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The nasal epithelium and nasopharyngeal mucosa are the main entry points and sites of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Therefore, it is very important to be able to maintain the health of the nasal and oral cavities during this pandemic, namely by nasal washing with salt water and gargling. Nasal washing is a practical, simple, economical, and feasible method to be applied in everyday as well as a non-pharmacological therapy to clean the nasal cavity from various microorganisms including reducing the number of viruses in the nasal cavity, so education about this is considered important to do. Online education is the right choice during this pandemic because people do more work from home and information about various things, including information about health, can be accessed quickly. This is an opportunity for health workers to provide education to the community, one of which is through a nasal washing video where in this video we discuss knowledge about nasal washing, its benefits and especially how to do it properly. In addition, the public can also provide input about this educational video through the google form, so that it can be suggestions for improvements in the future

Kadar garam dalam air tambak merupakan salah satu faktor yang utama terhadap perkembangbiakan udang. Perubahan kadar garam (salinitas) air menjadi persoalan klasik bagi petani tambak udang, karena dapat menyebabkan kerugian akibat kematian udang sehingga gagal panen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang sebuah prototype yang berfungsi untuk menstabilkan kadar air garam pada tambak, sehingga bisa mencegah kematian udang. Teknik perancangan prototype ini berbasis Arduino Uno dan menggunakan metode penentuan konduktivitas. Penentuan konduktivitas dilakukan dengan cara mengukur tegangannya. Pengukuran tegangan dilakukan dengan cara mengalirkan arus dengan tegangan 5 volt melalui elektroda yang dimasukkan ke dalam air. Beda potensial antara ujung-ujung elektroda diukur sebagai tegangan masukan sensor. Hasil dari penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa prototype ini bisa menstabilkan kadar garam ketika kadar garam pada wadah tidak stabil karena penambahan air tawar atau air garam. Harapannya prototype ini bisa diterapkan pada petani tambak sehingga bisa bermanfaat untuk mencegah kematian udang.

The experimental study yielded new data on changes in the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase and the level of cortisol in juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha that left the spawning nests (Olkhovka River, White Sea basin) during their transfer from fresh water to sea water (25‰) and back. The development of tolerance to increased salinity in juvenile pink salmon is accompanied by activation of Na+/K+-ATPase after 1 h and 24 h of maintaining in seawater and by cortisol content increase after 1 h of this exposure, followed by a return to the initial level after 24 h. The results obtained indicate the readiness of juvenile pink salmon to downstream migration into the marine environment immediately after leaving spawning nests. With the subsequent transfer of fish from salt water to freshwater after 24 h, the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase and the content of cortisol in them decrease, which may indicate the plasticity of the osmoregulatory reaction of pink salmon smolts.

This paper presents an innovative worldwide method of total of gas combustion-derived ships on heavy fuel diesel engines. For the treatment of waste aqueous solution derived from with aqueous solution NaOH the exhaust gas and capture the S from . For the treatment wastewater plant is necessary to have big surface and quantity of salt water. But unfortunately, the space free on the ships are very restricted and further consequently born stability problems for the ships. This proposal innovative methodology with new approx and new design overcame the limitations and the low performance of the actual scrubber systems and the negative provoked enormous environmental impact of these emissions and not complies the IMO international regulations. The method exposed in this paper overcame the requirement its international regulations of IMO (international maritime organization) and is Patent N. Pittas .

Based on a monthly field sampling over a year in the Kochi backwaters (KBW), this study presents the larval ecology of black clam and discusses how an extensive saltwater barrage [Thannermukkom barrage (TB)] impacted the natural black clam resource distribution. Spatial variations in salinity were found minimal during the Southwest Monsoon (June–September) due to the predominance of the freshwater associated with heavy monsoonal rainfall. Conversely, significant spatial changes in salinity were evident during the Pre-Southwest Monsoon (March–May) and Post-Southwest Monsoon (October–February). Monthly sampling exercises revealed that the black clam stock in the KBW breeds throughout the year, as their larvae were found (8 indiv. m–3–494 indiv. m–3) in all the locations. This observation is the modification of the traditional belief that black clam in the KBW breeds only twice a year. Mesohaline condition (salinity 5–18) is the most conducive for peak spawning and larval production. There were two peaks of larval production in the KBW over a year, mainly associated with the prevalence of the optimum salinity conditions on different spatial scales. The closing of the TB after the Southwest Monsoon (September) causes shrinkage of the area of the oligohaline and mesohaline conditions, the most conducive environment for the peak spawning and larval production of black clam in the KBW. This study presents a clear case of how human alterations of the natural environment impact valuable biological resources, which may apply to many similar aquatic ecosystems across the globe.

