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Este artículo estudia el análisis realizado por el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores español (MAE) del nacionalista canario Antonio Cubillo, y su Movimiento por la Autodeterminación e Independencia del Archipiélago Canario (MPAIAC), así como del cómo y porqué del respaldo prestado a este por el Gobierno de Argelia. El objetivo es conocer qué importancia concedió el MAE a esas dos cuestiones y qué medidas barajó para neutralizar sus efectos. El período estudiado es 1964-1975, anterior a la transformación del MPAIAC en una organización terrorista. Esta investigación profundiza en el conocimiento de la relevancia concedida por el MAE a la internacionalización de la descolonización de Canarias, y muestra que le preocuparon otros temas agitados por el MPAIAC, que son Guinea Ecuatorial, Sáhara Occidental y Gibraltar. Las fuentes utilizadas son bibliográficas y archivísticas: documentación diplomática española: Fondo del MAE en el Archivo General de la Administración y Fondo Castiella en la Real Academia de la Historia. Aquest article estudia l'anàlisi realitzada pel Ministeri d'Afers Exteriors espanyol (MAE) del nacionalista canari Antonio Cubillo, i el seu Moviment per a la Independència i Autodeterminación de l'Arxipèlag Canari (MPAIAC), així com del com i perquè del suport prestat a aquest pel Govern d'Algèria. L'objectiu és conèixer quina importància va concedir el MAE a aquestes dues qüestions i quines mesures va emprar per neutralitzar-ne els efectes. El període estudiat és 1964-1975, anterior a la transformació del MPAIAC en una organització terrorista. Aquesta recerca aprofundeix en el coneixement de la rellevància concedida pel MAE a la internacionalització de la descolonització de Canàries, i mostra que el van preocupar altres temes agitats pel MPAIAC, que són Guinea Equatorial, Sàhara Occidental i Gibraltar. Les fonts utilitzades són bibliogràfiques i arxivístiques: documentació diplomàtica espanyola: Fons del MAE a l'Arxiu General de l'Administració i Fons Castiella a la Reial Acadèmia de la Història. This article studies the analysis made by the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MAE) of the Canarian nationalist Antonio Cubillo and his Movement and Self-Determination of the Canaries Archipielago (MPAIAC) as well as the how and why of the support given to him by the Algerian Government. The objective is to find out what importance the MAE gave to these two issues and what measures it contemplated to neutralize their effects. The period studied is 1964-1975, prior to the transformation of MPAIAC into a terrorist organization. This research deepens the knowledge of the relevance granted by the MAE to the internationalization of the decolonization of the Canary Islands and shows that it was concerned with other issues agitated by the MPAIAC, namely Equatorial Guinea, Western Sahara and Gibraltar. The sources used are bibliographic and archival, specifically, Spanish diplomatic documentation: MAE files in the General Administration Archive and Castiella files in the Royal Academy of History.

Fondé sur des enquêtes de terrain, cet article s’intéresse à la phase d’évolution actuelle de la ruée vers l’or au nord du Niger. Elle est marquée par la volonté de l’État de mieux encadrer juridiquement une activité jusque-là informelle dans ses régions périphériques. L’intervention de l’État engendre des recompositions territoriales, un rapprochement des intérêts politico-économiques entre les élites des périphéries aurifères et le pouvoir central, ainsi que des conflits d’ordre éthique quant à l’accès aux gisements et à la répartition des bénéfices. La redistribution des équilibres dans la gestion de l’informel fait basculer les orpailleurs vers la régularisation ou la précarisation, voire la criminalisation. Le maintien des illégalismes repose sur des enjeux d’appropriation foncière et de conditions de mobilité. Based on field surveys, this article focuses on the current phase of evolution of the gold rush in northern Niger. It is characterised by the state's desire to provide a better legal framework to an activity that was previously informal in the peripheral areas of the country. The intervention of the state is resulting in territorial recompositions, a convergence of political and economic interests between the elites of the gold mining peripheries and the central government, as well as ethical conflicts over access to the deposits and the distribution of profits. The new balance within the management of the informal sector is making gold miners turn to regularization or precariousness, or even criminalization. The pursuit of illegal activities is due to issues regarding land appropriation and the conditions of mobility. Basado en la encuestas de terreno, este artículo se ocupa de la fase de evolución actual de la fiebre del oro en el Norte de Níger. Esta se halla marcada por la voluntad del Estado de regular mejor, jurídicamente, una actividad informal hasta ahora en las regiones periféricas. La intervención del Estado provoca recomposiciones territoriales, un acercamiento de los intereses político-económicos entre las élites de las periferias auríferas y el poder central, y genera conflictos éticos en lo relativo a los yacimientos y a la repartición de beneficios. La redistribución de los equilibrios en la gestión de la actividad informal, provoca que los buscadores de oro vayan hacia la regularización o la precarización, incluso la criminalización. El mantenimiento de los ilegalismos viene dado por los desafíos de apropiación de la tierra y de condiciones de movilidad.

تركز هذه الورقة على دراسة القداسة المتعلّقة بالعنف في سياق مجتمع الغرب الصحراوي. وهي تتجه إلى تحليل السؤال الإجرائي التالي : كيف تضفي قداسة العنف على البركة والكرامة مشروعية سياسية وزمنية خاصة؟ تقترح الدراسة الإجابة على هذا السؤال عبر تحليل مستويين متداخلين : نبحث من جهة في الكيفية التي يتجسّد من خلالها عنف الأولياء والصلحاء، إذ تدلّ قدرة الوليّ على احتكار ممارسة العنف بواسطة “ التَّازُوبَّا » إلى اكتشاف الوجه الأكثر تجلّيا لقداسة العنف. ونتطلّع من جهة ثانية، إلى مساءلة الرهانات السياسية المتعلقة بالعبور من عالم السّلم إلى عالم العنف، ومن حيّز النشاط الروحي والتعبّدي إلى الحقل السياسي في ممارسات الأولياء. Cet article porte sur la sacralité relative à la violence dans l’ouest saharien. C’est une analyse autour d’une question d’ordre procédural : comment la sacralité de la violence confère une spéciale légitimité politique à la Karama et à Baraka ? Il s’agit, d’une part, de travailler sur la manière dont la violence du saint s’incarne. Le pouvoir du saint à monopoliser la violence par “ Tazubba », indique l’aspect le plus marqué de la sacralité de la violence dans l’Ouest saharien. D’autre part, les enjeux politiques de transition du monde de paix vers le monde de violence. Ainsi que spirituelles du champ politique inhérentes aux pratiques du saint. This paper focuses on studying the sacrality relative to violence in west Saharan society. It leads to Proceduralist analysing the question : how does the sacrality of violence confer special political legitimacy on “Baraka and Karama” ? the study suggests to answer this question by analysing two interrelated levels : how violence of the holy man can be embodied. The power of the holy man to monopolize violence by “Tazuba” indicates the most marked aspect of violence sacrality in the Western Sahara. On the other side, the study is looking forward to interview the political stakes concerning the transition from the world of peace to the world of violence ; thus, to the spiritual activities of the political field within the practices of the holy man.

This article considers the formation of hiking in the Russian Empire and Europe in the late 19th century. Its socio-cultural context is also defined. Particular attention is paid to the person of Mykhailo Bernov as one of the founders of hiking in the Russian Empire and Europe and his multifaceted activities in the development of communication between peoples, social actualization of knowledge about the world. Biography, information about popularization activity and publishing activity of Mykhailo Bernov are also given.In the first part of this study, the route of Mykhailo Bernov’s journey from France to Spain, and then through Spain, Algeria and the Sahara in 1892–1893, was reconstructed on the basis of his “travel notes” “Spain, Algeria and the Sahara” (St. Petersburg, 1899) and periodical data.Mykhailo Bernov left detailed descriptions of nature, countryside and major cities of Spain, monuments of history, culture and art, accompanied by historical excursions, interpretation of their own names. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of Spanish opera and theatrical life.It is concluded that sincere interest and respect for local traditions, thorough general training allowed Mykhailo Bernov to create in his notes a broad and colourful canvas of life of the country and people of Spain in the late 19th century, to capture the features of national culture and character. Bernov’s “travel notes” are based on direct communication with the Spanish common people, representatives of the elite and the administration, acquaintance with folk culture, examples of high art and literature. In his notes he makes comparisons of Spanish people with other nations. Bernov tried to understand Spain and its people, sought common socio-cultural features and values, and explained the features of “otherness” by nature, religion, state foundations, the course of history, and so on.Mykhailo Bernov’s notes on his travels in Spain as a source, in our opinion, contain a lot of useful and interesting information for researchers on the history of hiking, monuments, archaeology, ethnography, etc.

