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Soil water content (SWC) estimation is a crucial issue of agricultural production, and its mapping is an important task. We aimed to study the efficacy of UAS-based thermal (TH) and multispectral (MS) cameras in SWC mapping.The study area for the analysis is situated at NE-Hungary near the town of Tépe. the plot is a part of a larger area of intensive agriculture, where the arable crop at the year of surveys was maize. The experimental AOI was set to a maximum size of 200 x 200 meters due to the time-demand and limitations of the multi-sensor surveys. On the plot 3 major soil types are found meanwhile relative relief differences are also notable. Soil samples were collected at the time of surveys to measure the reference SWC rates in laboratory conditions using the gravimetric method.The aerial mapping tasks were carried out using a DJI Matrice M210 payloads: 1) Micasense RedEdge-MX Dual, 2) Zenmuse XT2. High resolution DEM of the initial surface were mapped by a DJI Matrice M210 RTK v2 + a Zenmuse X7 lens. All imagery were processed in Pix4D Mapper. Machine Learning algorithms were then utilized to model the relationship between reflectance values, land surface temperature and the reference SWC values.Our surveys were dedicated to a sensitivity analysis on the different settings of Pix4D regarding the downscaling to different pixel resolution of the multispectral data and spectral reflectance calibration too. We have analyzed the differences on the SWC modeling accuracies on the different soil types and relief conditions to develop a more robust estimation for precision drainage designs.-----------The research is supported by the NKFI K138079 project.

Little information is available on vegetative and generative performance of apple cultivars during the early growth of trees in orchards. The aim of this five-year study was to evaluate 2 vegetative (trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) and tree height (TH)) and 7 generative parameters (tree yield (TY), fruit number per tree (FNT), crop load (CL), fruit diameter (FD), shape index (SI), fruit surface color (FSC) and fruit color intensity (FCI)) and their inter-correlations (Pearson correlation, regression analyses and PCA) for young apple trees, on 9 apple cultivars (‘Jugala’, ‘Galaval’, ‘Gala Venus Fengal’, ‘Gala Decarli-Fendeca’, ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’, ‘Fuji September Wonder’, ‘Crimson Crisp (Co-op 39)’, ‘Jeromine’, and ‘Red Idared’) in a slender spindle training system (2597 trees ha−1) and on 4 apple cultivars (‘Wilton’s Red Jonaprince’, ‘Red Cap Valtod (S)’, ‘Early Red One’, and ‘Red Topaz’) in a super spindle training system (5194 trees ha−1) in Eastern Hungary. The strongest vegetative growth was observed in ‘Red Idared’, while the weakest was in ‘Early Red One’. Most ‘Gala’ mutants showed high yields in all years, except for ‘Galaval’. On the 6 year-old trees, the lowest tree yield was found in ‘Fuji September Wonder’ (8.2 kg tree−1), while the highest was found in ‘Gala Venus Fengal’ (35.8 kg tree−1). The lowest fruit number per tree (15 fruit tree−1) was found in ‘Jeromine’, while the highest (222 fruit tree−1) was in ‘Gala Venus Fengal’. The highest crop load was found in ‘Gala Venus Fengal’ (12.72 fruit per cm2TCSA), while the lowest was in ‘Jeromine’ (2.13 fruit per cm2TCSA). The smallest fruit diameter (66.3 mm) was recorded in ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’, while highest (93.6 mm) was in ‘Red Idared’. The lowest shape index (0.73) was found in ‘Red Topaz’, while the highest (0.92) was in ‘Red Idared’. The majority of the cultivars reached very good fruit surface color (80–100%). The lowest fruit surface color (40%) was observed in ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’, while the highest (100%) was in ‘Jeromine’ and ‘Early Red One’. The highest fruit color intensity was observed in most cultivars with the exception of ‘Jeromine’, ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’ and’Fuji September Wonder’. In addition, correlation and regression analyses revealed strong and significant (p = 0.05) relationships between THvsTCSA, TYvsTCSA, THvsTY, TYvsFNT, and FCIvsFSC. PCA explained 87% of the total variance and PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 accounted for 33, 21, 20, and 13% of the variance, respectively, and correlated with TSCA, TH, TY and FNT; with FNT, CL and FS; with FSC and FCI; and with TH and SI, respectively. In conclusion, our study provides useful tree property data on prospective mutants/cultivars for growers/advisors in order to select the most suitable cultivars for establishing new orchards under climate conditions similar to central Europe.

