científicas, la participación de actores sociales inscritos en múltiples tramas y los lineamientos de las políticas educativas destinadas al nivel superior.

The fields of C–H functionalization and photoredox catalysis have garnered enormous interest and utility in the past several decades. Many different scientific disciplines have relied on C–H functionalization and photoredox strategies including natural product synthesis, drug discovery, radiolabeling, bioconjugation, materials, and fine chemical synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the use of photoredox catalysis in C–H functionalization reactions. We separate the review into inorganic/organometallic photoredox catalysts and organic-based photoredox catalytic systems. Further subdivision by reaction class—either sp(2) or sp(3) C–H functionalization—lends perspective and tactical strategies for use of these methods in synthetic applications.

This paper examines the role of book reviews in the discipline of the history of science by comparing their appearance in two periodicals, Isis, the flagship journal of the discipline that was founded in 1913, and the Journal for the History of Astronomy, founded in 1970 to serve a newly emerging, specialized subfield within the broader discipline. Our analysis of the reviews published in selected slices of time finds differing norms and reviewing practices within the two journals. Despite important changes during the past century in the conceptualization of the history of science and its research methods, reviewing practices in Isis remained remarkably consistent over time, with reviewers generally defending a fixed set of norms for “good” scholarship. More change appears in reviews of the Journal for the History of Astronomy, as its audience shifted from a mix of the laity, working astronomers, and historians to a specialized group of professional historians of astronomy. Scholarly norms, reflected in the reviews, shifted with these changes in readership. We conclude that book reviews offer rich sources for analyzing the evolution of scholarly disciplines and norms.

Authorship of a scientific paper is important in recognition of one’s work, and in the academic setting, helps in professional promotion. Conflicting views of authorship have led to disputes and debates in many scientific communities. Addressing ethical issues in medical research and publishing, and conforming to the requirements of international organizations and local research ethics boards (REBs), has become an essential part of the research endeavor. Ethical issues of biomedical authorship have been a matter of debate for years. Authorship problems may involve problems with integrity, including ghost authorship and guest authorship. Some scientific disciplines, such as engineering or social sciences, may not have a firm guideline for authorship criteria; however this article reviews the criteria of authorship recommended by related international organizations of biomedical field and discusses common scenarios that may lead to authorship disputes and misconducts as well as issues related to authorship in multicenter studies. The paper also discusses possible scenarios that might be legitimate to make changes in authorship lists.

En la década de 1970, en el marco de la reforma educativa de Luis Echeverría, un grupo liderado por científicas y científicos mexicanos diseñó una gran reforma curricular de ciencias naturales en primaria. Se ha explicado que esta reforma fue una réplica con retraso de la llamada “primera revolución” en educación en ciencia, originada en Estados Unidos, que buscaba una enseñanza de las disciplinas científicas “tal cual eran” mediante el método científico y la experimentación. Este artículo va más allá de esa explicación: analiza el contexto de la reforma, su proceso de diseño y sus libros de texto bajo una mirada histórica, filosófica y social sobre la ciencia y la tecnología. Muestra cómo la reforma abrevó de largas tradiciones del mundo occidental, y a la vez reflejó significados locales de la naturaleza, el campo, la ciencia, la tecnología y su papel para la niñez y el México de entonces.

Adsorption is a major basic and applied phenomenon in many scientific disciplines. In particular, the design of adsorbents to remove pollutants from wastewater requires advanced knowledge of adsorption isotherms, which are useful tools to identify physicochemical factors that control adsorption performance. Recent modeling of adsorption isotherms has focused on the use of statistical physics. Here, we review the major adsorption isotherm models based on statistical physics. We discuss steric, energetic, and thermodynamic parameters.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the global recognition for greater inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary working, and the need for systematic approaches which recognise the interconnectedness and interactions between human, animal and environmental health. The notion of such a One Team/One science approach is perhaps best exemplified by the One Health concept, a systematic approach which is rapidly entering into the mainstream. However, the concept of One Health, as we presently know it, originated from One Medicine, a notion which is much older and which emerged to promote collaboration between the human and veterinary medicine professions and the allied health/scientific disciplines. Whilst One Medicine is perhaps better known by the veterinary community, some misconceptions of what One Medicine is have arisen. Therefore, this review introduces this emerging concept and how it can help to address overlapping (communicable and non-communicable disease) health challenges faced by both human and veterinary medicine.

Carbon dioxide capture and mitigation form a key part of the technological response to combat climate change and reduce CO2 emissions. Solid materials capable of reversibly absorbing CO2 have been the focus of intense research for the past two decades, with promising stability and low energy costs to implement and operate compared to the more widely used liquid amines. In this review, we explore the fundamental aspects underpinning solid CO2 sorbents based on alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides operating at medium to high temperature: how their structure, chemical composition, and morphology impact their performance and long-term use. Various optimization strategies are outlined to improve upon the most promising materials, and we combine recent advances across disparate scientific disciplines, including materials discovery, synthesis, and in situ characterization, to present a coherent understanding of the mechanisms of CO2 absorption both at surfaces and within solid materials.