Background and Aim: Goats are widely distributed in southwest Algeria. The Saharan goat is perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of arid areas, and it is characterized by resistance to long photoperiod and reduced metabolic needs, allowing the survival of its offspring by maintaining lactation. Several studies have demonstrated that parturition and lactation are critical periods that induce hormone, energy, and lipid status changes in mammals. However, the relationship between the blood biochemical parameters of parturition control and lactation functions in the Algerian Saharan goat has not been thoroughly documented. Therefore, this study assesses hormone and metabolite levels during parturition and early lactation in Saharan goats reared in arid areas. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed on 14 multiparous female goats, and blood samples were collected during parturition, 4 days postpartum (D1PP-D4PP), and during the first 12 weeks of lactation (W1-W12) to analyze prolactin, cortisol, glucose (GLU), total proteins (TP), cholesterol (CHO), triglycerides (TGs), total lipids (TL), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), and very LDLs (VLDLs). Results: Statistical data analysis revealed a significant (p

User-led innovation is increasingly happening in a globalized context, connecting local experience to outside ideas, knowledge, and technologies. Alternatively, local innovations designed, manufactured and marketed for a particular context travel to other settings. We analyze the diffusion of a low-cost artisanal irrigation pivot from the Suf Valley (Algeria) to other Saharan regions and even to Saudi Arabia and Sudan. We conducted 27 semi-structured interviews with manufacturers, farmers, government agents, and made field observations on 18 farms in 2020/2021. The diffusion of the pivot was enabled by extending the innovation system to trusted innovation intermediaries in new settings, who played an active role in adapting the technology and support services to local agrarian systems. However, while the innovation homeland can be considered an open innovation environment, manufacturing and after-sales services in the new settings were tightly controlled by manufacturers to secure intellectual property and maintain a monopoly. This study contributes to the debate on the creativity of local innovation actors and their involvement in (supra)national agricultural development.

espanolDurante el periodo 2017-2019 se registraron 42 especies de aves acuaticas invernantes en el complejo de humedales del valle de Oued Righ, en el Sahara argelino. Las diferencias de salinidad explican las variaciones en la riqueza de especies y en la distribucion de las aves acuaticas en los diferentes humedales estudiados. Los ambientes oligohalinos (0,5-5 ‰) y mesohalinos (5-18 ‰), representados por el lago Ayata, el lago Sidi Khelil y el Oued Kherouf, son los mas favorables para los anatidos con la excepcion del genero Tadorna, que esta presente en los puntos de estudio euhalinos (30-40 ‰) e hiperhalinos (> 40 ‰). El flamenco comun Phoenicopterus roseus y la gaviota picofina Chroicocephalus genei se distinguen por su presencia en las zonas mas holomorfas del complejo como Chott Merouane. EnglishBetween 2017 and 2019, 42 species of wintering waterbirds were recorded in the wetland complex of the Oued Righ valley in the Algerian Sahara. The intersite amplitudes of salinity explained the variations in species richness and distribution of waterbirds in the various wetlands studied. Oligohaline (0.5-5 ‰) and mesohaline (5-18 ‰) environments, represented by Lake Ayata, Lake Sidi Khelil and Oued Kherouf, were the most favorable to Anatidae with the exception of the tadornes where their presence was noted in the euhaline (30-40 ‰) and hyperhaline stations (> 40 ‰). The presence of the greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus and the slender-billed gull Chroicocephalus genei stood out in the most holomorphic areas of the complex, such as Chott Merouane. catalaDurant el periode 2017-2019 es van registrar 42 especies d’ocells aquatics hivernants al complex d’aiguamolls de la vall d’Oued Righ, al Sahara algeria. Les diferencies de salinitat expliquen les variacions en la riquesa d’especies i en la distribucio dels ocells aquatics als diversos aiguamolls estudiats. Els ambients oligohalins (0,5-5 ‰) i mesohalins (5-18 ‰), representats pel llac Aiata, el llac Sidi Khelil i l’Oued Kherouf, son els mes favorables per als anatids, excepte el genere Tadorna, que es present als punts d’estudi euhalins (30-40 ‰) i hiperhalins (> 40 ‰). El flamenc rosat Phoenicopterus roseus i la gavina de bec prim Chroicocephalus genei es distingeixen per ser presents a les zones mes holomorfes del complex com ara Chott Merouane.

Le cas d’Henri Lhote, à la fois ethnologue, archéologue, naturaliste et explorateur, est exemplaire du paradoxe soulevé par le double enjeu de légitimation scientifique et de popularisation de l’ethnologie entre les années 1930 et 1950. La mobilisation des images liées à l’exploration dans ses diverses publications et son implication dans le développement touristique du Sahara contribue à brouiller les distinctions qui se mettent en place, à l’époque, entre les figures de l’ethnologue, de l’explorateur, de l’aventurier et du touriste. Son intérêt pour les exploits automobiles et sportifs, pour le kayak, pour le camping ou encore pour la chasse fournit différents points de rencontre entre l’ethnologie, alors en cours de professionnalisation, et les mouvements de plein air, tel le scoutisme, qui connaissent un grand succès dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Le Sahara se trouve ainsi investi d’intérêts diversifiés et parfois contradictoires. Henri Lhote – ethnologist, archeologist, naturalist and explorer –exemplifies the paradoxes presented by the dual challenges of legitimizing and popularizing ethnographic work in the years between 1930 and 1950. His evocation of the romance of exploration in his various publications as well as his involvement in the development of tourism in the Sahara tended to muddy the distinctions between ethnologist, explorer, adventurer and tourist. His enthusiasm for automobile adventures, kayaking, camping and hunting provided multiple sites of convergence between the professionalization of ethnology and the growth of outdoor activities such as scouting in the interwar period. The Sahara itself therefore became invested with diverse and sometimes contradictory interests.

espanolEste articulo analiza la politica colonial espanola hacia la esclavitud y el servilismo en el Sahara entre 1934 y 1957, con el objetivo de reconstruir las practicas y el lenguaje administrativo de los oficiales espanoles acerca de una cuestion silenciada y de compleja definicion como las formas extremas de dependencia. La fuente principal en que se basa el estudio son los documentos internos de la Administracion colonial en el Sahara espanol, que seran interpretados desde una doble perspectiva: para reconstruir las relaciones de poder entre colonizadores y colonizados, y para descubrir los problemas de los colonizadores a la hora de definir y manejar las nociones de esclavitud. El resultado del analisis es que las autoridades espanolas desarrollaron una paradojica politica que prohibia formalmente el comercio de esclavos, pero que respetaba la institucion del servilismo para no contravenir a muchos jefes tribales. A pesar de esta supuesta neutralidad, los oficiales espanoles tuvieron que gestionar numerosos conflictos vinculados a la compraventa, la manumision o la fuga de esclavos en un complejo espacio de frontera colonial, que revelo la agencia de los subalternos. Todo ello se produjo en un escenario repleto de tensiones e incertidumbres que mostraban la pugna por definir los propios fenomenos de esclavitud y servilismo en una epoca de cambios. EnglishThis article analyzes Spanish colonial policy towards slavery and servility in the Sahara between 1934 and 1957, with the aim of reconstructing the practices and the administrative language of Spanish officials on a silenced and complexly defined issue such as extreme forms of dependence. The main source on which the study is based is the internal documents of the colonial administration in the Spanish Sahara, which will be interpreted from a double perspective: to reconstruct the power relations between the colonizers and the colonized, and to discover the problems of the colonizers in defining and handling the notions of slavery. The result of the analysis is that the Spanish authorities developed a paradoxical policy that formally prohibited the slave trade, but respected the institution of servility so as not to contravene many tribal chiefs. Despite this supposed neutrality, Spanish officials had to manage numerous conflicts related to the purchase and sale, manumission or escape of slaves in a complex colonial frontier space, which revealed the agency of the subalterns. All this took place in a scenario full of tensions and uncertainties that showed the struggle to define the very phenomena of slavery and servility in an era of change.