Tree species’ composition of forests is essential in forest management and nature conservation. We aimed to identify the tree species structure of a floodplain forest area using a hyperspectral image. We proposed an efficient novel strategy including the testing of three dimension reduction (DR) methods: Principal Component Analysis, Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) and Indipendent Component Analysis with five machine learning (ML) algorithms (Maximum Likelihood Classifier, Support Vector Classification, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest and Artificial Neural Network) to find the most accurate outcome; altogether 300 models were calculated. Post-classification was applied by combining the multiresolution segmentation and filtering. MNF was the most efficient DR technique, and at least 7 components were needed to gain an overall accuracy (OA) of > 75%. Forty-five models had > 80% OAs; MNF was 43, and the Maximum Likelihood was 19 times among these models. Best classification belonged to MNF with 10 components and Maximum Likelihood classifier with the OA of 83.3%. Post-classification increased the OA to 86.1%. We quantified the differences among the possible DR and ML methods, and found that even > 10% worse model can be found using popular standard procedures related to the best results. Our workflow calls the attention of careful model selection to gain accurate maps.

In this study two high-resolution satellite imagery, the PlanetScope, and SkySat were compared based on their classification capabilities of urban vegetation. During the research, we applied Random Forest and Support Vector Machine classification methods at a study area, center of Rome, Italy. We performed the classifications based on the spectral bands, then we involved the NDVI index, too. We evaluated the classification performance of the classifiers using different sets of input data with ROC curves and AUC values. Additional statistical analyses were applied to reveal the correlation structure of the satellite bands and the NDVI and General Linear Modeling to evaluate the AUC of different models. Although different classification methods did not result in significantly differing outcomes (AUC values between 0.96 and 0.99), SVM’s performance was better. The contribution of NDVI resulted in significantly higher AUC values. SkySat’s bands provided slightly better input data related to PlanetScope but the difference was minimal (~3%); accordingly, both satellites ensured excellent classification results.

The global Earth Observations, remote sensing, geoscience, environmental and applied science communities celebrated the successful launch of LANDSAT 9 on Sept. 27, 2021. LANDSAT 1 (originally named...

Environmental noise affects life and health within urban environments through interfering with sleep, rest, study and personal communication. Noise mapping is an important issue of local authorities but due to its requirements (staff, costs and frequency), the available data are limited or outdated. Our aim was to involve people with smartphones in the mapping process and to determine the accuracy of the measurements performed with these devices in a natural environment. The main questions were whether the measured data were dependent on the type of applied software and smartphones. We tested three software (Noise Watch, Noise Meter and Sound Level Meter) and 12 different smartphones. We evaluated the measurements with hypothesis testing and correlation analysis. Although the accuracy of smartphones was below the professional equipment, measurements can be conducted easily due to their availability; thus, a reliability analysis is important. We found that comparison between professional devices and smartphones in a laboratory was misleading as it lacks the environmental factors biasing the measurements. The best method to compare the measurements carried out with smartphones and professional Noise Meters was to use large number of measuring points in a heterogenic outdoor environment where the noise ranged from the low to large values. We revealed that both the applied software and smartphones have relevant effect on the measurements, and, although it is possible to use these devices for noise mapping, one should consider not to apply different software and smartphones. Accordingly, crowdsourcing is not a reliable data collection method because: (1) measurements should be supervised, (2) smartphones’ accuracy should be tested and (3) measurement circumstances should be the same. If any of these requirements are violated, the quality of the resulting maps can be questioned.

Temporal and spatial variability of annual and seasonal precipitation from 71 stations located in Western Balkan (WB) countries (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro) and their correlations with nine atmospheric circulation patterns was examined for the period 1950-2016. Annual precipitation increased significantly throughout the WB (from 2% to 8% per decade) on 20% of stations located mainly in the mountainous western Serbia and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Winter was characterized by non‐significant precipitation changes in most of the studied area, with only a few stations characterized by significant precipitation increase (up to 12% per decade) in the mountainous area of WB, and a few stations characterized by significant decrease (up to -6% per decade) in the Pannonian plain. Significant precipitation increase was noticed on 15% of the stations in spring, while it was noticed on 17% of the stations in autumn. Summer precipitation decreased significantly (up to -5% per decade) on a limited area of northern Serbia (6% of the stations), while the majority of stations showed non‐significant increase. The strongest influences on annual precipitation in WB region are of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Mediterranean Oscillation (MO), leading to the precipitation decrease during their positive phases. Winter precipitation is significantly negatively correlated with AO, East Atlantic/Western Russia oscillation (EA/WR), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and has a significant positive correlation with Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO) on the majority of stations. MO has the strongest influence on summer precipitation in WB region leading to precipitation decrease, while AO has the dominant influence on precipitation in the region during autumn.

Urban green spaces of cities are crucial elements of city structure that ensure habitat for species and ecological functionality of habitat patches, maintain biodiversity, and provide environmental services. However, detailed maps intended for planning and improving the existing network require a quick and effective technique for assessing the possibilities. Multispectral imagery is an accessible source for species-level classification of urban trees. Using a multispectral image from the WorldView–2 satellite sensor, we classified six of the most common urban tree species in Debrecen, Hungary. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers were applied to different numbers of the MNF-transformed bands. The best overall accuracy was achieved with the ML algorithm applied to the first four transformed bands (75.1%), and with the SVM algorithm applied to eight bands (71.0%). In general, ML performed better than SVM. Despite the relatively low number of spectral bands, we achieved moderately good accuracy for basic vegetation mapping, which can be used in spatial planning and decision making. In a future interdisciplinary research study, we could merge the classification results with the dust adsorption capacity of individual species to assess the reduction of dust pollution by urban trees.