The periodic table is one of the best-known systems of classification in science. Because of the information it contains, it raises explanation-seeking questions. Quantum mechanical models of the behaviour of electrons (which describe an electron configuration for each kind of atom) may be seen as providing explanations in response to these questions. In this paper we first address the question ‘Do quantum mechanical models of atoms provide legitimate explanations?’ Because our answer is positive, our next question is ‘Are the explanations provided by quantum mechanical models of atoms mechanistic explanations?’. This question is motivated by the fact that in many scientific disciplines, mechanistic explanations are abundant. Because our answer to the second question is negative, our last question is ‘What kind of explanation do quantum mechanical models of atom provide?’ By addressing these questions, we shed light on the nature of an important type of chemical explanation.

This article aims to examine the methodology of Ijtihād tat̟bīqī KH. Sahal Mahfudh in contextualizing and actualizing classical fiqh texts. The method used is qualitative with the theoretical approach of ijtihād tat̟bîqî by Abû Ishâq Ibrâhîm al-Syâtibi and the theory of Social Construction of Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann with the basis of the Sociology of Knowledge analysis. The results of this study indicate that there are three methodologies of Ijtihād tat̟bīqī KH. Sahal Mahfudh: first, historical approach. Second, the cultural approach (culture), Third, the sociological approach. The contribution of this research is to actualize and contextualize classical fiqh texts while maintaining their relevant authenticity and then synergizing them with more positive modern scientific disciplines so that they exist and survive in the present and as the future development of Indonesian and world fiqh.

Citations are important rhetorical devices that when properly and strategically employed, allow writers to promote their current research findings persuasively and efficiently. As knowledge construction is progressive and cumulative, specifically in scientific disciplines, it is evident that acquiring skills for adequate and effective application of citations is essential for success. Scientific writers are required to possess advanced academic literacy skills in order to ably position their study within the framework of existing knowledge, and strategically employ citations to advance the acceptability of their research findings. This paper endeavors to propose materials for teaching the rhetorical functions of citations in advanced academic writing courses. The tasks are designed specifically to raise students’ awareness of citation norms, especially in their own specific disciplines. Since the practice of citing the work of others ethically is highly challenging for emerging research writers, materials suggested in this paper can be beneficial to instructors who are involved in developing advanced discipline-specific writing courses, or short-term academic writing workshops.

When considering the requirements of a chemistry lab, it is important to remember that chemistry is a multifaceted discipline with many different sub domains, and the potential to be used in conjunction with other scientific disciplines in interdisciplinary research. This section will detail the different aspects of addressing the lab requirements: Including the contrasting types of chemistry lab, barriers to adoption of increased digitisation, the different stages of digitisation and the level of digitisation requirements at each stage. Approaches to digitising the lab will be covered in the next section.

Autor analizuje metodologiczną specyfikę takich dziedzin nauki jak kryminalistyka, kryptografia, archeologia czy program SETI, wskazując, że wbrew twierdzeniom zwolenników teorii inteligentnego projektu, którzy utrzymują, iż stosują analogiczną metodologię, teoria ta istotnie się od nich różni na płaszczyźnie metodologicznej i nie posiada znamion naukowości.

In France, the end of the Ancien Regime corresponds to the development of several lexicographical products, in particular universal dictionaries and encyclopedias, with the aim of transmitting the language to disseminate knowledge. From a scientific point of view, this period corresponds to a time of profound changes which impose new approaches and theories in scientific research.Our contribution aims to analyze the definition of certain scientific disciplines (in particular, astronomy, botany and chemistry) proposed by the lexicographers of universal dictionaries and encyclopedias of the end of the Ancien Regime in order to study the role of these lexicographical works in the dissemination of new scientific objectives associated with these disciplines.

The reasons for the appearance of pseudoscientific, predatory journals are considered, and their main features are named. This article describes the situation with the publication of scientific research results, which worsened during the pandemic. Measures to counteract the falsification of publishing activities are presented. The validity of the use of publication activity as a criterion for evaluating the professional qualities of a scientist and teacher in different scientific disciplines is discussed.

Life experiences influence our research and motivate us to ask scientific questions and shape research goals. Here, Trends in Molecular Medicine authors share their journey in science. Their portraits highlight the diversity of scientists and that there is no standard career in science. We hope that these inspiring stories will help to build bridges of understanding between science and society, and motivate others to join the melting pot of scientific disciplines united in Trends in Molecular Medicine.

As the rate at which scientific work is published continues to increase, so does the need to discern high-impact publications. In recent years, there have been several approaches that seek to rank publications based on their expected citation-based impact. Despite this level of attention, this research area has not been systematically studied. Past literature often fails to distinguish between short-term impact, the current popularity of an article, and long-term impact, the overall influence of an article. Moreover, the evaluation methodologies applied vary widely and are inconsistent. In this work, we aim to fill these gaps, studying impact-based ranking theoretically and experimentally. First, we provide explicit definitions for short-term and long-term impact, and introduce the associated ranking problems. Then, we identify and classify the most important ideas employed by state-of-the-art methods. After studying various evaluation methodologies of the literature, we propose a specific benchmark framework that can help us better differentiate effectiveness across impact aspects. Using this framework we investigate: (1) the practical difference between ranking by short- and long-term impact, and (2) the effectiveness and efficiency of ranking methods in different settings. To avoid reporting results that are discipline-dependent, we perform our experiments using four datasets from different scientific disciplines.