The initial phases of penetration of cold waters from the sea surface into the depth are analyzed within a study of the process of sea surface cooling. The phases of immersion of small volumes of water with negative buoyancy, reaching the bottom, and propagation along the bottom slope have been studied in laboratory experiment and numerical simulation. The interaction between two small volumes of salt water, which sequentially originate in the surface freshwater layer, during their immersion and subsequent propagation along the bottom slope is described in detail. Laboratory experiments have shown that the second of two water spots, equal in volumes and negative buoyancy, always reaches the first one during propagation along the bottom slope. A phenomenological explanation of this fact is suggested. The images of individual phases of the water-spot propagation show quite long-term stability of laminar structure of tracers inside the water spots. The simulation allows distinguishing two characteristic phases (advective and viscous) of interaction between two water spots. The experimental and simulation results allow us to suggest the general scheme of the negative-buoyancy water dynamics in coastal waters.

This paper studies the removal of chromium ions from synthetic brackish water by an adsorption method using natural Algerian Bentonite (NAB), the mineral clay was characterized through FTIR, XRD and SEM/EDS analysis. The effect of the main physicochemical parameters; namely: clay dosage, initial metal ion concentration, pH, and contact time on the removal of Cr+3 was investigated. The results showed that equilibrium was attained within 5 minutes of stirring time. The retention capacity of Cr+3 increased with the increase of adsorbent dose and decreased with the increased initial metal ion concentration. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to determine the efficiency of bentonite used as an adsorbent. According to the obtained results, the Langmuir model adjusts very well to the experimental data. Based on the kinetic studies for the raw bentonite, it was verified that the mechanism corresponds to predominant pseudo-second- order adsorption.

Fishes are highly perishable, and prone to vast variations in quality due to differences in species, feeding habits as well as the environmental and preservation factors. This study Compared the bacteriological quality of Frozen and Salt Water Tilapia Fishes (Oreochromos niloticus and Oreochromos aureus) sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Total number of sixty (60) samples were evaluated. Frozen tilapia (36) and salt water tilapia fishes (24) were obtained from the three sampling markets using sterile bags which were properly labelled. The samples were transported to the Laboratory for analyses within 2 hours of collection in a thermos box containing ice pack and standard microbiological procedures were employed in the bacteriological evaluations. Different parts of the fishes such as Intestine, gills and flesh of the samples were dissected and used for bacteriological analysis. Statistical analyses were carried out using ANOVA and All pairs tukey- kramer. Results obtained from the study showed that the highest number of total heterotrophic bacteria count was obtained from frozen fish gills which was 7.7 x 106±0.98 cfu/g while the least count of 4.7 x 106±0.67 cfu/g was from salt water tilapia fish flesh. Total coliform count ranged from 3.3 x104±0.91 cfu/g to 8.0 x104±0.44a cfu/g for salt water flesh and frozen fish intestine from different markets respectively. Listeria species count ranged from 1.3 x104± 0.30 cfu/g to 4.3 x104±0.57 cfu/g for salt water fish intestine and frozen fish flesh respectively. Total Salmonella count ranged from 1.0 x103±0 cfu/g to 6.2x103±1.30cfu/g for frozen fish flesh and salt water fish intestine. These values were above the WHO permissible limit. Mean values for all the microbial counts were significantly different at (P