We use plumbing calculus to prove the homotopy commutativity assertion of the Geometric $P=W$ conjecture in all Painlevé cases. We discuss the resulting Mixed Hodge structures on Dolbeault and Betti moduli spaces.

The objective was to parameterize a modified water cloud model using crop coefficients (A and B). These crop coefficients were derived from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 data. Whereas the coefficients C and D are of soil parameters. The water cloud model was modified using crop coefficients by minimizing the RMSE between observed VVσ0 and Sentinel-1 based simulated VVσ0. The comparison with observed and simulated VV polarized σ0 showed low RMSE (0.81 dB) and strong R2 of 0.98 for NDVI-EVI combination. However, based on other possible combinations of vegetation indices VVσ0 and simulated VVσ0 do not show a good statistical agreement. It was observed that the errors in crop coefficients (A and B) are sensitive to errors in initial vegetation/canopy descriptor parameters.

Shot hole disease (SHD) can cause severe epidemics in plum orchards, depending on cultivar susceptibility and training system; however, the combined effect on the progress of temporal disease and on the possible reduction in SHD in the disease management was not investigated. The aim of this 3-year study was (i) to monitor and analyze the temporal dynamics of SHD progress under four training systems (4 × 1.5, 4 × 2, 5 × 2.5 and 6 × 3 m) and on four plum cultivars (‘Čačanska lepotica’, ‘Bluefre’, ‘Stanley’ and ‘President’) in an integrated plum orchard; (ii) to identify those time periods when training system and cultivar combinations can reduce the disease development. Both SHD incidences and the area under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) were significantly affected by the training system, cultivar and year. Plum cultivars with high or mid–high susceptibility to SHD showed continuous SHD development from May to November, while cultivars with low susceptibility to SHD showed no symptoms until mid-summer and then progressed slowly until November. High (4 × 1.5 m) vs. low (6 × 3 m) density training systems reduced SHD incidence and AUDPC consistently for three cultivars (‘Čačanska lepotica’, ‘Stanley’ and ‘President’) in September, October and November, compared to the high-density training system. Only cv. ‘Bluefre’ showed no effect either on disease incidence or AUDPC, due to very high disease incidences in all training systems from September to November. In conclusions, combinations of training system and cultivar can significantly reduce SHD incidence, which may be successfully used as a part of the integrated pest management approach during the establishment new plantations.

Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) is a widely used method in Earth science, Agriculture or Forestry. This method could provide high resolution and accurate spatial data for the better understanding of surface structures, moreover, based on the laser pulses, it can even show important features of the ground below dense vegetation. However, these ALS surveys requires specially designed aircrafts, pilots and operators, detailed flight planning, which leads to an expensive way of data analysis. The application of laser scanners for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) has started in the last few years. These sensor payloads provide less weight and size and decreased accuracy compared to the traditional ALS surveys but still serve as more reliable mapping technology contrary to the photogrammetric methods in many cases. However, several new UAS laser scanners are being developed but their accuracy conditions and applicability for agricultural monitoring must be studied in many ways.In our study we applied the novel Zenmuse L1 LiDAR sensor mounted on a DJI Matrice M300 RTK UAS. We surveyed a ~50 ha area of corn field near Berettyóújfalu, Hungary in the summer of 2021. Our aim was to reveal the applicability of UAS laser scanning for the precise ground surface reconstruction. In this period, the corn was under irrigated condition, therefore, extensive weed patches were observed between the paths. The laser scanner ground filtering data was compared to a photogrammetry-based aerial survey that we have carried out at the beginning of the vegetation cycle at the same parcel. Our results showed both the potentials and limitations of this sensor for precision agriculture. The laser beams produced significant amount of noise between the paths that had to be cleaned to extract the ground surface below the corn canopy. Based on our data processing methods we were able to delineate similar drainage networks within the parcel that was also processed from the initial aerial survey. However, the UAS LiDAR gained the most accurate surface reconstruction at the more clear grassland patches around the parcel. L. Bertalan was supported by the INKP2022-13 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. This research was funded by the Thematic Excellence Programme (TKP2020-NKA-04) of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology in Hungary. This research was also influenced by the COST Action CA16219 “HARMONIOUS - Harmonization of UAS techniques for agricultural and natural ecosystems monitoring”.