The science of cannabis and cannabinoids encompasses a wide variety of scientific disciplines and can appear daunting to newcomers to the field. The encroachment of folklore and ‘cannabis culture’ into scientific discussions can cloud the situation further. This Primer Review is designed to give a succinct overview of the chemistry of cannabis and cannabinoids. It is hoped that it will provide a useful resource for chemistry undergraduates, postgraduates and their instructors, and experienced chemists who require a comprehensive and up to date summary of the field. The Review begins with a brief overview of the history and botany of cannabis, then goes on to detail important aspects of the chemistry of phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinomimetics. Other natural constituents of the cannabis plant are then described including terpenes and terpenoids, polyphenolics, alkaloids, waxes and triglycerides, and important toxic contaminants. A discussion of key aspects of the pharmacology associated with cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system then follows, with a focus on the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. The medicinal chemistry of cannabis and cannabinoids is covered, highlighting the range of diseases targeted with cannabis and phytocannabinoids, as well as key aspects of phytocannabinoid metabolism, distribution, and delivery. The modulation of endocannabinoid levels through the inhibition of key endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is then discussed. The Review concludes with an assessment of the much touted ‘entourage effect’. References to primary literature and more specialised reviews are provided throughout.

Nanoarchitectonics is a concept envisioned to produce functional materials from nanoscale units through fusion of nanotechnology with other scientific disciplines. For component selection, coordina...

International audience; Background: Decades of research to understand the impacts of various types of environmental occupational and medical stressors on human health have produced a vast amount of data across many scientific disciplines. Organizing these data in a meaningful way to support risk assessment has been a significant challenge. To address this and other challenges in modernizing chemical health risk assessment, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) formalized the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework, an approach to consolidate knowledge into measurable key events (KEs) at various levels of biological organization causally linked to disease based on the weight of scientific evidence (http://oe.cd/aops). Currently, AOPs have been considered predominantly in chemical safety but are relevant to radiation. In this context, the Nuclear Energy Agency’s (NEA’s) High-LevelGroup on Low Dose Research (HLG-LDR) is working to improve research co-ordination, including radiological research with chemical research, identify synergies between the fields and to avoid duplication of efforts and resource investments. To this end, a virtual workshop was held on October 7-8th , 2020 with experts from the OECD AOP Programme together with the radiation and chemical research/regulation communities. The workshop, was a coordinated effort of Health Canada, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). The AOP approach was discussed including key issues to fully embrace its value andcatalyze implementation in areas of radiation risk assessment. Conclusion: A joint chemical and radiological expert group was proposed as a means to encourage cooperation between risk assessors and an initial vision was discussed on a path forward. A global survey was suggested as a way to identify priority health outcomes of regulatory interest for AOP development. Multidisciplinary teams were needed to address the challenge of producing the appropriate data for risk assessments. Data management and machine learning tools were highlighted as a way to progress from weight of evidence to computational causal inference

Understanding thermal concepts constitutes one of the most important challenges in teaching science as these concepts are central to the principals of science and allow students to build connections among scientific disciplines. From an early age, students’ interaction with daily phenomena and real situations comes to shape their conceptions of thermal concepts, which continues to guide them throughout their education. Conceptions that are sometimes different from the scientific norm. This article presents six qualitative experiments/demonstrations using a low-cost, easy to make apparatus that introduces students to thermal concepts such as heat conduction in solid bodies and thermal expansion. These are appropriate for high school or college students enrolled in non-major science courses (e.g., departments of primary education) and can easily be performed by elementary or middle school students, but care must be taken when dealing with tealight candle flames.

The view that we live in the Anthropocene is increasingly gaining currency across scientific disciplines. Especially in sociology this is said to require a paradigm shift in analysis and theory formation. This article argues that such a conclusion is premature. Owing to a scholastic fallacy – the uncritical transposition of the concept from the natural to the social sciences – Anthropocene lacks analytic clarity and explanatory power evidenced by: a normative overreach that erroneously imagines an idealised world citizenry with collective action capacities; an obfuscation of the unequal distribution of ecological pathologies caused by capitalism; a normative indeterminacy concerning modes of redress; and an abstract ecological universalism offered as moral panacea. The article suggests that sociology needs to address the Anthropocene’s heterogeneity marked by contradictory regional interests and inequalities that neither appeals to social justice or ‘one humanity’ nor an escape into a dissolution of ontological differences between actors and artefacts can redeem. To that end, sociologists are asked to undertake a critical reconstruction of the concept.

Within the framework of a nationwide project to boost students’ enrollment in scientific disciplines in Italy, a multilevel science project was designed with a focus on the chemistry of tattoo inks, offering immediate connection with 16–18 year-old high school students. The approach takes into account time constraints, since all sessions have a maximum span of 8 h, and the heterogeneity of the audience, made up of students without background restrictions. Tattoos are perceived as a form of body art and can be conveniently used as the “A” in the STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics) methodology. The project involved active lectures and guided inquiry into the simple chemical concepts related to tattoo inks, addressed in practical units with multioutcome experiments and comparative instrumental analysis. The connections with correlated issues, such as norms regarding tattoo ink composition and verification, were also discussed. The efficacy of the tattoo ink Scientific Degree Plan experience was then evaluated through two types of surveys: one on the enjoyment of the plan and the other on mastery of the chemical concepts at the end of the experience.