The purpose of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory efficacy of sodium chloride- and a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouth rinses in patients undergoing minimal invasive periodontal surgery. Forty-seven patients with a diagnosis of periodontitis and indication for access flap procedure were randomly selected. Group A: a sodium chloride (salt)water-based mouth rinse (test group) or group B: a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouth rinse (control group) administered after surgery. Gingival Index (GI) were evaluated in the whole mouth and in the surgical site at baseline (T1), a week later (T2), and 12 weeks (T3) after the treatment. Total MMP activity was measured in GCF using a commercial kit and plate reader. Medians of total MMP activity and GI were compared for time intervals T1 vs. T2, T1 vs. T3, and T2 vs T3 using Friedman tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests, and were also compared between test and control using Mann-WhitneyU tests at each timepoint. The average GI values showed significant differences between baseline and T2 (p = 0.0005) and baseline and T3 (p = 0.003) in the test group. The sodium chloride-mouth rinse use after periodontal surgery seems to have similar anti-inflammatory properties as CHX mouth rinse and can be used regularly postoperatively after periodontal surgical procedures. The use of salt water mouthwash showed an anti-inflammatory effect similar to CHX 0.12% after minimal invasive periodontal surgery. Salt water mouthwash is accessible to the world population and can contribute on the healing process after periodontal surgery.

In arid and semiarid regions the use of saline water is common in agricultural irrigation, due to the scarcity of high-quality irrigation water. Thus, agriculture faces a challenge in developing strategies to grow crops under such adverse conditions in these regions. The objectives of this research are to study soil chemical properties and sorghum growth response to saline irrigation levels and application of soil conditioners. A greenhouse experiment (4x5) was carried out using a Cambisol cultivated with sorghum and irrigated with five saline water levels: 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% of soil field capacity (FC). Soils were treated with no soil conditioner (control), organic matter, elemental sulfur (S0) + organic matter and gypsum + organic matter, applied to the soils 30 days before sorghum planting. At 60 days after plant emergence, measurements were recorded for: leaf water potential, plant dry weight, soil P availability, and soil chemical properties. Increasing saline water levels reduced exchangeable and soluble cations and saline variables. Organic matter + elemental sulfur promoted the highest levels of P in the soil and soil saturation extract. This mixture and the saline irrigation of 60% of field capacity promoted the greatest plant growth. However the organic matter + gypsum mixture promoted higher leaf water potential in relation to the other conditioners tested. The saline irrigation level equivalent to 60% of field capacity and the incorporation of organic matter + S0 were sufficient to reduce soil salinity and sodicity, maintaining P and soluble/exchangeable cations contents to a level that best promoted sorghum growth

The solar still is the simplest method used for desalination. But it needs improvement as it has low productivity. In this project the modification was made in the pyramid shaped solar still. The absorber tray was modified in the shape of pyramid structure. This will reduce the glass and absorber tray gap and so the productivity is increased. The Solar flat plate collector is used to preheat the inlet water, which is send into the solar still for desalination. When the higher temperature water into the solar still, the heat required for vaporizing the salt water is less and thus the productivity is increased. The low cost solar flat plate collector was designed and tested in this project. The experimental and theoretical analysis of the pyramid solar still and low cost solar flat plate collector was made. The productivity of the ordinary solar still is 1610 ml. The productivity of the modified pyramid solar still is 2250 ml. The improved in the productivity of 50% in the modified pyramid solar still is due to the less water and glass distance. Also the productivity of the modified pyramid solar still when it is integrated with the low cost solar flat plate collector is 3100 ml. This is 60% in the productivity because of higher temperature inlet water temperature and less water and glass distance.

Alternative reproductive tactics are widespread in fishes. In Pacific salmon, males either become a competitive hooknose, or a sneaker jack, which is undesirable in aquaculture when overabundant. Juveniles often experience accelerated growth prior to becoming jacks, potentially caused by increased competitiveness. We tested the behaviour of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in fresh water and after 1 year in salt water. We also tested the effects of freshwater rearing density (100, 50, or 35 fish per 200 L), food ration (high or low), sire (jack or hooknose) for jacks, hooknoses, and females with and without confirmed jack siblings. Sisters of jacks were further identified to test whether females closely related to jacks also showed behavioural differences. Overall, jacks did not behave as predicted; rearing conditions were the strongest determinant of behaviour, and jack sisters behaved differently than jacks and other females. Our study underscores the complexities of jack behaviour, and of females closely related to jacks, at all development stages and supports the use of behavioural screenings to regulate jacking rates in hatcheries by identifying jack sisters.

