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Relevance of the topic. In recent years, in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the traditional education system, including various non-formal education activities, has faced enormous challenges and problems. This pandemic not only claimed millions of lives, but also affected people's daily lives and lifestyles. Most of the economic sectors in Lithuania also encountered various problems. Education, which traditionally carried out educational activities in physical environments, was not an exception and faced the sudden and strict closure of all institutions. In this situation, the application of technology and digital learning practices became the main solutions that helped to ensure the continuity of education and training, including non-formal ones (González, Bonal, 2021). Unfortunately, this decision had a particularly painful impact on organized sports for children and youth (Reece et. al., 2020). This area, of course, faced an even greater challenge than other, more theoretical, subjects, since sport, being a physical, practical and interactive activity, is not easily and simply transferred to an online environment (Iuliano et al., 2021). The problem. The idea of the problem has been increased by the fact that direct social interaction between the coach and the athlete is considered an essential condition in order to supervise the actions performed by the athletes and to ensure the high-quality implementation of the sports program (Emery & Tyreman, 2009). In the context of the pandemic, researchers began to emphasize the changed organization and execution of sports activities (Ratten, 2020; Escamilla-Fajardo et al., 2020), but there is still a lack of research-based data on the characteristics of these activities. In Lithuania, this topic has so far been little studied in the context of school sports. And although the sports activities implemented in sports schools, as state educational institutions, are regulated by the legislation of the Republic of Lithuania and the orders and instructions of the Ministry of Science, Education, Science and Sports, there is no data in the scientific literature about how informal sports education programs were implemented in them during the COVID-19 pandemic? The purpose of the study: To highlight the challenges of non-formal sports education during the Covid-19 pandemic. Research object: Challenges of informal sports education. The results. Research data revealed that the sports activities organized and carried out in sports schools during the COVID-19 pandemic had certain characteristics associated with the challenges experienced by coaches as providers of non-formal sports education programs and the challenges experienced by schoolchildren participating in sports. During the pandemic, the decrease in the motivation of young athletes to play sports, their inability to fulfill the training conditions and the negative influence of the environment in which they train on sports activities became apparent. The coaches, adapting to the changed conditions, were led to search for additional information, invest their own funds in the training process, understand the peculiarities of conducting training remotely, demonstrate their ingenuity while conducting classes, and constantly raise the motivation of athletes. However, when faced with these obstacles, they did not avoid ignoring the existing rules for the organization of sports activities. Keywords: sustainable environment, sports, nature, problems, Straipsnyje siekiama aptarti darnios aplinkos klausimus, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant sporto se - ktoriui. Išteklių vartojimo augimas padidino ir paties vartojimo poreikį. Ypač sparčiai augant gyventojų skaičiui miestuose, urbanizacija, didėjantis ir įvairėjantis vartojimas didina gamtos išteklių vartojimą. Galima sakyti, kad sportas yra šios problemos pradžioje. Atsižvelgiant į tai, atsirado didesnis visuomenės susidomėjimas sportu ir reikalavimai sporto sektoriui. Ši situacija neigiamai veikia sporto ir aplinkos santykius. Tiesą sakant, masiniai judėjimai, tokie kaip, didelis energijos suvartojimas sporte ir intensy - vi žmogaus veikla, gali turėti neigiamą poveikį aplinkai. Visų šių neigiamų pokyčių šaltinis yra spor - to sektoriaus infrastruktūros ir organizuojamų renginių bei organizacijų gausėjimas. Vertinant situaciją galima teigti, kad patalpos, šių organizacijų veiklai vykdyti, prisideda prie darnios aplinkos problemų. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad būtina atkreipti dėmesį į sporto objektų statybą, urbanistinį planavimą. Taip pat – būti ekologiškam, tausojant gamtos išteklius.