The European Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) is a summer-migrant pigeon fancier that can be found all over Algeria, especially in forests, orchards, gardens, palm groves, oases and around natural or artificial water bodies, but with a difference in its distribution. This paper provides new data on the wintering and sedentary life of Streptopelia turtur in the Algerian Northern Sahara. Data from several stations were recorded between 2018 and 2020. In Ghardaïa, where the summering period is spread over 8 months from March to October, the number of couples counted varied between 0.03 and 4.5 per hectare between 2018 and 2019. In Adrar, the Streptopelia turtur is considered a sedentary species. In Timimoun, it winters in gardens, palm groves and oases; during the breeding period, the number of couples recorded varied between 3 and 6.13 per hectare in 2019 and 2020 respectively. In the old Timimoun palm grove the number of couples in 2019 was 2.5 and 2.25 couples in 2020. On the other hand, during the wintering period, the density reached 10.33 couples/hectare in Timimoun in 2019/2020 and only 2.33 couples/hectare in the old palm grove. During cold season, the Streptopelia turtur partially leaves the palm groves and oases and prefers to winter in the towns around the gardens by frequenting restaurants and public markets where trophic resources are available. In the region of Ghardaïa, breeding begins just after the arrival of the species (March to April). But for the Adrar and Timimoun regions, breeding is early, with parade and nest building beginning in late January and the first broods being recorded in early February. So far, two subspecies have probably been identified: S. t. arenicola is the subspecies which breeds in Ghardaïa, Timimoun and Adrar and S. t. hoggara is the resident breeder subspecies which breeds in Timimoun and Adrar.

The hyperarid climate of the central Sahara precludes permanent agriculture, although occasional temporary ponds, oretaghas,as a result of rain-fed flooding of wadi beds in the Tadrart Acacus Mountains of the Libyan Sahara allow the pastoral Kel Tadrart Tuareg to cultivate cereals. Geoarchaeological and archaeological data, along with radiocarbon dating and evidence from rock art, however, suggest a much greater antiquity for the exploitation of these etaghas. The authors propose that the present-day cultivation of etaghas mirrors attempts at flood-recession or rain-fed cultivation by late prehistoric Pastoral Neolithic groups, who first exploited residual water resources to supplement their pastoral subsistence practices.

8 pags., 6 figs., Airborne dust represents a hazard to the environment and human health. The outflow of air masses carrying dust from northern Africa, the world's largest active dust source, to the North Atlantic and Mediterranean regions is modulated by atmospheric conditions. However, how global warming-driven changes on atmospheric circulation have influenced North African air outflow in the recent past is not well understood. Here, we explore the Saharan air outflow from northwestern Africa over the 1980 to 2020 period. We find a decrease in the transport to the Atlantic Ocean and the Iberian Peninsula of −0.29 ± 0.16% dec and -0.66 ± 0.18% dec, respectively, and an increasing trend to the Mediterranean Sea (0.24 ± 0.18% dec) and Europe (0.60 ± 0.18% dec). The results indicate that the strengthening of the Atlantic high pressure system and the Saharan thermal low, both associated with the narrowing of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the Hadley Cell expansion under global warming, could be favoring the Saharan outflow to the Mediterranean Sea and Europe in detriment of transport to the Atlantic Ocean. The results also show that present-day Saharan air arrives at these regions at higher altitudes and in shorter timescales than decades ago. This is associated to the increase in surface heating conditions in the Sahara, 0.41 ± 0.02 °C dec, that can inject air into windier upper atmospheric levels, thereby allowing higher and faster air transport. Our results suggest a change in the Saharan air outflow likely associated with global warming and with potentially significant implications for the temporal and spatial patterns of North African dust export., The authors thank the Copernicus Climate Data Store (C3S) and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) for the ERA5 meteorological fields. Thanks also to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model

Knowledge of the feeding ecology of ungulates in arid biomes offers an interesting model for understanding the drought resistance of large desert-adapted herbivores, a crucial issue in the face of increasing desertification due to climate change. To assess the feeding ecology of the endangered Cuvier’s gazelle (Gazella cuvieri) in the Sahara desert, we used a multi-method approach combining faecal samples, direct observations, and the recording of indirect signs of feeding. We hypothesised that browser behaviour is the best foraging strategy for species living in hyper-arid environments, mainly due to long periods without grazing opportunities. Complementarily, we explored the effects of the main environmental descriptors (rainfalls and NDVI) on feeding patterns and diet quality. We found that Cuvier’s diets are based mainly on acacias (Vachellia tortilis, V. flava) and occasionally on the annual forb Anastatica hierochuntica. In total, eighteen species (five trees, nine shrubs, three herbs, and one grass) belonging to fifteen families were recorded. Our result confirmed the browsers’ characteristic of this species, reaffirming its ability to settle in a hostile environment. Acacias stand out as key species consumed at the southernmost limit of their range; hence, future conservation plans and strategies should take this into account for the survival of Cuvier’s gazelle in desert environments., Fundacion Barcelona Zoo through the Research and Conservation Grant ( PRIC 2017

The anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic effects of polysaccharides extracted from Alhagi maurorum Medik. seeds, spontaneous shrub collected in Southern of Algerian Sahara were investigated. Their water extraction followed by alcoholic precipitation was conducted to obtain two water-soluble polysaccharides extracts (WSPAM1 and WSPAM2). They were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, 1H/13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Size Exclusion Chromatography coupled with Multi-Angle Light Scattering. The capacity of those fractions to inhibit α-amylase activity and thermally induced Bovine Serum Albumin denaturation were also investigated. WSPAM1 and WSPAM2 were galactomannans with a mannose/galactose ratio of 2.2 and 2.4, respectively. The SEC-MALLS analysis revealed that WSPAM1 had a molecular weight of 1.4 × 106 Da. The investigations highlighted antinflammatory and antihyperglycemic effects in a dose-dependant manner of WSPAM1 and WSPAM2.

After the sharp transition to aridity that followed the “Green Sahara” episode 5500 years ago, human settlements took refuge in Egyptian oases, which have to varying extents been “Green Oases” for centuries. In that period, synchronous with the beginning of historical times, the desert’s aridity is generally regarded as broadly comparable to the current period. Natural and anthropogenic deposits studied during 13 excavation campaigns in Bahariya Oasis (Egyptian Desert) suggest that a fairly clear transition from a relatively green environment to much more arid landscapes occurred in the first millennia BCE and CE. This article aims at establishing the chronology of human occupations and environmental change within this period, by combining archaeological and radiocarbon data, using Bayesian modeling. It reveals that the drying up of the environment experienced by desert farmers occurred at some point between the reigns of Antoninus Pius and Caracalla (2nd–3rd century CE). The accuracy of the produced chronological models made it possible to highlight synchronisms between the end of this “Green Oasis” phase and comparable aridification phenomena on regional and interregional scales. Similar degradation processes on remote sites inside the Roman Empire might be explained by globalized anthropogenic agencies overlapping with a broader climatic drying.

International audience; Remoteness is power: disconnection as a relation in northern Chad Remoteness is as much about a position in topological as in topographical space. Remote areas might look inaccessible from the outside, but, for Ardener (Ardener, E. 1989. The voice of prophecy and other essays, M. Chapman (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell), feel open and vulnerable from the inside, as their connectivity with the outside world is never fully controlled by locals. Drawing on material gathered in northern Chad, we argue that this lack of conceptual reciprocity can also lead to the opposite: a trope of permanent aggression, based on the local endorsement of external negative stereotypes. From the outside, the 'locals' are seen to be archetypical raiders, thieves and uncouth. From the inside, people concur in these descriptions to a surprising degree, insisting on their disorder, unpredictability and violence. This endorsement of alterity grants northern Chad a particular place in Saharan history, geography and ethnography.