Magnetic pumps received considerable attention because of their very low turbulence and their independence from moving components. Such pumps have a higher lifetime and lower maintenance costs compared to mechanical pumps. In the past centuries, it developed many types of fluid pumps for different fields of application. In the industry of magnesium melting, magnetic pumps have been considered. This pump, which follows the Lorentz law, leads to imposing the pressure in the melt following the right-hand rule by simultaneously applying the magnetic field and the orthogonal electric current on the electrically conductive fluid. The effective parameters in the design of the magnetic pump include the input dimensions of the channel (length and width), the size of the magnetic field, and the electrical current applied to the conductive fluid. The simultaneous presence of three physics in a magnetic pump has made it difficult for experimental and numerical investigations. In this study, the simulation of the magnetic pump was examined in a three-dimensional manner, and the simultaneous solving of three physics. Pumping and melt displacement were performed by applying a 0.26 T magnetic field in a channel with input dimensions of 100 mm × 10 mm and an electrical current of 200 A to the Salt water fluid. The speed of the fluid has been obtained through applying a Lorentz force of 0.25 m/s and a 60 Pa pump pressure.

This study was conducted during the season 2019-2020 with the aim of testing the efficiency of some techniques to eliminate or reduce the frequency of storage fungi, namely Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, and Penicillium italicum naturally contaminating peanuts seeds. The seed sample was treated by soaking in hot water (50˚c, 60˚c, 70˚c), soaking in salt water at concentrations 10%, 15%, 20%, roasting in an ordinary oven at 150˚c for 10, 20 and 30 min, and roasting in a microwave oven at 100˚c for 1, 3, 5 and 7 min. The frequency of fungi occurrence percentage was estimated in seeds after treatments and incubation on the nutrient medium Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA). The results indicated the efficiency of all the techniques used in reducing the frequency of fungi in the treated seeds, as the fungus P. italicum was the most sensitive fungus under all techniques, and the study proved the superiority of the treatment by microwave roasting over the rest of the techniques, as it eliminated all the fungi carried in the seed by 100% when the duration of time used is 5 minutes.

Ten species of halophilic gastropods of the genus Caspiohydrobia are identified for the first time from the Lantsug and Gor’kaya Rechka salt rivers, tributaries of Lakes Elton and Baskunchak, respectively. The genus was previously known from the Caspian and Aral seas and some salt water bodies of Kazakhstan and Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions. Since the hydrological and hydrochemical regimes of salt rivers critically depend on climatic conditions, Caspiohydrobia living in these habitats can be considered endangered.

Corrosion testing determines the resistance of materials to corrosion under certain environmental conditions including temperature, humidity, and salt water. There are many methods to measure or access corrosion resistance or materials. The study reviews the main methods for assessing the corrosion resistance of structural steels in aquatic environments and moist atmosphere conditions. The method of alternate immersion in a 3.5% NaCl solution has been established as the most complete and reliable method for determining the corrosion resistance of auto-plate steels under atmospheric conditions. There are many standardized corrosion test methods used to assess the corrosion resistance of structural steels in seawater (ASTM G52, ISO 11306, ISO 20340, ISO 2812-2, and GOST 9.909). However, in the Russian Federation, it is nowadays necessary to update the existing standards and develop a new set of standards for testing materials in different zones of exposure to seawater with different corrosion activities.

There are a number of factors that are thought to be related to the behavior of giving complementary foods such as predisposing factors, supporting factors and driving factors. This study aims to analyze the factors associated with giving complementary foods to infants aged 0-6 months. This type of research is survey research with quantitative and qualitative approaches (Mixed Methods). The research was conducted in the working area of ​​Puskesmas Mongeudong, Banda Sakti District, Lhokseumawe City. Population of 266 people and sample of 160 people. The research informants were 6 people. Quantitative data analysis was univariate, bivariate with the Chi-Square test, and multivariate with multiple logistic regression tests at the 95% confidence level ( = 0.05). The results showed that the factors associated with giving complementary foods to infants aged 0-6 months in the Mongeudong Community Health Center were work (p = 0.016), culture (p = 0.000), infant condition (p = 0.028), and family support (p. = 0.002). Meanwhile, the unrelated factors were education (p = 0.092), knowledge (p = 0.070), maternal condition (p = 0.060), advertising exposure (p = 0.589). The most dominant factor associated with giving complementary foods to infants aged 0-6 months is culture. Mothers who follow culture have the opportunity to provide complementary foods 91.63 times higher than mothers who do not follow the culture. The culture that is still practiced today is peucicap. Another culture is that the mother gives the baby starch water, salt water mixed with sugar (ie sira), scraped bananas, and banana rice at the age of less than 6 months. The habits of the Acehnese people in the care of mothers and babies are usually carried out by their grandmothers who are still healthy.