Muhammad Šakir efendi Muidović, born and bred in Sarajevo, spent almost his entire working life serving as the mufti of Sarajevo. During his lifetime, he collected a valuable library of works from different scientific disciplines, and he bequeathed it in his will to his heirs as evladiyyat waqf (family endowment), provided that his most capable and competent descendants would look after the library. Considering that the descendants did not abide by the waqif’s (endower’s) last will and testament and that they sold out of the library by the middle of the 20th century, this paper focuses on the way in which Mufti Muidović’s library was sold out. Our goal in this paper was to determine the exact number of preserved manuscripts from Mufti Muidović’s library and the place where they are stored and kept today. Moreover, this paper presents the activities that the Islamic community had undertaken in order to safeguard and protect Mufti Muidović’s library, while the appendixes to this paper contain the title and type of the works in Mufti Muidović’s library, registered on the list made by Muhammad Enveri Kadić, which is, to be sure, of major significance, since hitherto conducted research mentions only the number of the works that Mufti Muidović had left to his library.

International audience; Our interest is in the development of modeling activities that link knowledge in various mathematical fields and other scientific disciplines. Looking at mathematics education research we highlight the benefits and limitations of "problem-solving" and of approaches that involve translation between the real world and mathematics. Science education seldom takes mathematics into account. Its contribution is the conception of an "empirical referent". Using epistemological studies, we highlight examples of modeling situations supported by a plurality of models and an organization of work that allows students to engage with them. To do this we adopt the theoretical framework of connected workingspaces. A case study shows how students create linkages between the workspaces and the benefits of the connections on their understanding of concepts at stake.; Nous nous intéressons à la conception d’activités de modélisation pour la mise en relation de connaissances dans divers champs des mathématiques et d’autres disciplines scientifiques. En didactique des mathématiques, nous soulignons les apports, mais aussi les limites des approches "problem solving" et "translation entre réalité et mathématiques". La didactique des sciences prend quant à elle peu en compte les mathématiques. Son apport est dans la conception d’un "référent empirique". A partir d’études épistémologiques, nous privilégions des situations de modélisation s’appuyant sur une pluralité de modèles et une organisation du travail des élèves qui leur permette de confronter ces modèles. Nous adoptons pour cela le cadre théorique des espaces de travail connectés. Un exemple de situation montre comment les élèves créent des connexions entre espaces de travail et les apports de ces connexions à leur compréhension des concepts en jeu.

La neurobiónica es una ciencia que se encuentra limitando entre las ciencias de la salud, las ingenierías y las neurociencias, tomando elementos de dichas disciplinas cientificas, y llegando a configurarse como una ciencia relativamente nueva, lo que ha provocado que sea un campo muy poco conocido, aún entre los profesionales de las ciencias de la salud, sin embargo, no por ello deja de ser una disciplina que por sí misma es una ciencia básica, pero también, una ciencia aplicada. El presente estudio ha empleado dos softwares: CASP y STROBE, para hacer un sondeo por las cuarenta bases de datos de los Institutos Nacionales de la Salud de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, con el objeto de revisar los últimos diez años en lo referente a literatura cientifica sobre neurobiónica. Se analizaron seis diferentes ecuaciones para la búsqueda y se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión. El estudio arrojó información y hallazgos que indican que la neurobiónica es un campo sumamente prometedor, tanto para hacer aportaciones para las ciencias de la salud como para las ciencias sociales, dada su enorme versatilidad y capacidad de ejecución de trabajos transdisciplinarios, pues se encuentra en la frontera del conocimiento humano, hasta el punto de obligarnos a repensar la definición de lo que es la especie humana a la luz del uso de tecnologías integradas al sistema nervioso central.

espanolLa compleja terminologia utilizada para la descripcion de los libros medievales en los catalogos de manuscritos y otras contribuciones cientificas da lugar a una amplia gama de posibles ambiguedades y perdidas en todos los idiomas y disciplinas. Estas perdidas se vuelven aun mas evidentes cuando diferentes rutas de recursos se cruzan o se superponen en Internet. Lamentablemente, las verdaderas colaboraciones a largo plazo entre paises y disciplinas son mas la excepcion que la regla, una realidad que tambien explica por que se descuida con frecuencia la importante cuestion de la terminologia y su adecuada traduccion. Las autoras de la presente contribucion, una codicologa italiana y una historiadora del arte alemana, quienes han aportado herramientas de trabajo lexicograficas que han visto varias traducciones, proponen una descripcion completa de las herramientas de trabajo actualmente disponibles (reflexiones teoricas, diccionarios, glosarios multilingues), seguido de una pequena, pero significativa seleccion de ejemplos de omisiones, ambiguedades y otros problemas asociados con la construccion de un lenguaje multilingue compartido en el ambito de los estudios de manuscritos. EnglishThe complex terminology used for the description of medieval books in manuscript catalogues and other scientific contributions gives rise to a wide range of potential ambiguities and losses across languages and disciplines. Such losses become all the more evident when different resource paths intersect or overlap on the Internet. Sadly, true long-term collaborations between countries and disciplines are more the exception than the rule, a reality which also explains why the important question of terminology and its adequate translation is frequently neglected. The authors of the present contribution, an Italian codicologist and a German art historian – both of whom have contributed lexicographical work tools which have seen several translations – propose a thorough overview of the work tools currently available (theoretical reflections, dictionaries, multilingual glossaries), followed by a small but significant selection of examples of omissions, ambiguities and other problems associated with the building of a shared multilingual language in the sphere of manuscript studies.