Bentonite fining is one of the generally applied wine-making technological elements that may seriously affect wine components. The aim of this study was (i) to investigate the effect of 21 bentonite products on eight oenological parameters, 19 elements, 21 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and 10 organoleptic properties of white wine; and (ii) to quantify intercorrelations among the parameters separately for each of the four quality attributes. Among oenological parameters, sugar, acidity, malic-, lactic-, citric acid and total phenol contents were significant among several bentonite products. The amounts of elements were the lowest in the control wine treatments (with exceptions of, e.g., Ni and Cu); and these values were significantly different from several bentonite products. The relative presence of the VOCs was above 100% for most VOCs, but it was below 100% for 1-propanol, 4-amino-1,5-pentandioic acid and butane-dioic acid, and diethyl ester in all treatments. For organoleptic parameters, the values of clearness, colour, flavour intensity and taste persistency was the lowest in the control wine treatment, while the values of flavour character, flavour quality, taste intensity, taste character, and overall harmony were the highest for the bentonite products of AP, EBE, M-SA, EBE, EBE, respectively. Results of correlation and factor analyses showed strong intercorrelative effects of bentonite fining on the four quality attributes. In conclusion, this study can help in the proper choice of a specific bentonite product in relation to complexity effects of bentonite fining.

In the case of state- and municipality-owned companies providing public services, the 2021 salary increase was settled with a six-monthly delay, which was manifested in three-year, so-called “income policy” agreements. However, for the purposes of this paper, the process became relevant mainly due to the aspect of labor relations and it also became suitable for a legal science analysis. In the course of this, within the available space limits, I discuss the process of salary negotiations (with its labor law content and consequences), the theoretical bases of the different collective labor law regulations regarding public assets, and finally, the newly emerging practical issues related to the strike rights regulation of this sector.

Using poppet valves to control the air-fuel mixture entering and leaving the combustion chamber of an engine is just one among many other more flow efficient alternative solution. The geometry of the poppet valve and its valve seat are the main causes of the flow restriction in the internal combustion engines. The engine downsizing concept dictates to obtain more power from a given engine volume, therefore proportionally more air should be drawn into the cylinders to burn more fuel. These criteria best fulfilled with a new Swinging Valve (SwV) solution that enables the unhindered flow of air and exhaust gas through an engine’s cylinder. The filling of a cylinder is improved while the pumping losses are decreased. In this experiment, a Super Flow SF600 flow bench was used to examine a Suzuki SV650 motorcycle engine’s normal poppet valve cylinder head and a Swinging Valve cylinder head was constructed as well. First the flow parameters of the original cylinder head were obtained then the Swinging Valve head was investigated in the same way. The outcomes of the tests show the superiority of the new concept. The results will also be the base of further 0D/1D engine simulations.

The ecology of invertebrate steppe species requiring active conservation management has not been explored enough. Stenobothrus eurasius is a characteristic steppe species occurring very frequently in the Siberian and Central Asian grasslands, although on the western edge of its area it is present in small, isolated, endangered relict populations. We examined populations and habitats of St. eurasius in the Pannonian vegetation region to (1) seek predictor variables of its density and (2) explore potentially successful conservation management practices which could be used generally on declining steppe relict species. Our results showed that robust populations of St. eurasius are found in short, edaphic, relict steppe grasslands in which the proportion of coarse sand in the soil is high and which are free of significant disturbance by game (specifically by wild boar). According to our study, the most important approach for the enhancement of declining marginal populations of St. eurasius, existing as an umbrella species of steppe relicts, is to reduce individual numbers of game (mainly wild boar and mouflon) which have increased tenfold regionally in the last few decades (or at least to exclude them from the most vulnerable patches).

Extreme precipitation events can trigger flash flood, mass movements, pluvial flood and accelerated soil erosion. As soil structures are highly degraded due to intensive improper cultivation water infiltration can considerably decrease during the vegetation period. Additional changes in canopy coverage on the soil surface cause relevant variability in infiltration and hence vulnerability against runoff related disasters. Most researchers agree that the frequency of extreme precipitations increases, however, in the Carpathian Basin the uncertainties are quite high. This study aims to compare daily maximum mean precipitation amounts (MMPA) predicted by the Goda-method for June and August as the most probable months of extremities. We used the CarpatClim database as input and predicted MMPAs for two periods, 1960–1985 and 1986–2010. The Goda-method uses monthly data and calculates daily results on given probability. A general increase was found between the first and second half of the period regarding daily maximum precipitation amount in both investigated months. For August the 1-day precipitation amount increased from 56.1 mm to 61.8 mm, whereas 6-days amount from 93.8 mm to 103.2 mm at 1 per cent probability (r = 0.53; p < 0.001). Beyond this change, relevant spatial differences were found. Comparing the macro regions plains had lower increase compared to the mountains, whereas the highest increase was at the. The most endangered location is the southern part of the Transdanubian Hills where parallel with the intensive increase in MMPA both in June and August the environmental conditions such as loose parent material and the high percentage of crop fields also emphasize the potential hazard.