International audience; The seasonal variations of the diet of the desert Trident leaf-nosed bat, Asellia tridens, were investigated using dropping analyses during the whole year 2015 in the Timimoun region, south-western Algerian Sahara. We identified one order of arachnids (Araneae) and ten orders of insects: Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Mantodea, Hemiptera, Isoptera, Ephemeroptera, Blattodea and Odonata in a decreasing rank. Coleoptera (31.07%) were Carabidae, Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae, Tenebrionidae, Aphodidae, Scarabaeidae, and Histeridae. Hymenoptera (21.31%) were Formicidae, Myrmicidae and Vespidae, Diptera (13.78%) were Culicidae and Tabanidae, and Orthoptera (11.40%) were Acrididae and Gryllidae. The autumn-winter diet (October to December) included a large amount of Odonata, Scarabaeidae, Blattodea, Acrididae and Myrmicidae. The spring-summer diet (February to August) was characterized mainly by Chrysomelidae, Vespidae, Tenebrionidae, Aphodidae and Araneae. As other desert bat species A. tridens displays a combination of opportunism and selective predation depending on the abundance of insect groups.

Biomimicry is an old approach, but in the scientific conceptualization is new, as an approach of innovation based on the emulation of Nature, in recent years, this approach brings many potential theories and innovations in the architecture field. Indeed, these innovations have changed our view towards other Natural organisms also to the design processes in architecture, now the use of the biomimicry approach allows the application of a great sustainable development. The Sahara area is heading towards a sustainable policy with the desire to develop this rich context in terms of architecture. This article discuss the using of biomimetic strategy in the sustainable development of Saharan architecture. The aim of the article is to present a synthesis of biomimicry approach and propose the biomimicry as a solution for the development of Saharan architecture which can use this approach as a sustainable and innovation strategy. The biomimicry is the solution for effective strategies of development and can have a great potential point to meet the current challenges of designing efficient for forms or structures, energy efficiency, and climate issues. Moreover, the Sahara can be a favorable soil for great changes, the use of this approach is the key for the most optimal strategies and sustainable development of the Saharan architecture.

Se presenta un resumen del libro del comandante de infantería Manuel Mulero Clemente, que divulga los conocimientos sobre los Territorios Españoles del Sahara (TES). Se ha acotado a la III parte, la dedicada al camello dromedario y el mehari, divulgando las nociones básicas de la época y alcanzando el nivel técnico del veterinario meharista. Es presenta un resum del llibre del comandant d'infanteria Manuel Mulero Clemente, que divulga els coneixements sobre els Territorios Españoles del Sahara (TES). S'ha acotat a la III part, la dedicada al camell dromedari i el mehari, divulgant les nocions bàsiques de l'època i arribant al nivell tècnic del veterinari meharista.

El conflicto y la situación política y social en el Sáhara Occidental alcanzó una nueva dimensión el pasado mes de noviembre, cuando el Frente Polisario declaró el estado de guerra en el Sáhara Occidental tras la entrada del ejército marroquí en el sur del territorio. Medio centenar de refugiados bloquearon el paso fronterizo con Mauritania para pedir al Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU la promoción de un segundo referéndum de autodeterminación. Al mismo tiempo, más de 170.000 personas, según Acnur, viven en el campamento de refugiados de Tindouf (Argelia) desde el año 1975, momento en el que España abandona el territorio, aunque legalmente, según la ONU, sigue siendo la potencia administradora. A raíz de esto, miles de personas viven en España o en los campamentos ya mencionados sin una nacionalidad o bajo el estatuto de apátrida y se enfrentan, a diario, a la doble agonía de tener a amigos o familiares en el frente y a tener que vivir en el extranjero sin un documento oficial de identidad. Por otro lado, en apenas unos meses, el conflicto ha vuelto a la primera línea informativa tras el apoyo de Donlad Trump a Marruecos, la acogida por parte de España del líder del Frente Polisario, Brahim Gali y la respuesta del país marroquí de abrir su parte de la frontera con Ceuta y dejar que entren en territorio ceutí unos 8.000 de sus compatriotas. The conflict and the political and social situation in Western Sahara reached a new dimension last November, when the Polisario Front declared a state of war in Western Sahara after the entry of the Moroccan army into the south of the territory. Fifty refugees blocked the border crossing with Mauritania to ask the UN Security Council to promote a second referendum on self-determination. At the same time, more than 170,000 people, according to UNHCR, have lived in the Tindouf refugee camp (Algeria) since 1975, when Spain left the territory, although legally, according to the UN, it is still the administering power. As a result, thousands of people live in Spain or in the aforementioned camps without a nationality or under stateless status and face, on a daily basis, the double agony of having friends or family at the front and having to live abroad without an official identity document. 3 On the other hand, in just a few months, the conflict has returned to the front line of the news after Donlad Trump's support for Morocco, the reception by Spain of the leader of the Polisario Front, Brahim Gali and the response of the Moroccan country to open its part of the border with Ceuta and allow some 8,000 of his compatriots to enter Ceuta territory.

Objective The evaluation of physical activity for chronic hemodialysis patients is a new approach for patient global care. The objective of this work is to evaluate the physical activity in chronic hemodialysis patients and identify the risk factors associated with reduced physical activity. This is a prospective study for 6 months including 150 chronic hemodialysis patients in the Guelmim-Oued Noun Regionin Moroccan Sahara. We use Baecke's survey, translated and validated in Arabic local language. The socio-demographic, clinical, and biological data were completed during the interrogation and from the medical records of the patients. Results The mean age of our patients was 54.6 ± 16.4 years, with male predominance (59%). Most patients have a low education level and 60% were illiterate. Hypertension was found in 54% of our patients, diabetes in 39%, and cardiovascular disease in 10% of patients. Low Physical activity was associated with gender (OR = 4.05), age (OR = 1.03) and high education level (OR = 0.2). Our work has met the various pre-established objectives, however other more specific studies must be conducted to better characterize the profile of physical activity in chronic hemodialysis patients.

International audience; Numerical climate simulations produce vast amounts of high-resolution data. This poses new challenges to the palaeoclimate community – and indeed to the broader climate community – in how to efficiently process and interpret model output. The palaeoclimate community also faces the additional challenge of having to characterise and compare a much broader range of climates than encountered in other subfields of climate science. Here we propose an analysis framework, grounded in dynamical systems theory, which may contribute to overcoming these challenges. The framework enables the characterisation of the dynamics of a given climate through a small number of metrics. These may be applied to individual climate variables or to several variables at once, and they can diagnose properties such as persistence, active number of degrees of freedom and coupling. Crucially, the metrics provide information on instantaneous states of the chosen variable(s). To illustrate the framework's applicability, we analyse three numerical simulations of mid-Holocene climates over North Africa under different boundary conditions. We find that the three simulations produce climate systems with different dynamical properties, such as persistence of the spatial precipitation patterns and coupling between precipitation and large-scale sea level pressure patterns, which are reflected in the dynamical systems metrics. We conclude that the dynamical systems framework holds significant potential for analysing palaeoclimate simulations. At the same time, an appraisal of the framework's limitations suggests that it should be viewed as a complement to more conventional analyses, rather than as a wholesale substitute.

Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of fruits of 30 B. aegyptiaca trees naturally growing in the hyper-arid and arid zones in Mauritania were evaluated by following standard procedures. Ethnobotanical uses of fruit pulps and kernel were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Balanites aegyptiaca fruit pulp is a good source of sugars (33 g/100 g dry matter (DM)), polyphenols (264 mg GAE/100 g DM) and flavonoids (34.2 mg/100 g DM) with an average antioxidant activity of 519 µmol TEAC/100 g DM. The fruit kernel is rich in lipids (46.2 g/100 g DM) and proteins (29.5 g/100 g DM). Fruits from the hyper-arid zone exhibited high level of polyphenols, antioxidant activity and soluble tannins. Almost all of the informants (97.14%) reported the use of fruit pulp in folk medicine to treat diabetes, while 72.86% reported using the fruit pulp to treat hypertension. Kernel oil is mainly employed as ointments in the treatment of paronychia (57.14%) and dermal infections (35.71%). The predominant methods for preparing/administering fruit pulp/Kernel were maceration (58.8%), sucking fruit pulp (25.7%) and decoction (24.2%). Balanites aegyptiaca fruit contain both nutritional and health-promoting phytochemicals that could be of interest in the development of strategies for sustainable use of this neglected indigenous fruit tree.