The study aimed to “measure the impact of the environmental review in disclosing the environmental burdens and their implications in raising the rates of profitability”. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive approach was used. Analytical study in the theoretical study and preparation of the field side, as the researcher relied upon collecting the primary data for the study on the method of observation and investigation, implementing the survey list directed to the sample items, which amount to 384 items, and statistical analysis was used to ensure the validity of the study hypotheses. The study reached the following results: The first hypothesis was accepted: “There is a significant relationship between the environmental audit and the accounting disclosure of environmental burdens,” as there was a positive correlation with a significant significance between the environmental audit and the accounting disclosure of the environmental burdens, where the correlation coefficient reached 0.751, so the greater the review Environmental The greater the accounting disclosure of environmental burdens. The second hypothesis was accepted: “There is a significant and significant relationship between the accounting disclosure of environmental burdens and raising the rates of profitability.” There was a positive correlation with a significant significance between the accounting disclosure of environmental burdens and raising the rates of profitability, as the correlation coefficient reached 0.594. The greater the accounting disclosure of environmental burdens, the higher the profitability rates. The most important recommendations of the researchers include the following: The results proved the role of environmental auditing in increasing rates of profitability. Therefore, the researcher recommends activating the role of environmental auditing and increasing the efficiency of the environmental auditor with the following: Training of auditors on operational and administrative systems, and methods of measuring environmental activities. The need for auditors to be familiar with the laws and legislations to which economic establishments are subject, information systems, and related scientific disciplines. The necessity for the environmental review team to include experts in specialized scientific fields related to the environment, or to seek assistance from experts if they are not present on the team.

هدف البحث: بيان مشروعية فرش المساجد بالثياب والفرش والسجادات ونحوها، والرد على دعاوى الرافضة ببدعيتها، وزعمهم عدم جواز السجود عليها في حال الاختيار، ومناداتهم بإخراجها من المساجد، وخاصة من مساجد الحرمين الشريفين. منهج البحث: الجمع والاستقراء والتحليل وفق الضوابط العلمية المعروفة. أهم نتائج البحث: لقد ثبت عن النبي r السجود على التراب والأرض المکشوفة، وعلى الخمرة والحصير والبساط والثياب والکساء والفراش، وکان تحصيب المسجد النبوي في عهده r بتقرير واستحسان منه، وکان الصحابة يصلون خلف رسول الله r، وکانوا يبسطون ثيابهم، ويسجدون عليها من شدة حرارة الأرض، فهذا کله دليل على السعة والتيسير في الأمر، ودليل على جواز تحصيب المساجد وفرشها، حفاظا على نظافة ثياب المصلين وراحتهم، وحفظهم وحمايتهم ووقايتهم من حر الأرض وبردها، ومن بللها وطينها ووسخها، ومن حشراتها وهوامها، والحکم يدور مع العلة حيث دارت، فلا يلزم السجود على التراب المباشر، ولا يصح القول بعدم جواز الصلاة على الفرش والثياب وغيرها، ولا تصح دعوى بدعية فرش المساجد بالسجادات وغيرها، ولا يصح النداء بإخراجها من المساجد. ودعوى الرافضة وجوب السجود على التراب ومشتقاته، وعدم قولهم بجواز السجود على الفرش والسجادات الموجودة في المساجد في حال الاختيار جعلهم يحملون معهم تربة مصاغة في قوالب معينة للسجود عليها، وهم يفضلون أن تکون من التربة الحسينية، ولم يسجد النبي r، ولا أحد من الصحابة على شيء اسمه تربة کربلاء أو التربة الحسينية، ولم يقوموا بصياغتها في قوالب معينة وأشکال مختلفة للسجود عليها، فلا شک أنها بدعة قبيحة حدثت في وقت متأخر، ودخلت في صفوف الشيعة، وصارت ذريعة للإضلال والإغواء والمتاجرة باسم الدين وأکل أموال الناس بالباطل. والرافضة قد يصلون في مساجد أهل السنة والجماعة، ويقتدون بإمام المسجد، ولا يظهرون فيها التربة الحسينية، ولا يسجدون عليها، ولکن ذلک لا يکون منهم من باب الرضا والقناعة والاعتقاد، بل يکون من باب التکتم والتقية والنفاق والازدواجية، والتقية التي يدين بها الرافضة، ويعاملون بها المجتمعات السنية ليست من دين الإسلام في شيء، ولا تمت إلى الإسلام، ولا إلى أهل البيت ومنهجهم بصلة البتة. الکلمات المفتاحية: المساجد، البدعة، الرافضة، السجود، الفرش، السجادات. Abstract: This research aims to show the legitimacy of the brushes of mosques with clothes, mattresses, carpets and so on, and to respond to the claims of the rejectionists in their disbelief, and to claim that they cannot prostrate in the event of choice, and call on them to remove them from mosques, especially from the mosques of the Two Holy Mosques. Research methodology: collection, extrapolation and analysis according to known scientific disciplines. The most important results of the research: it was proved about the Prophet (PBUH) prostration on the soil and the exposed ground, and on the wine, mats, rugs, clothes, clothes, clothing and bedding, and the prophet's mosque was behaved in his reign (PBUH) with a report and approval from him, and the Companions were praying behind the Messenger of God (PBUH), and they were simplifying their clothes, and they were worshipping them from the heat of the earth, this is all evidence of Capacity and facilitation in the matter, andevidence of the possibility of the goodness of mosques and their mattresses, in order to keep the clothes of the worshippers and their comfort, and save them and protect them and protect them from the heat of the earth and cold, and from wetness, clay and dirt, and from insects and beasts, and the ruling revolves with the illness where it took place, so it is not necessary to prostrate on the soilIt is not right to say that it is not permissible to pray on mattresses, clothes, etc., and it is not valid to claim that mosques are carpeted and otherwise, and it is not valid to call for their removal from mosques. The claim that the rejectionist should prostrate on the soil and its derivatives, and not to say that it is permissible to prostrate on the mattresses and carpets in the mosques in case of choice to make them carry with them soil shaping in certain molds for prostration on them, and they prefer to be from the soil of Husseini, and the Prophet (PBUH)did not prostrate, and none of the companions There is no doubt that it is an ugly heresy that occurred late, and entered into the ranks of the Shiites, and became an excuse for misguidance, seduction and trading in the name of religion and eating people's money falsely. The rejectionists may pray in the mosques of the Sunnis and the Jamaa, follow the imam of the mosque, do not show the Holy Soil, and do not worship them, but this is not of them as a matter of contentment, conviction and belief, but rather as a matter of secrecy, piousness, hypocrisy and duplicity, and the piousness with which the rejectionists are condemned, and they treat Sunni communities not the religion of Islam in anything, nor do they belong to Islam, nor to the people of the house and their approach to the matter at all. Keywords: Mosques, heresy, rejectionists, prostration, brushes, carpets.