Landscape aesthetic research that emerged from the second half of the 20th century has become increasingly appreciated and popular in the last few decades. There are two main reasons for this. On the one hand, it was recognized the role of landscape aesthetics in land use and environmental planning, management and conservation. On the other hand, its definition among Cultural Ecosystem Services has made it clear that landscape aesthetics has significant impact on human well-being and there is a need to examine it in the concept of Ecosystem Services and, in particular, Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). The mapping of landscape aesthetics is mostly based on the exclusive evaluation of objective, biophysical landscape factors. The aim of the research was to create the landscape aesthetic map of Hungary with a novel method based on human perception. For this, a questionnaire survey and a GIS approach were used. In order to better understand the role of factors influencing the aesthetic value of the landscape, value maps separately for land cover and elevation that are decisive for the landscape experience were prepared. To validate the results of the maps, and contribute a better understanding of the interrelationship between CES, a certain tourism product was chosen, and the connection between landscape aesthetics and the offer of rural tourism was examined in Hungary and in the Danube Bend priority tourism development area. Our findings show that there is a difference in the results of the objective (GIS-based) and subjective (questionnaire-based) assessment of landscape aesthetic value with the more important role of elevation in the latter. According to our tourism product-based analysis, which represents a niche approach in its kind, landscape values are higher in the areas with rural accommodation. At the same time, based on the results of the Danube Bend region, it can also be concluded that elevation and land cover together are crucial factors in landscapes considered to be the most valuable in aesthetic terms. The most direct practical application of our research is to orientate further tourism development of the new Danube Bend area designated in 2017.

Climate change is one of the most important issues of anthropogenic activities. The increasing drought conditions can cause water shortage and heat waves and can influence the agricultural production or the water supply of cities. The Carpathian region is also affected by this phenomenon; thus, we aimed at identifying the tendencies between 1960 and 2010 applying the CarpatClim (CC) database. We calculated the trends for each grid point of CC, plotted the results on maps, and applied statistical analysis on annual and seasonal level. We revealed that monthly average temperature, maximum temperature and evapotranspiration had similar patterns and had positive trends in all seasons except autumn. Precipitation also had a positive trend, but it had negative values in winter. The geospatial analysis disclosed an increasing trend from West to East and from north to west. A simple binary approach (value of 1 above the upper quartile in case of temperature and evapotranspiration, value of 1 below the lower quartile; 0 for the rest of the data) helped to identify the most sensitive areas where all the involved climatic variables exceeded the threshold: Western Hungary and Eastern Croatia. Results can help to prepare possible mitigation strategies to climate change and both landowners and planners can draw the conclusions.

In this paper we give a complete description of the Hitchin fibration on all 2-dimensional moduli spaces of rank 2 irregular Higgs bundles with two poles on the projective line. We describe the dependence of the singular fibers of the fibration on the eigenvalues of the Higgs fields, and describe the corresponding motivic wall-crossing phenomenon in the parameter space of parabolic weights., Comment: 66 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables

In this study flow around an axial flow fan is investigated by the means of CFD computations using the commercial software package, ANSYS Fluent. The rotation speed of the impeller was set to the constant value of n = 2500min-1. The results obtained from the computation are validated against those from measurements; good agreements can be seen. The effects of two different external disturbances are analysed. First, the fan was place into a uniform stream where the free stream velocity is varied between U = 0 and 100 km/h. After that, a computation is carried out for U = 0 km/h where the half of the suction side of the fan was covered by a flat plate. The results showed that the fluid pressure and the aerodynamic force increases with the free stream velocity. Asymmetric pressure and fluid force distribution was identified when suction side of the fan was partially covered.

Some popular metrics to evaluate land change simulation models are misleading. Therefore, land change scientists have called for the development of methods to evaluate various aspects of modelling applications. This article answers the call by giving novel methods to compare three types of land change: 1) reference change during the calibration time interval, 2) simulation change during the validation time interval, and 3) reference change during the validation time interval. We compare these changes by using Intensity Analysis’ three levels and the Figure of Merit’s four components: Misses, Hits, Wrong Hits and False Alarms. We illustrate the concepts by applying a Cellular Automata – Markov land change model to a case study in northeast Hungary. We used reference maps of five land categories to calibrate the model during 2000–2006, then to validate the simulation during 2006–2012. Intensity Analysis’ time interval level shows that the simulation change and the reference change decelerated from 2000–2006 to 2006–2012. Intensity Analysis’ category level shows that the simulation losses were less than what a pure Markov chain would have dictated. Intensity Analysis’ transition level shows that the model’s Markov algorithm simulated correctly that the gain of Forest targeted Agriculture and Wetland. The Figure of Merit’s components reveals more allocation error than quantity error. Our collection of metrics show that more error derived from the Cellular Automata algorithm than from the Markov algorithm. We recommend that scientists use Intensity Analysis and the Figure of Merit’s components to reveal various fundamental aspects of modelling applications.