Background: Hybrid nanofluids are considered as an extension of conventional nanofluids which are prepared through suspending two or more nanoparticles in the base fluids. Previous studies on hybrid nanofluids have measured their thermal conductivity overlooking other thermophysical properties such as viscosity and electrical conductivity. Objective: An experimental investigation is undertaken to measure thermal conductivity, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of a hybrid nanofluid prepared through dispersing alumina nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes in saltwater. These properties are the main important factors that must be assessed before performance analysis for industrial applications. Methods: The experimental data were collected for different values of the nanoparticle volume fraction, temperature, salt concentration, and pH value. Attention was paid to explore the consequences of these parameters on the nanofluid’s properties and to find optimal conditions to achieve the highest value of the thermal conductivity and the lowest values of the electrical conductivity and the viscosity. Results: The results demonstrate that although the impacts of the pH value and the nanoparticle volume fraction on the nanofluid’s thermophysical properties are not monotonic, optimal conditions for each of the properties are reachable. It is found that the inclusion of the salt in the base fluid may not change the thermal conductivity noticeably. However, a considerable reduction in the viscosity and substantial elevation in the electrical conductivity occur with an increase in the salt concentration. Conclusion: With the addition of salt to a base fluid, the thermophysical properties of a nanofluid can be controlled.

Toman fish seeds (Channa micropeltes) generally come from natural catches in South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. A closed system is an effort to efficiency transportation costs by increasing the density of fish in transport media. Efforts to reduce stress levels are very important so that they can transport a lot, have small deaths, and take a longer time, and do not disturb the physiology of the fish after transportation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving 3 ppt salt in transport media to the survival of fish during transportation. This research consists of two stages of activity, that is stage one is transportation for 12 hours and stage two was post-transportation maintenance for 11 days. In stage one, the plastic bag is filled with 10 L of water and is packed according to the treatment. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments 3 refitition to produce 12 experimental units. K treatment density of 30 heads / bag with no salt water (0 ppt) and treatment A: B: C with density (30: 50: 70) tail / bag with salt water (3 ppt). The calculation of the highest survival rate in treatment A was 97.80%. The results of analysis of varians (ANOVA) that the treatment has a real effect on survival rate in fish seed transport toman. This shows the best density in this study is 30 heads / bag. Keywords: redsnackhead Fish, Channa micropeltes, transportation, salinity

A highly visual, inexpensive, straightforward laboratory experiment for the determination of the activation energy of a demulsification process is presented. The experiment uses low-density polyeth...

The lockdown prevailing due to the pandemic has led to complete inaccessi-bility of any dental clinics even at times of emergency Hence, dental patients are now resorting to home remedies to relieve their toothache The main aim of this study is to know home remedies for patients suffering from mild dental pain during this lockdown condition and to spread possible remedies they can do at home itself rather than moving out of the house A total of about 50 people were taken in this study where the questionnaires were spread among dentists, Ayurveda health care professionals, pharmaceutical workers, medical doctors, and practicing students The questionnaires were framed and distributed through Google forms The results were collected and then analysed through SPSS software Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and chi square test was used and p value was calculated From the survey, it is seen that salt water is mostly suggested by health care professionals for dental pain as home remedies Henceforth it can be advised to be taken by the patients suffering from mild dental pain in this lockdown © 2020, J K Welfare and Pharmascope Foundation All rights reserved

Diagnosing drowning as a cause of death can pose many challenges for the forensic pathologist and a number of ancillary tests have been proposed to assist in the diagnosis, whether the body was in salt water or fresh water. Although elevated vitreous humor sodium and chloride is a reliable marker, its limitation to prolonged immersion has resulted in the recent investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sodium and chloride as alternative matrix in cases of longer or unknown immersion times. This study investigated postmortem CSF from lumbar puncture (CSF_L_Na_Cl) and ventricular aspiration (CSF_Vent_Na_Cl), as well as lung/body (LB) ratio in the diagnosis of salt water drowning and performed comparison and combination testing of methods to improve diagnostic accuracy of the drowning diagnosis. This study found that CSF_L_Na_Cl was the most accurate method (89%) in the given cohort, but that CSF_Vent_Na_Cl and LB combined was the second most accurate method (83%), exceeding CSF_Vent_Na_Cl (77%) and LB (81%) used alone. These findings are useful for stratifying and prioritizing postmortem samples in the investigation of salt water drowning and also have significance for future studies using this methodology to combine and compare the accuracy of different investigations.