The abundant faunal remains from the Takarkori rock shelter in the Tadrart Acacus region of southwestern Libya are described. The material that covers the period between 10,200 to 4650 years cal BP illustrates the more humid environmental conditions in the Central Sahara during early and middle Holocene times. Particular attention is focussed on the aquatic fauna that shows marked diachronic changes related to increasing aridification. This is reflected in the decreasing amount of fish remains compared to mammals and, within the fish fauna, by changes through time in the proportion of the species and by a reduction of fish size. The aquatic fauna can, in addition, be used to formulate hypotheses about the former palaeohydrographical network. This is done by considering the possible location of pre-Holocene relic populations combined with observations on the topography and palaeohydrological settings of the Central Sahara. ispartof: Plos One vol:15 issue:2 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade da Coruña/CISUG [Abstract] Drinking water provision has been a constant challenge in the Sahrawi refugee camps, located in the desert near Tindouf (Algeria). The drinking water supply system is itself divided in three zones which pump groundwater from different deep aquifers. It is equipped with reverse osmosis plants and chlorination systems for treating water. The allocation of water supplied to the Saharawi refugees for human consumption in 2016 has been estimated at between 14 and 17 L/person/day on average. This supplied water volume is below recommended standards, and also below the strategic objective of the Sahrawi government (20 L/person/day). Yet the local groundwater resources are huge in comparison with estimated consumption, and hence there is great potential for increasing the supplied volume through effecting improvements in the supply system. The physico-chemical quality of the raw and supplied water between 2006 and 2016 has been assessed according to Algerian standards for human consumption. The raw water of two zones of the supply system presents a very high conductivity and high concentrations of chloride, nitrate, fluoride, sulfate, sodium, calcium, potassium and iodide concentrations of natural origin, which may entail health risks. The treatment of water in a reverse osmosis plant greatly improves its quality and osmosed water met the standards. However, the supply of osmosed and raw water needs to be combined in Zone 1, to avoid an excessive reduction in water volume, and the supplied raw water poses a risk to the health of the refugees. The present study provides an example of a drinking water supply system under extreme drought conditions and in the political and social conditions of a refugee camp. Furthermore, it establishes a reference for supplied water allocation and quality in the Sahrawi refugee camps.

This communication pursues four scientific objectives. 1. Developing in an original way in archaeology concepts of visual semantic field and of denotative, connotative and predicative or performative levels of meaning, in order to contribute to the iconological interpretation of objects found in contextual excavations. 2. Deepening the classical method of contextual analysis to try to clarify the questions of the meaning, the production and the use of these artifacts, by examining in particular the microstratigraphic clues occurring in the dumps, despite the bad reputation of these archaeological contexts whose data are sometimes under-exploited. 3. On the basis of these methodological reflections, presenting the unpublished corpus of the naked female figures of Qasr 'Allam (Bahariya oasis, Egyptian Sahara, around 750-600 BC), by performing an internal and external serialization of the corpus with various scales of synchronic comparison (microstratigraphy, macrostratigraphy, global scale of a chrono-cultural area) and by broadening the perspective to other categories of objects carrying the same iconographic codes (terracotta sarcophagus, sculpture in the round). 4. Showing how the identification of a visual semantic field and the analysis of contextual data must be combined to elucidate meanings and functions of images in their nuances and in their relation to their environment (coordinated objects in a visual composition, simple denotation, plural connotations, distinct functions). The presentation concludes with the dissection of the process of semiotic edification of an anatomical detail: the Linea Alba, which the artisans of Bahariya stylized on several female representations.

espanolEn el actual planteamiento educativo de nuestro pais se establecen distintas modalidades de escolarizacion para favorecer la inclusion educativa del alumnado con necesidad especifica de apoyo educativo. Como alternativa al modelo ordinario se presenta el de Educacion Especial, ya sea en la totalidad de su horario o como escolaridad combinada. En el presente articulo se pretende analizar y comparar la organizacion, funcionamiento y recursos de dos centros de Educacion Especial en contextos muy diferenciados. Por un lado, el colegio Olof Palme, situado en medio del desierto del Sahara, en un campamento de refugiados en la poblacion de Tindouf (Argelia). Por otro lado, el Centro de Educacion Especial Puerta de Santa Maria de Ciudad Real (Espana). Se profundiza en las similitudes y diferencias entre estos dos centros que escolarizan a alumnado con necesidades de apoyo educativo. La comparacion de ambos contextos suponen diferencias en cuanto al funcionamiento o la organizacion de las ensenanzas. En primer lugar se describe la situacion de cada uno de estos dos centros, analizando sus principales aspectos. Posteriormente se realiza el estudio comparado y se exponen las principales conclusiones. Para la realizacion del estudio se han utilizado tecnicas de recogida de datos diferentes, principalmente la entrevista, la observacion directa y la revision bibliografica. Las marcadas diferencias entre estas dos situaciones implican que los procesos educativos de ambos centros educativos sea muy diversos en cuanto a los recursos disponibles, tanto materiales como humanos, la organizacion y la posibilidades de actuacion. EnglishIn the current educational approach of our country different modalities of schooling to promote educational inclusion of the students with specific need of educational support are established. Special Education is presented as alternative to the ordinary model, either in the totality of its schedule or as combined schooling. The present article aims to analyse and compare the organization, functioning and resources of two Special Education centres in very different contexts. On the one hand, Olof Palme school, placed in the middle of the Sahara Desert, in a refugee camp in the town of Tindouf (Algeria). On the other hand, the Puerta de Santa Maria Special Education School in Ciudad Real (Spain). It studies in depth the similarities and differences between these two centres that educate students with educational support needs. The comparison of both contexts supposes differences in the functioning or organization of the teachings. Firstly, the situation of each of these two centres is described, analysing their main aspects. Later the comparative study is carried out and the main conclusions are commented. Different data collection techniques have been used to carry out the study, mainly the interview, the direct observation and the bibliographic review. Pronounced differences between these two situations imply that the educational process of both schools is very different in terms of the available resources, both material and human, the organization and the possibilities of action.

Epidemiological studies found that increases in the concentrations of airborne particulate matter (PM) smaller than 10 microns diameter (PM10) in the ambient air due to desert dust outbreaks contribute to global burden of diseases, primarily as a result of increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. No studies have investigated the possible association between desert dust inhalation and airway inflammation in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Induced sputum was collected in 38 patients and analysed to determine markers of airway inflammation (Transforming Growth Factor-β1 [TGF-β1] and hydroxyproline) concentrations. For the purpose of the investigation, PM10 and reactive gases concentrations measured in the European Air Quality Network implemented in the Canary Islands were also used. We identified Saharan desert dust using meteorology and dust models. Patients affected by smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary abnormalities, acute bronchial or pulmonary disease were excluded. The median of age of patients was 64.71 years (56.35–71.54) and 14 (38.84%) of them were women. TGF-β1 and hydroxyproline in sputum were highly associated to PM10 inhalation from the Saharan desert. According to a regression model, an increase of 1 µg/m3 of PM10 concentrations due to desert dust, results in an increase of 3.84 pg/gwt of TGF-β1 (R2 adjusted= 89.69%) and of 0.80 μg/gwt of hydroxyproline (R2 adjusted= 85.28%) in the sputum of patients. The results of this study indicate that the exposure to high PM10 concentrations due to Saharan dust events are associated with intense inflammatory reaction in the airway mucosae of IHD-patients.

Existe tradiciones de la sociedad sahariana y mauritana que explican el surgimiento y articulación del panorama tribal del África Occidental; un sistema social que se remonta al siglo XIV/VIII, basado en una coexistencia de tribus beréberes y árabes. La conflictiva relación entre ambas etnias, que a la larga derivó en la dominación árabe, generó una estratificación social monolítica y onerosa para los primeros. Para subvertir tal estratificación creemos que se elaboraron tradiciones en torno a sus fundadores que dotaban a las tribus beréberes de una cierta categoría religiosa que relajaran los rigores de aquella dominación. Un trabajo de prospección arqueológica a nivel regional nos ha permitido documentar los morabitos de aquellos fundadores para hacer un estudio crítico que documente materialmente el origen de esas tribus, verificando, pues, la verosimilitud de las tradiciones.

