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Supplementary material for the paper "DI/cle, a Measure Consisting of Insulin Sensitivity, Secretion, and Clearance, Captures Diabetic States"

Diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are obesity-related comorbidities that contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease, one of the leading causes of death. In addition to obesity, the underweight condition is a concern because it can give rise to sarcopenia, particularly after the age of 65 years. We examined the risk for diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia due to obesity in individuals of this age. We retrospectively investigated the relation between obesity and its three major comorbidities in 10,852 individuals aged 65 years who underwent health checkups implemented by Kobe City between April 2017 and March 2021. The prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia with and without hyper-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterolemia was 9.7%, 41.0%, 63.8%, and 19.5%, respectively, and the prevalence of these conditions increased with increasing obesity. The risk for diabetes and hypertension was increased markedly (odds ratios of 12.95 and 19.44, respectively), and that for dyslipidemia with and without hyper-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterolemia was modestly increased (odds ratios of 2.59 and 3.65, respectively) at a BMI of ≥ 35 kg/m2 compared with normal weight. Analysis by gender revealed that the obesity-related risk for dyslipidemia with hyper-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterolemia was small compared with other comorbidities in women, while the risk for all comorbidities elevated similarly in men. Our results suggest the importance of public health intervention for obesity to suppress its comorbidities, especially diabetes and hypertension, at this age.

Sharing of notations and theories across an inheritance hierarchy of mathematical structures, e.g., groups and rings, is important for productivity when formalizing mathematics in proof assistants. The packed classes methodology is a generic design pattern to define and combine mathematical structures in a dependent type theory with records. When combined with mechanisms for implicit coercions and unification hints, packed classes enable automated structure inference and subtyping in hierarchies, e.g., that a ring can be used in place of a group. However, large hierarchies based on packed classes are challenging to implement and maintain. We identify two hierarchy invariants that ensure modularity of reasoning and predictability of inference with packed classes, and propose algorithms to check these invariants. We implement our algorithms as tools for the Coq proof assistant, and show that they significantly improve the development process of Mathematical Components, a library for formalized mathematics., Comment: Preprint of the paper accepted in proceedings of IJCAR 2020, LNCS, Springer, including appendix

Aramid fibers were treated with oxygen plasma for the interfacial control in aramid fiber reinforced plastics (AFRP) with epoxy resin. Discussions were presented on the effects of oxygen plasma treatment time on the interfacial strength obtained from a single fiber pull-out test. The direct implantation of carboxyl group, hydroxyl group and carbonyl group on the aramid fiber surface by using the plasma treatment could be effective to improve the interfacial adhesion between aramid fiber and epoxy resin. And, the interfacial adhesion strength of aramid fiber varied by plasma treatment time was considerably increased or decreased. The adhesion state of epoxy resin onto the surface of aramid fiber after a single fiber pull-out test was investigated by scanning electron micrographs, and it was confirmed that the adhesion state was well after the plasma treatment. It was found that the low temperature plasma process was effective to control the interfacial adhesion between aramid fiber and epoxy resin.