Proper selection of persons to perform managerial work (in various forms of ownership) is an important initial step, and after proper selection, one should continuously work with persons who will perform that work, monitor them, guide and work on their career development. When choosing a leader, one must take into account the knowledge he should possess, desirable traits (intellectual, voluntary and emotional personality traits), attitudes, the degree of authority he enjoys and the nature of functioning -the group he works with to solve problems. Important personality traits, which should be taken into account when choosing a person for managers are: temperament, interests, character and abilities, and they can be determined to some extent on the basis of certain qualitative and quantitative indicators. Numerous knowledge from practice, although various sciences and scientific disciplines provide a good basis for high efficiency and effectiveness, show that there are many managerial (managerial) problems, and there are few good managers. The aim of this paper is to provide certain theoretical knowledge that provides a good basis for improving operational practices aimed at properly identifying candidates for managers, their proper education and training throughout their working lives and career development.

At the undergraduate level, the composite motion of simple harmonic vibrations has always been the main content of physics as well as several other scientific disciplines. Many textbooks tell us clearly that when the frequency ratio ω1/ω2 of two perpendicular vibrations is simple integer ratio n1/n2 (n1 and n2 are integers), their combined motion has stable and closed trajectories. This trajectory graph is the famous Lissajous figure. The Lissajous figure has been widely studied since it was discovered more than 100 years ago. Especially in the last 30 years, the shape, evolution trend, periodicity, and symmetry of the Lissajous figure have been studied and a series of meaningful characteristics and laws have been summarized. However there has been no analysis of the Lissajous figure from the perspective of three-dimensional space curve so far.

Designing an efficient distributed economic dispatch (DED) strategy for the smart grid (SG) in the presence of multiple generators plays a paramount role in obtaining various benefits of a new generation power system, such as easy implementation, low maintenance cost, high energy efficiency, and strong robustness against uncertainties. It has drawn a lot of interest from a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including power engineering, control theory, and applied mathematics. We present a state-of-the-art review of some theoretical advances toward DED in the SG, with a focus on the literature published since 2015. We systematically review the recent results on this topic and subsequently categorize them into distributed discrete- and continuous-time economic dispatches of the SG in the presence of multiple generators. After reviewing the literature, we briefly present some future research directions in DED for the SG, including the distributed security economic dispatch of the SG, distributed fast economic dispatch in the SG with practical constraints, efficient initialization-free DED in the SG, DED in the SG in the presence of smart energy storage batteries and flexible loads, and DED in the SG with artificial intelligence technologies.

Today, high-dimensional calculations can be found in almost all scientific disciplines. The application of machine learning and uncertainty quantification methods are common examples where high-dim...

A basic human right - the right to life, even today faces numerous questions when it comes to its scope. One of those questions is the issue of the right to abortion, which is the subject of numerous controversies among lawyers, philosophers, medical workers, theologists, as well as among citizens in the broadest sense. Debates that exist in various scientific disciplines indicate the complexity of these issues that needs to be legally regulated at the domestic and international level. For that reason, it is necessary to follow and study the judgments of international bodies that have been passed in connection with this issue. As the most developed system of Human Rights protection has been established within the European Convention on Human Rights, and at the same time the most relevant for our country, in this paper the author studies the current practice of the European Court of Human Rights related to the right to abortion. It is evident, from the case law presented in this paper that the Court had a very delicate and difficult task to balance between diametrically opposing rights and interests of various interested parties. The Court's judgments show a consensus only regarding the question of the existence of the right to abortion in cases where the right to life and health of women is endangered. Opponents of abortion claim that in this case, it is not the right to abortion, but the right to life of a woman and that only then an abortion is allowed and justified to be performed, as well as that it is a conclusion that can be deduced from the Court's case law. However, the author of this paper believes that even though the practice of the court is quite neutral, it still tends more towards granting the right to safe abortion.