Since the early 1990s, Spanish humanitarian associations have welcomed Saharawi children from the refugee camps in Tindouf (Argelia). These children are the most affected by the lack of food, water, hygienic measures and health care. The main objective of this study was to analyze the anthropometric, nutritional and parasitological data of 38 Saharawi boys and girls (from 10 to 13 years old) under a holiday host program in the city of Valencia. Our results confirm that malnutrition and multiparasitism are highly frequent, so it is understood that living conditions in refugee camps continue to be precarious with a lack of proper hygiene and nutrition. Furthermore, biochemical alterations, lactose malabsorption and the risk of celiac disease, also detected in our study as a secondary objective, will complicate nutritional management and restoration of health. For this reason, sustainable feeding alternatives and interventions from a hygienic and nutritional point of view are proposed, emphasizing in an improvement in the education of parents and children. This study was part of the project “Promotion of hygienic-health habits for the prevention of intestinal parasites in the Saharawi population” promoted by the University of Valencia in collaboration with the Nutrition Clinic of the University of Valencia (CUNAFF), the Federation of Solidarity Associations with the Saharawi People of the Valencian Country (FASPS-PV) and the Ministry of Sanitat de la Comunitat Valenciana, in addition to being funded by the . Sí

This article analyzes Spanish colonial policy towards slavery and servility in the Sahara between 1934 and 1957, with the aim of reconstructing the practices and the administrative language of Spanish officials on a silenced and complexly defined issue such as extreme forms of dependence. The main source on which the study is based is the internal documents of the colonial administration in the Spanish Sahara, which will be interpreted from a double perspective: to reconstruct the power relations between the colonizers and the colonized, and to discover the problems of the colonizers in defining and handling the notions of slavery. The result of the analysis is that the Spanish authorities developed a paradoxical policy that formally prohibited the slave trade, but respected the institution of servility so as not to contravene many tribal chiefs. Despite this supposed neutrality, Spanish officials had to manage numerous conflicts related to the purchase and sale, manumission or escape of slaves in a complex colonial frontier space, which revealed the agency of the subalterns. All this took place in a scenario full of tensions and uncertainties that showed the Este artículo analiza la política colonial española hacia la esclavitud y el servilismo en el Sáhara entre 1934 y 1957, con el objetivo de reconstruir las prácticas y el lenguaje administrativo de los oficiales españoles acerca de una cuestión silenciada y de compleja definición como las formas extremas de dependencia. La fuente principal en que se basa el estudio son los documentos internos de la Administración colonial en el Sáhara español, que serán interpretados desde una doble perspectiva: para reconstruir las relaciones de poder entre colonizadores y colonizados, y para descubrir los problemas de los colonizadores a la hora de definir y manejar las nociones de esclavitud. El resultado del análisis es que las autoridades españolas desarrollaron una paradójica política que prohibía formalmente el comercio de esclavos, pero que respetaba la institución del servilismo para no contravenir a muchos jefes tribales. A pesar de esta supuesta neutralidad, los oficiales españoles tuvieron que gestionar numerosos conflictos vinculados a la compraventa, la manumisión o la fuga de esclavos en un complejo espacio de frontera colonial, que reveló la agencia de los subalternos. Todo ello se produjo en un escenario repleto de tensiones e incertidumbres que mostraban la pugna por definir los propios fenómenos de esclavitud y servilismo en una época de cambios.

We propose a novel method to evaluate regional palaeoclimate that can be used to alleviate the problems caused by the discontinuous nature of palaeoenvironmental data found in deserts. The technique involves processing satellite imagery and DEM's to map past rivers, catchments and evaluate the areas and volumes of palaeolakes. This information is used to determine the new Lake Evaluation Index (LEI) that allows a qualitative estimate of the amount of sediment received by lakes and how long-lived those lakes are. Lakes with considerable longevity and large sediment stores are selected for study. Validation is performed using image interpretation of remote sensing data, UltraGPR surveys and fieldwork. These techniques are also used to identify and study spring deposits and fluvial landforms that provide valuable palaeoclimate information. The method is applied to the Fezzan Basin in southern Libya focusing on the Wadi ash Shati and Wadi el-Agial catchments. Results indicate that the palaeohydrology is accurately mapped except within dune fields. We analysed the sedimentology of the key deposits identified by this methodology, developing a chronology using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating. We find evidence for relatively humid conditions during MIS 5c/d and e, as well as during the early to middle Holocene. Larger lakes and more extensive river systems were present during MIS 5 than are found during the Holocene, suggestive of greater humidity. The Holocene humid period started at ∼11 ka and continued until ∼5 ka being interrupted by abrupt periods of aridity at ∼8.2 ka and ∼6 ka that coincide with North Atlantic cooling. After each of these arid events the climate was less humid than previously, suggesting that they were superimposed upon an overall drying trend. The termination of the Holocene humid period in the Sahara has received much scrutiny in recent years, and sediments of Palaeolake Shati provide a continuous record of this. We do not find evidence to support the hypothesis of either sudden or gradual aridification of the Sahara at ∼5 ka, instead we find that that aridity started to develop at ∼6.5 ka, whereupon the lake levels oscillated until finally drying-up by 5.3 ka. Most of the other lakes in the Fezzan also dried up at ∼ 5ka. We suggest that thousands of years of aridification prior to 5 ka shrunk these lakes so that additional aridity at this time led to their final desiccation. Because lakes are prodigious dust sources this mechanism potentially explains the rapid rise in dust flux to the Atlantic at 5 ka, with this final drying being the culmination of longer term aridity, albeit overprinted with considerable climate variability.

International audience; In the Saharan region of Merzouga, so-called “dry” products tend to be overvalued. This occurs not only in the realm of food (dried meat, vegetables, legumes and fodder), but also in other fields, such as therapeutics (sand bathing, sulfur or incense burning) or seduction (perfumes to burn, for which only so-called “dry” scents are considered “fragrant”). In this article, I will examine some of the domains in which the power of desiccation is considered paramount, highlighting how identity and environmental factors connect with a “dry” space that is always seen as beneficial. How have the hot and the dry become preferential categories in the Saharan context I describe?; Dans la région saharienne de Merzouga, on relève une survalorisation des produits dits « secs ». Dans l’alimentation, où les préférences gustatives sont celles des viandes et légumes séchés, mais aussi dans d’autres domaines comme celui des thérapeutiques (bains de sable, brûlures au soufre, encensements) ou des rapports de séduction (parfums à brûler où seule l’odeur dite « sèche » caractérise la « bonne odeur »). Je propose de relever ici quelques-uns de ces domaines où le pouvoir de dessiccation est mis en exergue par les intéressés, soulignant le lien identitaire et environnemental avec un espace « aride » toujours pensé comme bénéfique. Comment le chaud et le sec deviennent-ils des catégories préférentielles, dans le contexte saharien ici décrit ?

New records of 110 species of the acalyptrate Diptera family Agromyzidae are given from Portugal, including Madeira, Porto Santo and the Azores. A quarantine plant pest, Nemorimyza maculosa (Malloch, 1913), was detected in the Old World for the first time. Details on Phytobia xylem- miners and a parthenogenetic Phytomyza species are recorded together with new distribution data. For certain species morphological and taxonomic notes and discussions on known or new host plants are added. A complete checklist of Agromyzidae of Portugal is presented.

