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Background: Eucalyptus bark and scraps are generated in the production of mediumdensity fiberboard (MDF). An approach aiming to add value to such wastes was studied, following the concepts of circular economy and biomass cascade strategy. Bio-oil and phenolic resin were produced by pyrolysis from two types of biomass, Eucalyptus bark and MDF waste. As is well known, conventional phenolic resins are normally obtained from fossil resources. These products were obtained from the pyrolysis of two types of biomass to reduce environmental waste and dependence on petroleum-based products. Objective: The main objective of the present study was to produce phenolic resin from Eucalyptus wastes, aiming to reduce the fossil dependence on conventional resins used in the production line of MDF. Methods: Fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis were employed for bio-oil and phenolic resin production. The bio-oil and resins were characterized with standard lab analyses for their physicochemical properties, while their thermal properties were studied via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results: The shear strength of the lap internal bonding of the phenolic resin binders with 19.8% of bio-oil was 2.09, 1.34, and 1.63 MPa under dry, boiler, and soaked conditions, respectively, which was acceptable for panel fabrication and can represent a significant saving in terms of fossil resins and cost reduction. Discussion: According to the results, 1 g medium fraction of bio-oils was equivalent to 1.35 g of conventional phenols, indicating those bio-oils as phenolic structures that could be used as binders. The bio-oil yields for bark and MDF were 40.9 and 25.1, respectively, which indicate a potential for replacing the conventional fossil-based phenolic resin. Conclusion: The results revealed the possibility of replacing conventional fossil-based chemicals with phenolic resin from renewable resources with similar overall properties, replacing about 1/3 of the conventional resin.

This chapter discusses the use of nanocellulose, mainly cellulose nanocrystals, as a reinforcing material in the construction of 3D fiber structures. Specifically, it illustrate the effect of nanocellulose in the synthesis of non-woven fiber mats after electrospinning aqueous and organic polymer solutions. The main properties of the composite fibers are presented, emphasizing the benefits of nanocellulose reinforcement and some promising applications.