Scholars in scientific disciplines face unique challenges in the creation of visualizations, especially in publications that require insights derived from analyses to be visually displayed. The literature on visualizations describes different techniques and best practices for the creation of graphs. However, these techniques have not been used to evaluate the impact of visualizations in academic publications. In the field of ecology, as in other scientific fields, graphs are an essential part of journal articles. Little is known about the connections between the kind of data presented and domain in which the researchers conducted their study that together produces the visual graphics. This study focused on articles published in the Journal of Ecology between 1996 and 2016 to explore possible connections between data type, domain, and visualization type. Specifically, this study asked three questions: How many of the graphics published between 1996 and 2016 follow a particular set of recommendations for best practices? What can Pearson correlations reveal about the relationships between type of data, domain of study, and visual displays? Can the findings be examined through an inter-reliability test lens? Out of the 20,080 visualizations assessed, 54% included unnecessary graphical elements in the early part of the study (1996–2010). The most common type of data was univariate (35%) and it was often displayed using line graphs. Twenty-one percent of the articles in the period studied could be categorized under the domain type “single species.” Pearson correlation analysis showed that data type and domain type was positively correlated ( r = 0.08; p ≤ 0.05). Cohen’s kappa for the reliability test was 0.86, suggesting good agreement between the two categories. This study provides evidence that data type and domain types are equally important in determining the type of visualizations found in scientific journals.

Mathematical modeling to understand battery performance has a history of more than 50 years. The essence of modeling is to make predictions, as is the case across all scientific disciplines; indeed, we can think of models as hypotheses or theories to be tested against experimental data. Models allow us to interpolate between and extrapolate from points in data; without them, a new experiment would need to be run for every use case of a battery.

Cancer biomarker research has become a data-intensive discipline requiring innovative approaches for data analysis that can combine traditional and data-driven methods. Significant leveraging can be done transferring methodologies and capabilities across scientific disciplines, such as planetary science and astronomy, each of which are grappling with and developing similar solutions for the analysis of massive scientific data.

Resumen : La ciencia linguistica no dejo una marca particular, facilmente identificable en el constructo de dignidad humana consagrado en la Declaracion Universal de los Derechos Humanos . Su contribucion fue mas bien indirecta, inspiradora y principista, pero significativa porque hizo un doble aporte. Primero, se sumo a otras fuentes que respaldaron el discurso de los derechos humanos en la idea de dignidad como rasgo distintivo de los seres humanos. Segundo, contribuyo al razonamiento dialectico que ese discurso construyo entre semejanza y diferencias para articular las dimensiones de la persona: miembro de la especie, integrante de una sociedad, e individuo autonomo. Sobre lo primero, la Linguistica y la Sociolinguistica ofrecieron conocimientos cientificos sobre las particularidades de la especie humana que hacen a sus miembros seres dignos de reconocimiento y proteccion. Enfatizaron nuestra unidad como especie singular ( homo loquens , hombre que habla) a la vez que distinguieron nuestras diferencias como individuos y grupos sociales hablantes de distintas lenguas. Asi, el estudio cientifico del lenguaje y las lenguas permitio conocer mejor a sus hablantes, sus facultades y creaciones, y a caracterizarlos como individuos libres, iguales y tambien cooperativos, en cuanto constructores de sociedades. Sobre lo segundo, estas disciplinas ejemplificaron un discurso elaborado que reconocio nuestra semejanza esencial como familia humana –la facultad del lenguaje— en oposicion y a la vez en complementacion con nuestras diferencias evidentes como sociedades e individuos hablantes –las distintas lenguas naturales del planeta y las distintas variedades de cada lengua natural—. Articularon los dos reconocimientos en un discurso dialectico e integrador, que no nego las tensiones entre ellos, pero tampoco las presento como irresolubles. Las explico y propuso politicas superadoras, sociales y educativas. De tal forma impulsaron su desarrollo como ciencias y tambien el discurso de los derechos humanos. Palabras clave: Linguistica. Sociolinguistica. Linguistica educativa. Dignidad. Derechos humanos. Pandemia. Abstract: Linguistic science did not leave a particular, easily detectable mark in the human dignity construct acknowledged by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Its contribution was mainly indirect, inspirational, and of principle but significant since it made a double contribution. First, it added to other sources supporting the human rights discourse in the notion of dignity as a distinctive feature of human beings. Second, it contributed to the dialectical reasoning the human rights discourse developed between similarity and differences in order to articulate the various dimensions of a person: member of the human species, participant of a society, and autonomous individual. About the first, Linguistics and Sociolinguistics put forward scientific knowledge about the particularities of the human species that make its members creatures deserving recognition and protection. They emphasized our unity as a singular species ( homo loquens , speaking man) while at the same time distinguished our differences as individuals and social groups speaking different languages. Therefore, the scientific study of language and natural languages allowed a better understanding of their speakers, their faculties and creations, and their portrayal as individuals who are free, equal and also cooperative as society builders. About the second, these scientific disciplines displayed a complex discourse recognizing our essential similarity as members of the human family –the faculty of language— in contrast with our visible differences as societies and speakers –the different world languages, and the different varieties within each language. Both recognitions were articulated in an including and dialectic discourse, which neither denied the tensions between them nor presented them as unsolvable. Such a discourse explained the tensions while proposing comprehensive social and educational policies to deal with them. In such a way these sciences further their development, and the development of the human rights discourse. Key words: Linguistics. Sociolinguistics. Educational Linguistics. Dignity. Human Rights. Pandemic