A szakirodalomban vizsgált szabad folyadék- és gázsugarak a legkülönfélébb átmérőjű, kialakítású és geometriai helyzetű fúvókákon érkeznek a szabadba. A kiömlési keresztmetszetre jellemző Reynolds szám is igen különböző. Amiben a közlemények megegyeznek, az az, hogy a szabad sugár áramlási jellemzőit, úgy, mint a sebességeloszlást és a turbulenciát jellemző mennyiségeket dimenziótlanítva, hasonlósági tulajdonságokat mutatnak ki. Jelen dolgozatban megvizsgáljuk, hogy e hasonlóságok igazak-e egy speciális fúvóka esetén, ahol három irányból érkező levegősugár egy keverőtérben egyesül és így hagyja el a fúvókát. A vizsgálatok párhuzamosan folytak laboratóriumi sebességmérésekkel (Constant Temperature Anemometry, CTA) és numerikus szimulációval (ANSYS-FLUENT). A mérési és a számítási eredményeket összevetettük és kellő egyezést találtunk. Továbbá eredményeinket összehasonlítottuk a szakirodalomban található, más fúvókákra és más körülmények között végzett mérések eredményeivel.

Orthopterans are important functional elements of ecosystems, in which several factors influence their distribution and density. Factors related to the vegetation, macro- and microclimate have been intensively investigated, although the role of the bedrock and soil in organization of orthopteran assemblages has not been explored sufficiently. Our results showed that general effects, as (1) dry, warm macro- and microclimate, (2) short vegetation, (3) presence of about 30% bare sand surface, are important habitat factors organizing sandy orthopteran assemblages of the Carpathian Basin too. Further we found that optimal climate and vegetation structure is not sufficient for a high species number of sand-specialists. Local assemblages rich in sand elements are related to sand areas characterised by a proportion of the fine fraction of the soil (= small-fine-dust fractions together) of around 80%.

Accurate and reliable estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) is important due to its critical role in determining crop water requirement in irrigated agriculture. The aim of the paper was to estimate the evapotranspiration (ETc) using spatially distributed crop coefficient (Kc) and open access earth observing datasets in a semi-arid environment. We have estimated the actual evapotranspiration (ETc) based on spatially distributed crop coefficient (Kc) using following models namely Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Makkink model, Hargreaves and Samani model, Camargo method and Jensen-Haise model. Further, these models estimates were compared with Penman-Monteith estimate. Comparative evaluation of models was performed through statistical tests, and it was found that the Makkink model performed satisfactory compared with standard Penman-Monteith model estimate (R2 = 0.88). Leaf area index (LAI) and the Kc was in strong (second order polynomial) relationship (R2 = 0.98). The analysis also shows distributed actual evapotranspiration based on Makkink model has good agreement with actual evapotranspiration from Penman-Monteith with R2 of 0.84, respectively, for the study area. The finding suggests that the Makkink model estimates ETo are very close to the universally accepted Penman-Monteith model based ETo.

Monilinia laxa causes serious postharvest damage on apricot fruits under shelf-life storage conditions. Plant elicitors of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) can reduce this damage, and their research can explain the background of the plant defense physiological processes in M. laxa-infected fruits. The aims of this study were: (i) to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of MeJA and SA on brown rot incidence (BRI) and lesion diameter (LD) of apricot fruits; (ii) to measure the temporal patterns for the effect of 0.4 mmol L−1 MeJA and 2 mmol L−1 SA treatments on BRI, LD and seven fruit measures (fruit firmness (FF), lignin content (LC), total soluble phenol content (TSPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and enzyme activities of PAL, POD and SOD) in treatments of M. laxa-inoculated versus (vs.) non-inoculated fruits over an eight-day shelf-life storage period; and (iii) to determine inter-correlations among the seven fruit measures for MeJA and SA treatments. Both MeJA and SA significantly reduced BRI and LD. LC, FF, TAC, TSPC, as well as SOD and PAL activities in the MeJA and SA treatments were higher than the water-treated control in most assessment days and both inoculation treatments. In both inoculation treatments, the activity of POD in the SA-treated fruits was higher than MeJA-treated and control fruits at all dates. In MeJA vs. SA and inoculated vs. non-inoculated treatments, six variable pairs (FF vs. TSPC, FF vs. TAC, TAC vs. PAL, PAL vs. POD, PAL vs. SOD, and POD vs. SOD) showed significant inter-correlation values. Principal component analyses explained 96% and 93% of the total variance for inoculated and non-inoculated treatments, respectively. In inoculated treatments, both PC1 and PC2 explained 41% of the total variance and correlated with FF, TSPC and TAC and with PAL, SOD and POD, respectively. In non-inoculated treatments, PC1 and PC2 explained 49% and 44% of the total variance and correlated with LC, PAL, POD and SOD and with FF, TSPC and TAC, respectively. It can be concluded that MeJA and SA are useful in the practice to enhance the plant defense system against brown rot by reducing fungal growth and by improving physical and antioxidant attributes (FF, LC, TAC and TSPC) and the activity of defense-related enzymes (PAL, POD and SOD) in apricot fruits during shelf-life storage conditions.