We use the Weather Research and Forecast model using the Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) dust module (WRF‐CHEM) to simulate the particulate matter (PM) variations in the Sahel during the winter seasons (January–March) of 1960–2014. Two simulations are undertaken where the direct aerosol feedback is turned off, and only transport is considered and where the direct aerosol feedback is turned on. We find that simulated Sahelian PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were lower in the 1960s and after 2003 and higher during the period between 1988 and 2002. Higher Sahelian PM10 concentrations are due to stronger winds between the surface and 925 hPa over the Sahara, which transport dust into the Sahel. Negative PM10 concentration anomalies are found over the Bodele Depression and associated with weaker 925 wind anomalies after 1997 through 2014. Further west, positive PM10 concentration anomalies are found across the Adrar Plateau in the Sahara and responsible for dust transport to the Western Sahel. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is positively correlated to Sahelian dust concentrations especially during the periods of 1960–1970 and 1988–2002. The temporal/spatial patterns of PM10 concentrations have significant respiratory health implications for inhabitants of the Sahel., Key Points Decadal variations in Sahelian PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations are strongly related to Saharan wind speed magnitude anomalies between the surface and 925 hPaThe highest correlations among the North Atlantic Oscillation and simulated Sahelian and Saharan PM10 seasonal anomalies between 1960–1970 and 1988–2002 are observedImproved ambient air pollution and health monitoring is a critical need for determining the connections between particulate matter and respiratory disease in the Sahel

International audience; From the outside, northern Chad has long been seen as an area of lawlessness, defined primarily by its inhabitants' alleged propensity for raiding and thieving. From the inside, northern Chad indeed appears as an area that thrives on a rhetoric of predation. This, however, is perhaps best understood not in terms of "crime," but rather as a striving for personal autonomy, as a public denial of reciprocity in a context where notions of bounded moral community and indeed of long-term social strategies of exchange are not much in evidence.; Le Nord du Tchad a longtemps été considéré par les observateurs extérieurs comme une terre de non droit, définie principalement par le penchant supposé de ses habitants pour les rezzous et le vol. Localement, une certaine rhétorique de la prédation est également mise en avant pour expliquer les relations sociales externes, mais froid même internes, de la zone. Néanmoins, afin de mieux cerner ces pratiques et ces dynamiques historiques, il semble préférable de ne pas les analyser en premier lieu sous leurs aspects « criminels », mais davantage comme lependant d’une aspiration à l’autonomie personnelle et du déni public de la réciprocité, dans un contexte où les notions de communautés et de stratégies d’échange à long terme ne sont que peu efficientes.

First visited by westerners in the mid-nineteenth century, Saharan rock art has since received a great deal of attention. The richness and diversity of this region is recognised by the inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage list of three properties: Tassili-n-Ajjer in Algeria, Tadrart Acacus in Libya, and Ennedi in Chad. The situation in many North African countries now makes this vast region very difficult to access: safety in the field is not guaranteed and few research funds are available. Today, a new generation of African and foreign scientists has no access to rock art sites in the north of the continent and the lack of fieldwork may entail a lack of safeguard and awareness. The growth of digital technologies over the last 15 years has revolutionised methods for recording rock art sites. Digital technologies are also used to mitigate the gap between artworks and accessibility in those countries where turmoil and social instability make fieldwork impossible. However, much of the documentation and most digital recordings of artworks currently available on the Internet lack an archaeological context. Equally, many of these websites barely mention methodological and theoretical aspects. It is also difficult to understand the extent of awareness among local communities in remote areas—sometimes suffering a digital and linguistic divide—and if (and how) they are genuinely able to exploit these digital resources. Here, I collate some examples from different parts of the Sahara illustrating that the recording, management and dissemination of rock art still present highs and lows. I argue that we should share theories and methods within the digital scientific community, with a view to adopting a shared nomenclature and a public thesaurus, making our cataloguing criteria explicit and, finally, developing an ethical code of conduct involving local communities.

This is a multicenter cross-sectional study where we aimed to detect the rate of osteopenia/osteoporosis in an HIV female population (WLWHIV) by means of "heel quantitative ultrasound" (QUS) measurement. We enrolled 273 patients, mean age 48.1 years, 36% menopausal, 96% on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Calcaneal measure of bone mass index by QUS revealed osteopenia and osteoporosis in 76 (27.8%) and 16 (5.9%) WLWHIV. Our data underline the correlation between low QUS parameters and traditional risk factors for osteoporosis rather than with cART exposure, thus suggesting the crucial importance of detection and correction of traditional risk factors for osteoporosis in WLWHIV.

This study provides an overview of the scientific work of Pierre Quézel (1926-2015). Ecologist and biogeographer, twice Doctor of the University of Montpellier, in science and in medicine, he was professor at the University of Algiers until 1962 and thereafter at the University of Aix-Marseille where, in 1964, he set up the Laboratory for Mediterranean Botany and Ecology which he continued to head until 1990. He was also one of the co-founders in 1985 of the Mediterranean Institute for Ecology and Paleoecology (IMEP). Author of 406 scientific publications which include several books, he devoted more than fifty years to the study of the flora and vegetation of the Mediterranean region and the Sahara, working on a wide range of topics : biogeography, palaeoecology, phytosociology, ecological dynamics, human impacts and biodiversity conservation. An internationally-recognised expert, he played a major role in the understanding of Mediterranean forests and woodlands and in obtaining recognition of their specific features, as much for their structure as for the dynamics of their succession over generations. Through the orientation of his research, which also encompassed aspects of paleoecology and cytotaxonomy, and the training of innumerable research scientists from countries all around the Mediterranean Rim, Pierre Quézel succeeded in creating a very fertile dynamic for research in ecology and plant geography, thus enhancing the understanding and preservation of what has become a hotspot of biodiversity, part of the planet’s evolving biogeographic capital., Cet article dresse un bilan synthétique des activités scientifiques de Pierre Quézel (1926-2015). Écologue et biogéographe, docteur ès sciences et en médecine de l’université de Montpellier, il a été professeur à l’université d’Alger jusqu’en 1962 puis à l’université d’Aix-Marseille, où il avait fondé en 1964 le Laboratoire de botanique et d’écologie méditerranéenne qu’il a dirigé jusqu’en 1990. Il fut également le cofondateur de l’Institut méditerranéen d’écologie et de paléoécologie (IMEP) créé en 1985. Auteur de 406 publications scientifiques dont plusieurs ouvrages, il a travaillé durant une cinquantaine d’années dans le domaine de la flore et de la végétation vasculaires de la région méditerranéenne et du Sahara. Il a considéré de multiples thématiques : biogéographie, paléoécologie, phytosociologie, dynamiques écologiques, impacts de l’homme et conservation de la biodiversité. Expert reconnu sur le plan international, il a joué un rôle majeur dans la connaissance des forêts méditerranéennes et la reconnaissance de leurs spécificités, tant sur le plan de leurs structures que de leurs dynamiques de succession. De par l’orientation de ses recherches intégrant aussi les aspects paléoécologiques et cytotaxonomiques, et la formation de nombreux chercheurs sur toutes les rives de la Méditerranée, Pierre Quézel a su impulser une dynamique féconde de travaux écologiques et phytogéographiques, afin de mieux comprendre et de préserver ce remarquable point chaud de biodiversité, véritable capital biogéographique et évolutif à l’échelle mondiale., Médail Frédéric. Pierre Quézel (1926-2015), une vie et une oeuvre scientifique entre Méditerranée et Sahara / Pierre Quézel (1926-2015), his life and scientific work between the Mediterranean Basin and the Sahara. In: Ecologia mediterranea, tome 44 n°2, 2018. Hommage scientifique au professeur Pierre Quézel (1926-2015) pp. 5-22.

Climate is one of the important factors in architecture. The historical architecture experience of the inhabitants of the desert zones has created invaluable knowledge on the design of residential environments in these aggressive conditions. Climate also is an important ecological component in the formation of vernacular architecture in the Saharan desert, it had a strong influence on the formation of desert settlements, the Saharan traditional dwellings are an indispensable source for studying organizations and architectural typologies and the adaption to the harsh climate. The article discusses the climatic conditions in which the dwellings in the Sahara desert were built and the important strategies and passive climatization techniques of the design of the dwellings and presents a review of the various techniques developed. These various passive methods and strategies give the Saharan dwellings, adaptation, efficiency, and durability in these hot-arid conditions of the desert and can be a great source of architectural inspiration for new projects.

The anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic effects of polysaccharides extracted from Alhagi maurorum Medik. seeds, spontaneous shrub collected in Southern of Algerian Sahara were investigated. Their water extraction followed by alcoholic precipitation was conducted to obtain two water-soluble polysaccharides extracts (WSPAM1 and WSPAM2). They were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, 1H/13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Size Exclusion Chromatography coupled with Multi-Angle Light Scattering. The capacity of those fractions to inhibit α-amylase activity and thermally induced Bovine Serum Albumin denaturation were also investigated. WSPAM1 and WSPAM2 were galactomannans with a mannose/galactose ratio of 2.2 and 2.4, respectively. The SEC-MALLS analysis revealed that WSPAM1 had a molecular weight of 1.4 × 106 Da. The investigations highlighted antinflammatory and antihyperglycemic effects in a dose-dependant manner of WSPAM1 and WSPAM2.