espanolEl concepto desarrollo sostenible verde articula las diversas disciplinas cientificas del saber actuar, pensar, vivir, sentir. Por ende, el lider transformador debe propiciar el cambio de una economia negra a una economia ambiental verde. Por ende, garantizar los derechos naturales a traves del empoderamiento sostenible en el tiempo. La investigacion fue aplicada, nivel explicativo, y diseno descriptivo-correlacional, con un muestreo probabilistico y estratificado. Por su alcance es descriptiva y por su finalidad cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixto. Metodologicamente, la investigacion pone en dialogo fuentes bibliograficas diversas. Se ha realizado el analisis de los resultados utilizando los estadigrafos inferencial y descriptiva. El metodo utilizado es el metodo cientifico y como metodos especificos: hermeneutico, dogmatico y heuristico.Se utilizo la tecnica de encuesta y el instrumento cuestionario de encuesta. Como principal conclusion se tiene que existe una correlacion directa fuerte (rho =0,788) y altamente significativo con (p-valor: 0,000) entre el liderazgo transformacional y el desarrollo sostenible verde Los estudiantes, docentes y administrativos de la Universidad nacional Hermilio Valdizan tuvieron un nivel medio o regular, se ha descubierto en ellos que dan orientacion a la sociedad para el reciclado adecuado, propicia conversatorios para no pagar elevados precios por el consumo de electricidad, comprar solo lo que se necesita, dejar de comprar alimentos chatarra en pro de la salud, utilizar el transporte de la universidad o publico en vez de privado; ello, para la sostenibilidad generacional con practica de una economia circular a traves del uso de tecnologia responsable. EnglishThe green sustainable development concept articulates the various scientific disciplines of knowing how to act, think, live, feel. Therefore, the transformative leader must promote the change from a black economy to a green environmental economy. Therefore, guarantee natural rights through sustainable empowerment over time. The research was applied, explanatory level, and descriptive-correlational design, with a probabilistic and stratified sampling. Due to its scope it is descriptive and due to its quantitative, qualitative and mixed purpose. Methodologically, the research puts various bibliographic sources into dialogue. The analysis of the results has been carried out using the inferential and descriptive statistics. The method used is the scientific method and as specific methods: hermeneutic, dogmatic and heuristic. The survey technique and the survey questionnaire instrument were used. The main conclusion is that there is a strong (rho = 0.788) and highly significant direct correlation with (p-value: 0.000) between transformational leadership and green sustainable development The students, teachers and administrators of the Hermilio Valdizan National University had a medium or regular level, it has been discovered in them that they give society guidance for proper recycling, conducive discussions to avoid paying high prices for electricity consumption, buy only what is needed, stop buying junk food in favor of health, use university or public transportation instead of private; This, for the generational sustainability with the practice of a circular economy through the use of responsible technology.

— Optimizing Tourism Awareness Groups (Pokdarwis) Towards Tourism Village in Karanggupito Village, Kendal District, Ngawi Regency. not to be aware of tourism in its natural potential, do not know the mapping of the area and business of guava and durian products, do not have a way of developing the quality of guava and durian fruit, and the diversification of healthy, hygienic and quality processed products in the context of economic empowerment of villagers. Limitations faced by the community build awareness and mindset of the community on natural tourism owned by the village and the large variety of plants, especially guava and durian trees which are one of the local wisdom possessed by the Karanggupito. Village community. Yodha Tama Youth Organization through integrated approaches, involving various scientific disciplines, every stage of the activity plan always involves citizens as partners and program implementers in an effort to encourage the progress of the village through the superiority of guava and durian as tourist icon icons with the aim of developing a group of people independently both economically and socially in terms of mapping the development and change area of Bukit Argo Munung tourism to become a tourist destination icon in Ngawi Regency. Keywords—: tourism awareness group (pokdarwis); tourism village; bukit tourism argo munung.

It is commonly thought that evolution is a chance process, an idea found in popular writings on evolution, but also in academic writing in a broad range of scientific disciplines: scientific, philosophical and theological. One problem is that words such as ‘chance’ and ‘random’ are used with a range of different meanings according to context, and in evolutionary biology the word ‘chance’ is sometimes used in a way that is different from its use in mathematics and philosophy. The present article aims to clarify the range of meanings and to argue the case that the evolutionary process is far from being a ‘theory of chance’ from biological, mathematical, or indeed philosophical and theological perspectives.

There is growing consensus that the scientific disciplines of psychology and cognitive neuroscience are in a state of crisis because a staggeringly high number of experimental studies have proven d...