A number of clear issues are pertinent when considering whether, or not, to use a remotely sensed dataset. We evaluate these issues here by comparing an aerial hyperspectral image at 1.5 m geometri...

Neural network models of memory are notorious for catastrophic interference: old items are forgotten as new items are memorized (e.g., French, 1999; McCloskey & Cohen, 1989). While Working Memory (WM) in human adults shows severe capacity limitations, these capacity limitations do not reflect neural-network style catastrophic interference. However, our ability to quickly apprehend the numerosity of small sets of objects (i.e., subitizing) does show catastrophic capacity limitations, and this subitizing capacity and WM might reflect a common capacity. Accordingly, computational investigations (Knops, Piazza, Sengupta, Eger, & Melcher, 2014; Sengupta, Surampudi, & Melcher, 2014) suggest that mutual inhibition among neurons can explain both kinds of capacity limitations as well as why our ability to estimate the numerosity of larger sets is limited according to a Weber ratio signature. Based on simulations with a saliency map-like network and mathematical proofs, we provide three results. First, mutual inhibition among neurons leads to catastrophic interference when items are presented simultaneously. The network can remember a limited number of items, but when more items are presented, the network forgets all of them. Second, if memory items are presented sequentially rather than simultaneously, the network remembers the most recent items rather than forgetting all of them. Hence, the tendency in WM tasks to sequentially attend even to simultaneously presented items might not only reflect attentional limitations, but an adaptive strategy to avoid catastrophic interference. Third, the mean activation level in the network can be used to estimate the number of items in small sets, but does not accurately reflect the number of items in larger sets. Rather, we suggest that the Weber ratio signature of large number discrimination emerges naturally from the interaction between the limited precision of a numeric estimation system and a multiplicative gain control mechanism.

In this paper written on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Informatics, the history of the Department of Fluid and Heat Engineering is presented that was founded in 1952. Since its foundation it plays very important role in both education and research activities. It covers disciplines that are integral parts of mechanical engineering education system at technical universities all over the world. The principle that modern education cannot exist without research is followed by the department since its foundation. The teaching staff (former and current) belonging to the Department of Fluid and Heat Engineering was committed to this principle.

In our paper we examined the opportunities of a classification based on descriptive statistics of NDVIthroughout a year’s time series dataset. We used NDVI layers derived from cloud-free Sentinel-2 imagesin 2018. The NDVI layers were processed by object-based image analysis and classified into 5 classes, inaccordance with Corine Land Cover (CLC) nomenclature. The result of classification had a 76.2% overallaccuracy. We described the reasons for the disagreement in case of the most remarkable errors. .

Identification of roofing material is an important issue in the urban environment due to hazardous and risky materials. We conducted an analysis with Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and Random Forest (RF) on WorldView-2 imagery. We applied a three- and a six-class approach (red tile, brown tile and asbestos; then dividing the data into shadowed and sunny roof parts). Furthermore, we applied pan-sharpening to the image. Our aim was to reveal the efficiency of the classifiers with a different number of classes and the efficiency of pan-sharpening. We found that all classifiers were efficient in roofing material identification with the classes involved, and the overall accuracy was above 85 per cent. The best results were gained by RF, both with three and with six classes; however, quadratic DFA was also successful in the classification of three classes. Usually, linear DFA performed the worst, but only relatively so, given that the result was 85 per cent. Asbestos was identified successfully with all classifiers. The results can be used by local authorities for roof mapping to build registers of buildings at risk.

During the monitoring of red deer (N = 124) and fallow deer (N = 13) populations in four neighbouring areas, the presence of Fascioloides magna was confirmed in southwestern Hungary. The prevalence and the mean intensity of the infection within the host populations ranged between 0 and 100% and 0-36.3, respectively. The determined prevalences are similar to that observed earlier in other European natural foci. The authors hypothesise that the appearance of F. magna in this region should have been a partly natural- and partly human-influenced process.

The aim of this paper was to study reliable automated delineation possibilities of karst sinkholes using a LiDAR-based digital terrain model (DTM) with pixel-based classifications. We applied two a...