It was previously shown that during August the export of Saharan dust to the Atlantic was strongly affected by the difference of the 700-hPa geopotential height anomaly between the subtropics and the tropics over North Africa, which was termed the North African Dipole Intensity (NAFDI). In this work a more comprehensive analysis of the NAFDI is performed, focusing on the entire summer dust season (June–September), and examining the interactions between the mid-latitude Rossby waves (MLRWs) and NAFDI. Widespread and notable aerosol optical depth (AOD) monthly anomalies are found for each NAFDI-phase over the dust corridors off the Sahara, indicating that NAFDI presents intra-seasonal variability and drives dust transport over both the Mediterranean basin and the North Atlantic. Those summer months with the same NAFDI-phase show similar AOD-anomaly patterns. Variations in NAFDI-phase also control the displacement of the Saharan Heat Low (SHL) westwards or eastwards through horizontal advection of temperature over Morocco-Western Sahara or eastern Algeria-Western Libya, respectively. The connection between the SHL and the NAFDI is quantified statistically by introducing two new daily indexes that account for their respective phases (NAFDI daily index -NAFDIDI-, and SHL longitudinal shift index -SHLLSI-) and explained physically using the energy equation of the atmospheric dynamics. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between the one–day-lag SHLLSI and the NAFDIDI for an extended summer season (1980–2013) is 0.78. A positive NAFDI is associated with the West-phase of the SHL, dust sources intensification on central Algeria, and positive AOD anomalies over this region and the Subtropical North Atlantic. A negative NAFDI is associated with the East-phase of the SHL, and positive AOD anomalies over central-eastern Sahara and the central-western Mediterranean Sea. The results point out that the phase changes of NAFDI at intra-seasonal time scale are conducted by those MLRWs that penetrate deeply into the low troposphere. This work is part of the research activities developed by the WMO SDS-WAS Regional Centre for Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe, held by AEMET and BSC-CNS. This study also contributes to Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Our acknowledgment to ECMWF for providing MACC-dust reanalysis. The authors wish to thank NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project. We acknowledge NASA LADS for providing MODIS data. The University of Granada (Spain) and its “Physics and Space Sciences” PhD Programme are acknowledged by A. J. Gómez-Peláez and E. Cuevas. AEROATLAN project (CGL2015-17 66229-P), co-funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund contributed to this study. Sara Basart acknowledges the CICYT project (CGL2013-46736). 3.708 JCR (2017) Q1, 54/241 Environmental Sciences, 16/86 Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences UEC

The first checklist of the Tephritidae of Morocco, containing 59 species, is presented here. Out of 38 species collected during the present project, three (Campiglossa martii (Becker, 1908), Tephritis divisa (Rondani, 1871), and Terellia sp. near longicauda) present new records for North Africa, and ten (Carpomya incompleta (Becker, 1903), Chaetorellia conjuncta (Becker, 1913), Chetostoma curvinerve Rondani, 1856, Dacus frontalis (Becker, 1922), D. longistylus (Wiedemann, 1830), Dioxyna sororcula (Wiedemann, 1830), Ensina sonchi (Linnaeus, 1767), Myopites inulaedyssentericae Blot, 1827, M. stylatus Fabricius, 1794, and Tephritis vespertina (Loew, 1844)) are new for Morocco.

Drawing on a collection of open source data, the article uses network analysis to represent alliances and conflicts among 179 organizations involved in violence in North and Western Africa between 1997 and 2014. Owing to the fundamentally relational nature of internecine violence, this article investigates the way the structural positions of conflicting parties affect their ability to resort to political violence. To this end, we combine two spectral embedding techniques that have previously been considered separately: one for directed graphs that takes into account the direction of relationships between belligerents, and one for signed graphs that takes into consideration whether relationships between groups are positive or negative. We hypothesize that groups with similar allies and foes have similar patterns of aggression. In a region where alliances are fluid and actors often change sides, the propensity to use political violence corresponds to a group’s position in the social network.

Unpublished chemical and isotopic data taken in November 1992 from the three major Saharan aquifers, namely the Continental Intercalaire (CI), the Complexe Terminal (CT) and the phreatic aquifer (Phr), were integrated with original samples in order to chemically and isotopically characterize the largest Saharan aquifer system and investigate the processes through which groundwaters acquire their mineralization. Instead of classical Debye–Hückel extended law, a specific interaction theory (SIT) model, recently incorporated in PHREEQC 3.0, was used. Inverse modeling of hydrochemical data constrained by isotopic data was used here to quantitatively assess the influence of geochemical processes: at depth, the dissolution of salts from the geological formations during upward leakage without evaporation explains the transitions from CI to CT and to a first end member, a cluster of Phr (cluster I); near the surface, the dissolution of salts from sabkhas by rainwater explains another cluster of Phr (cluster II). In every case, secondary precipitation of calcite occurs during dissolution. All Phr waters result from the mixing of these two clusters together with calcite precipitation and ion exchange processes. These processes are quantitatively assessed by the PHREEQC model. Globally, gypsum dissolution and calcite precipitation were found to act as a carbon sink.

Cet article vise à éclairer un pan peu connu de l’histoire contemporaine de l’Algérie : l’internement de milliers d’hommes au Sahara entre 1991 et 1995. Cette séquence historique n’a jamais fait l’objet de recherche historique alors que les témoins de l’époque s’accordent à écrire qu’elle constitue un tournant et a joué un rôle clef dans le ralliement des maquis par de nombreux Algériens. Il s’agit donc ici de rappeler le contexte dans lequel ces camps sont ouverts, d’expliquer le processus décisionnel qui a conduit à leur instauration tout en brossant un premier portrait collectif des hommes qui y furent envoyés. Ce faisant, cet article espère contribuer à l’écriture de l’histoire de la guerre civile algérienne dont de nombreux aspects restent encore méconnus. This article aims to shed light on a part of Algeria’s contemporary history largely unknown: the internment of thousands of men in the Sahara from 1991 to 1995. This historical sequence has never been the subject of historical research while contemporary witnesses agree that it constitutes a turning point and played a key role in rallying numerous Algerians to the maquis. It is thus a question of recalling the context in which these camps were open, explaining the decision-making process which led to their establishment while sketching a first collective portrait of the men who were sent there. In doing so, this article hopes to contribute to writing the history of the Algerian Civil War, many aspects of which are still unknown.

The new ceramic microfiltration support prepared from Moroccan clay (Laayoune region, South of Morocco) is reported in this paper. To optimize the support elaboration conditions, the powder clay is mixed with organic additives and water. The formed paste is shaped by using an extrusion processing and then sintered at 950 °C. The ceramic supports present a porosity and mechanical strength of 44 % and 12MPa respectively. The layer filtration deposition has been carried out by the slip casting method, in order to test its operation in textile effluents treatment.

International audience; Each year, billions of songbirds cross large ecological barriers during their migration. Understanding how they perform this incredible task is crucial to predict how global change may threaten the safety of such journeys. earlier studies based on radar suggested that most songbirds cross deserts in intermittent flights at high altitude, stopping in the desert during the day, while recent tracking with light loggers suggested diurnal prolongation of nocturnal flights and common non-stop flights for some species. We analyzed light intensity and temperature data obtained from geolocation loggers deployed on 130 individuals of ten migratory songbird species, and show that a large variety of strategies for crossing deserts exists between, but also sometimes within species. Diurnal stopover in the desert is a common strategy in autumn, while most species prolonged some nocturnal flights into the day. Nonstop flights over the desert occurred more frequently in spring than in autumn, and more frequently in foliage gleaners. Temperature recordings suggest that songbirds crossed deserts with flight bouts performed at various altitudes according to species and season, along a gradient ranging from low above ground in autumn to probably >2000 m above ground level, and possibly at higher altitude in spring. High-altitude flights are therefore not the general rule for crossing deserts in migrant songbirds. We conclude that a diversity of migration strategies exists for desert crossing among songbirds, with variations between but also within species.