Bledug Kuwu is an area that has a fairly high salt content, this is caused by sea water trapped in the sedimentation process around the 18th century. Microorganisms that are able to live in extreme areas tend to have typical metabolic activities and can be utilized in industry. The purpose of this study was to characterize microbiologically, bacteria isolated from Bledug Kuwu, Kradenan District, Grobogan Regency, Central Java. The method used in this study was isolation on LB + NaCl media with NaCl levels of 10%, 12.5% and 15%. Characterization was done by Gram staining and motility test. The results obtained in samples from 3 sources, namely teak water, salt water and mud water, obtained 8 pure isolates. The seven isolates have the ability to grow optimally at 10% NaCl concentration so that these bacteria can be classified as moderate halophilic bacteria with the majority of species being coccus, Gram positive, and non motile.

The growth dynamics of natural gas hydrates in saline water has been studied using copious experiments and spectroscopic observations; however, the microscopic evidences to the structural and molecular transformations that they have provided are poorly understood. In this view, we perform extensive molecular dynamics simulations to gain physical insights into the formation and growth mechanism of naturally occurring gas hydrates with a wide variation in the amount of methane (1:5 to 1:18 methane/water ratio) in pure and salt (0-5 wt %) water environments at 50 MPa and 260 K. A couple of new findings analyzed from the number of cages and F4φ order parameter are as follows: (a) 1:6 (methane/water ratio) is an optimum ratio for the rapid growth of a properly ordered hydrate in pure water at which the hydrate growth retards with increasing salt concentration, (b) there is an inconsequential difference between methane hydrate dynamics in pure water and 0.8 and 1.5 wt % salt water at a ratio of 1:12 (methane/water), and (c) lower methane (1:18) and salt (0.8 wt %) concentrations promote hydrate growth. Besides, this study observes the structural coexistence of S-I and S-II methane hydrates as the large 51264 cages appear along with the small 512 and large 51262 cages, in which the low methane concentration favors the S-II structure.

As many regions around the world are facing water scarcity, reverse osmosis (RO) has attracted attention to supply fresh water to such areas. To design and develop energy-efficient RO processes, accurate osmotic pressure values of salt water are critical, yet conventional models of osmotic pressure have significant deviations from the actual values. In addition, absence or high charge of authentic osmotic pressure databases prevents accessing authentic data. Here, we propose combining the Chang correction factor, a polynomial in solution concentration, with traditional osmotic pressure models to approximate the osmotic pressure of dilute to concentrated solutions with high accuracy. The Chang correction factor is determined by regressing a handful of authentic osmotic pressure data divided by theo- retical values calculated using traditional models. Multiplication of resulting polynomials back to corresponding tradi- tional models enables accurate approximation of the authentic osmotic pressure of dilute to concentrated solutions with R2 approaching 1. In addition, generality of the strategy over aqueous and organic solutions is demonstrated by approx- imating osmotic pressure of NaCl and sucrose aqueous solutions and C2H4Cl2-C6H6 and C3H6Br2-C2H4Br2 organic solutions. The approximation strategy proposed and assessed here will be useful to simulate and develop processes for seawater desalination and various industries with high importance.

Tofu is one type of food made from soybeans which is widely consumed and even favored by the people of Indonesia. Based on research conducted in Manado City Health Market in 2017, 92.86% of white tofu sold in the market positively contains formalin. The high content of formalin will poison the body, cause stomach irritation, allergies, are carcinogenic (causing cancer) and are mutagenic (causing changes in cell function). In this research, a simple way to reduce formalin levels in tofu will be developed, namely immersion with turmeric water, vinegar, and salt water in formalin tofu samples (simulated samples). Optimization will be carried out on the soaking time to get the most optimal conditions to reduce the levels of formalin in tofu. The simulation sample was treated with turmeric water, vinegar and salt water for 15, 30, and 60 minutes and then tested with fehling and tollens reagents. Quantitative tests were also performed using UV-VIS spectrophotometry using chromatrophic acid reagents. Qualitative test results showed a decrease in formalin levels after soaking with turmeric water, vinegar and salt water for 60 minutes. Quantitative test results, immersion of turmeric water, vinegar and salt water for 60 minutes showed a decrease in formalin concentrations by 22.56%, 25.54% and 55.33%.