We tested the effect of urbanization on air pollution based on the chlorophyll-a content of Celtis occidentalis leaves along an urbanization gradient (urban, suburban and rural areas) in Debrecen, Hungary. Chlorophyll-a content of Celtis occidentalis, Acer campestre, and Corylus avellana were compared to test which species is the most useful to study the effects of urbanization. Furthermore, the effects of washing solutions (distilled water, tap water, and rainwater) on chlorophyll-a content of tree leaves were also tested during sample preparation. Chlorophyll-a was extracted from leaf samples with acetone, and it was measured using a spectrophotometer. Along the urbanization gradient, chlorophyll-a content of C. occidentalis leaves was the lowest in the urban area; thus, this species proved to be an effective indicator of anthropogenic emission load. Differences were not significant among species in the suburban and rural areas, where the level of air pollution was moderate. We found that effects of the washing solutions on chlorophyll-a content did not differ significantly from each other. Thus, tap water can be used safely to clean the leaf surface, without significant influence on chlorophyll-a. Our study demonstrated that the chlorophyll-a content of leaves was a useful indicator to assess the level of air pollution.

With an aim to understand the fragmentation of Usri watershed with the aid of open access remotely sensed data and FRAGSTATS. Long term (1976–1989–2000–2014) Landsat satellite data sets have been used in this work. The post classification comparison of statistics suggests transformation from dense forest to agriculture class. The landscape and class level metrics have confirmed watershed fragmentation. PCA analysis has produced two principal components (PC) and explained 94.8% of the total variance, first component (PC1) accounted for the 50.0% of the total variance while the second component (PC2) has accounted for the 44.8% of the total variance calculated from the core area metrics, distance metrics and shape metrics. Results show notable changes have been occured in the area, evidencing the requirement of taking appropriate measures to conserve this natural watershed. Monitoring and especially quantifying, the impact of human activities on our landscapes may also facilitate the design of efficient and assessable landscape resources, policies and risk assessment studies.

This study aimed to map water features using a Landsat image rather than traditional land cover. We involved the original bands, spectral indices and principal components (PCs) of a principal compo...

We show for $n,k\geq1$, and an $n$-dimensional complex vector space $V$ that if an element $A\in\text{End}(V)[[z]]$ has constant term similar to a Jordan block, then there exists a polynomial gauge transformation $g$ such that the first $k$ coefficients of $gAg^{-1}$ have a controlled normal form. Furthermore, we show that this normal form is unique by demonstrating explicit relationships between the first $nk$ coefficients of the Puiseux series expansion of the eigenvalues of $A$ and the entries of the first $k$ coefficients of $gAg^{-1}$., Comment: 13 pages, to appear in Involve: A Journal of Mathematics

Az osztrak-magyar katonai hirszerző szolgalat fejlődese — a vezerkari főnoknek alarendelt Nyilvantarto Iroda altal letrehozott alapokra tamaszkodva — az I. vilaghaboru idejere esett. Ezen időszak alatt valt az Osztrak-Magyar Monarchia hirszerző szolgalat professzionalis hirszerző es elharito szervezette. A Nyilvantarto Iroda (Evidenzbureau) a haboru kitoresekor betagolodott a Haderő-főparancsnoksag (Armeeoberkommando) szervezetebe, mint annak hirszerző reszlege (Nachrichtenabteilung). Ez a szervezet kepezte az I. vilaghaboru alatt a dualista allamalakulat teljes katonai hirszerzes es elharitas kozpontjat. Elsősorban a rejtjelfejtő-reszleg(ek) epultek ki, ugyanakkor a hirszerző-elharito es az elemző-kiertekelő funkcio szervezetileg nem valt kulon, ellentetben peldaul a nemet katonai hirszerző szolgalat (Nachtrichtenbureau) gyakorlataval.

Absztrakt A Hartmann-műtétet eredetileg a rectosigmoideum tumoros betegségeinek kezelésére alkalmazták. Az utóbbi években a bal colonfél gyulladás okozta szövődmények, tumoros bélelzáródás, perforáció, reszekciót követő varratelégtelenség esetén, továbbá trauma okozta bélsérülés sürgős ellátására alkalmazzák, ha az anasztomózis készítése kockázatos. A későbbi gastrointestinalis tractus folytonosságának helyreállítása lehetséges hagyományos vagy laparoscopos úton. Ez utóbbi technikával végzett műtéttel kapcsolatos tapasztalatainkat mutatjuk be, összehasonlítva eredményeinket a hagyományos műtéti megoldással.

This study aims to quantify the landscape spatio-temporal dynamics including Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes occurred in a typical Mediterranean ecosystem of high ecological and cultural significance in central Greece covering a period of 9 years (2001–2009). Herein, we examined the synergistic operation among Hyperion hyperspectral satellite imagery with Support Vector Machines, the FRAGSTATS® landscape spatial analysis programme and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for this purpose. The change analysis showed that notable changes reported in the experimental region during the studied period, particularly for certain LULC classes. The analysis of accuracy indices suggested that all the three classification techniques are performing satisfactorily with overall accuracy of 86.62, 91.67 and 89.26% in years 2001, 2004 and 2009, respectively. Results evidenced the requirement for taking measures to conserve this forest-dominated natural ecosystem from human-induced pressures and/or natural hazard...