A growing risk of heat wave has forced the countries to come up with realistic and viable solutions. Despite a lack of on-site treatment tools to deal with heat-related diseases, few studies have examined this issue. We aim to examine the literature related to thermal damage to find out solutions to this problem. The literature related to heat-related diseases suggested five methods for rapid treatment and analyzed the effects of each treatment option. It is found that the average temperature of the surface of the terrain is about 7.9°C lower with heat shield. As for the method of clothing removal, the use of scissors was faster than the use of knives in the absence of a helper (scissor 2.8±1.7 min. vs. knife 4.1±2.3 min., p

The process of discharging batteries using salt water, when used for the disposal of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, is likely to cause a fire. However, there is a dearth of studies in the literature on the risk of fire while discharging mobile phone batteries in salt water. In order to investigate the possibility of fire by elucidating the discharge characteristics and the generation of heat, we conducted experiments by varying the concentration of the salt water, number of overlapping batteries, and type of the mobile phone batteries used as experimental specimen. The discharging voltage and the temperature of the batteries were measured, and the fire risk was predicted by analyzing the data. The results of the experiment showed that the higher the salt water concentration, the greater the discharge value of the mobile phone battery and the higher the exothermic temperature. Moreover, the exothermic temperatures of the overlapping batteries were higher than that of the single battery submerged in salt water. The highest exothermic temperature points of the battery occurred at the positive and negative poles.

97 percent of all waters is salt water consisting of sea and oceans. Lettuce, which is a leafy vegetable plant which is very quickly consumed and potato consumed very much, can be used as a future’s model plant. Five different seawater concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%) were used in both lettuce and potato. The seedlings belonging to the curly lettuce Fiyonk were planted in pots and were irrigated with water containing different seawater concentrations when they reached 2-3 real leaf stages. In potato plants grown in tissue culture, MS media containing five different seawater concentrations were prepared and the growth status of the plants as a result of 45 days growth periods was investigated. According to the results of the study, 5 % (EC 3.2 dS m-1) and 10 % (EC 6.6 dS m-1) lettuce irrigated with seawater showed better plant growth. In potato, the best development was obtained by 5 % seawater application in Agria variety and by 10 % seawater application in 22-99-33. In controlled conditions, up to 15 % of seawater can be used successfully in lettuce. Culture containing 10 % (EC 6.4 dS m-1) seawater in potato increased the plant growth, and the number of nodes compare to control in tissue culture propagation.

Salt damage in wood can be recognized by its stringy appearance and is frequently observed in wood used in maritime structures and buildings built near the ocean. Whereas salt-damaged wood is common, little is known about the mechanism by which salt water alters the wood structure. There is no information on the effects of salt damage on the mechanical properties of wood. In this study, a laboratory method for creating salt damage in other porous materials was applied to wood. Wood pillars were placed in a reservoir of 5 M NaCl and exposed to a 40% RH environment. Capillary action pulled the salt water to the upper part of the pillars which were dry. Large deposits of effloresced salts were observed. The changes in mechanical properties caused by the salt were measured by the high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) test. Salt damage caused a reduction in the resistance to impact milling (RIM) of 6.5%, and it was concluded that salt damage causes only minor effects on the strength of wood. The tests were not conclusive as the exact mechanism of salt damage in treated wood. However, diffusion of mineral ions through the cell wall was found to be a key step in the salt damage mechanism.

Day by day the water scarcity is getting increased and that too in developing countries like “India”, facing water problems frequently. The need for conservation of fresh water has become mandatory. Here the world’s water content is about 71%, and in that the ocean and sea water holds about 96.5%. As indicated by the report of the “World Metrological Organization” (WMO), the greater part of the total populace won't have enough drinking water by 2025. In order to reduce the usage of fresh water, an alternate recourse (Treated Sea Water) is introduced in the construction industry (i.e.) for the concrete mixing and curing. In this paper the properties of sea water and traditional water are considered. The conceivable outcomes of salt water utilized in concrete for casting and curing are seen. This paper additionally focuses on the variables influencing the quality of cement blended as concrete and cured with ocean water are examined and a few proposals to those issues were given.

A sunscreen offers indispensable skin protection against UV damage and related skin diseases. However, due to the poor interfacial stability of sunscreen coatings on the skin, the synthetic ingredients in sunscreen creams easily fall off and enter aquatic environments, causing large ecological hazards and skin protection failure. Herein, we tackle this issue by introducing amyloid-like protein aggregates into a sunscreen to noticeably enhance the interfacial robustness of sunscreen coatings on the skin. The synthesis of such an agent to suppress sunscreen leakage can be achieved by manipulating the phase transition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a mild aqueous solution at room temperature. The resulting phase-transitioned BSA (PTB) aggregates effectively entrap the sunscreen ingredients to generate a uniform cream coating on the skin with robust amyloid-mediated interfacial adhesion stability. With continuous flushing in aquatic environments, such as salt water and seawater, this PTB-modified sunscreen (PTB sunscreen) coated on the skin maintains a retention ratio as high as >92%, which is 2-10 times higher than those of commercially available sunscreen products. The high retention ratio of the PTB sunscreen in aquatic environments demonstrates the great potential of amyloid-like protein aggregates in the development of leakage-free sunscreens with low ecosystem hazards and long-lasting UV protection in aquatic environments.

The presence of undissolved salt and the deposition of dirt at the bottom of the prototype salt gradient solar pond leads in an increase in reflectivity. The efficiency of the solar pond decreases linearly with the reflectivity of the bottom of the pond. Salt concentration and temperature affect the thermal conductivity of salt water. The temperature of the pond surface is assumed to be the same as that of the surrounding air. This research investigates the impact of various parameters on the efficiency of solar pond collectors. The impact of dirt and reflections at the pond's bottom have also been considered.

Water Scarcity by Sujan Sarkar, showing 9 year old Rupali carrying salt water for her family on Mousuni Island, off the coast south of Kolkata, is one of the shortlisted entries in this year’s Wellcome Photography …

We sweat and cry salt water, so we know that the ocean is really in our blood. Teresia Teaiwa, 1998While most in Oceania would be unfamiliar with histories of decolonisation and decolonial thought ...

Results of an analysis of observations of Gulf of Taganrog salinity during storm surge are presented and a detailed description of a mathematical model of the salt water transfer process is provided as well as the results of numerical computations.

In early August 2019, in the area of the North Pole, a massive development of ice flora communities on the surface of perennial ice was observed. Macroaggregates of fibers with a thickness of 0.5–0.8 cm, compactly intertwined and forming “brain-like” structures up to 10-15 cm in size, had a pale pink color and covered the bottom of freshwater puddles with extensive fields. The aggregates were formed by diatom taxocenes based on the colonies of Melosira arctica, their polymer matrix, as well as another 35 taxa of marine and brackishmarine diatoms, some of which also performed structure-forming functions. With high probability, the development of aggregates occurred at the thawing points of the tops of the pore channels in the ice, through which the spongy plexuses of the algocenoses were fed with salt water. The phenomenon of formation and mass development of such macrostructures is described for the first time.

Osmotic adjustment is a persisting controversy in studies on the effect of salt and water stress in cowpea crops. Our hypothesis is that the osmotic potential determination method interferes with the osmotic adjustment calculation. The objective of this study was to consider the osmotic adjustment comparing results obtained by pressure-volume (P–V) curves and osmometry. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with six salt water concentrations 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mmol L−1 of NaCl in a Fluvisol. The osmotic adjustment found through osmometry were lower than those found through P–V curves. The apoplastic water fraction of the cowpea had a dilution effect, denoting overestimation of the osmotic potential by the methodology based on osmometry. This may be the source of the different interpretations of osmotic adjustment in cowpea plants. Thus, osmotic adjustment should be calculated preferably using the osmotic potential determined by method of pressure-volume curves.

Solubilities, refractive indices, densities, and pH for the ternary system (NaBO2 + Na2B4O7 + H2O) at 298.15 K were measured by the dissolution equilibrium method. The phase diagram of the ternary ...