Most studies, aimed at determining the incidence and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in children and teenagers, have been developed in school settings. Our study conducted surveillance and inferred attack rates focusing on the practice of sports. Prospective and observational study of those attending the sports facilities of Fútbol Club Barcelona (FCB), in Barcelona, Spain, throughout the 2020–2021 season. Participants were young players (from five different sports) and adult workers, who belonged to stable teams (shared routines and were involved in same quarantine rules). Biweekly health questionnaires and SARS-CoV-2 screening were conducted. From the 234 participants included, 70 (30%) both lived and trained in the FCB facilities (Recruitment Pathway 1;RP1) and 164 (70%) lived at their own household and just came to the facilities to train (RP2). During the study, 38 positive cases were identified; none had severe symptoms or needed hospitalization. The overall weekly incidence in the cohorts did not differ compared to the one expected in the community, except for 2 weeks when an outbreak occurred. The attack rate (AR) was three times higher for the participants from RP1, in comparison to those from RP2 (p Conclusion: Physical activities in stable teams are not related to an increased risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, since there were the same observed cases than expected in the community. The risk is higher in indoor sports (Basketball vs. Football), and in closed cohort living settings (RP1 vs. RP2). The fulfilment of preventive measures is essential. What is Known:• Despite the low numerical impact caused in paediatric hospitalizations during COVID-19 pandemic, the social impact has been maximum.• The transmission potential in children and teenagers is limited, and it had been widely demonstrated in school settings. What is New:• Group physical activities in children and teenagers are not also related to an increased risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, when preventive measures, such as washing hands, and screening protocols are applied.• Routine and semi-professional sports activities seem safe environments to promote during this pandemic.

Response is an effective tool for exercising power in humour, since it can make a person seem funny. In the same way, the lack of response can make a person seem unfunny. In this article I argue that failed jokes make a female skiing pundit on TV seem humourless and that this is due to the other interlocutors refraining from giving adequate responses. The material is from a sports programme about cross-country skiing on Swedish Television. The aim of the case study is to find out how power is exercised discursively in humour that fails and to discuss possible implications the rejections may have on notions of gender. The theoretical framework used is a feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis in combination with an analysis of internal and external control mechanisms. The discursive practice of repeated rejections of the female pundit may have consequences for her possibilities in seeming humorous.

To compare return to sports, functional outcomes, and recurrences rates between female and male athletes following arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR).A retrospective comparative study was performed between male and female athletes who underwent an ABR between January 2008 and December 2019. Sports practiced primarily by men in our practice (including rugby, soccer, boxing, and martial arts) were excluded. Functional outcomes included the Rowe score, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and shoulder-dependent sports ability measured with the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS). Return to sport, recurrence, and revisions were evaluated. Additionally, we assessed the period (months) between surgery and recurrence events.A total of 58 female and 106 male patients were available for analysis at a median follow-up of 60 (interquartile range [IQR], 36-84) months. Ninety-one percent of the patients (n = 150) returned to sports and 84% (n = 126) returned to their preinjury level at a median of 6 months (IQR, 5-8) postoperatively. There were no differences in the rate of return to sports between females and males (91 vs 92% respectively, P = .997). There were no differences between the groups regarding postoperative functional outcomes, with most patients achieving the minimal clinically significant difference (Rowe: 98% female and 99% male, P = .584; ASOSS: 100% female and 99% male, P = .646). The overall recurrence rate was 9.7% (n = 16), with a rate of 10.3% (n = 6) in female and 9.4% (n = 10) in male athletes (P = .851). Time to event analysis showed that the median time to recurrence was 48 months in both groups (P = .848). The overall revision rate was 3% (n = 4), without significant differences between groups (P = .556).When compared within similar sports, there does not appear to be sex-related differences in functional outcomes, recurrence, or return to play following ABR.III, retrospective comparative study.

People with intellectual disability lack opportunities to engage in sports, although the benefits of doing so may be even greater for them. One option is to encourage their inclusion in mainstream sports clubs that exist in nearly all European communities. Although there is a growing knowledge base within organisations such as Special Olympics in adjusting sports to meet the needs of people with intellectual disability, inclusion in community clubs raises additional challenges. This exploratory study aimed to garner the experiences of coaches alongside those of clubs members—with and without disabilities—in 12 community sports clubs in three European countries. In all 20 coaches and 51 members took part in semi-structured interviews. A thematic content analysis was used to devise a conceptual model describing an inclusive sports club. The overarching theme was that inclusive clubs require an ongoing balancing between a focus on sporting skills and performance, with managing the needs and characteristics of the players and the inter-relationships among them. Six subthemes were identified that described the core strategies to the effective functioning of the clubs. However, the vision and commitment of coaches was crucial and their recruitment was the main challenge the clubs faced. In addition, new opportunities for training coaches are needed to support the extension of inclusive clubs across a range of sports and locations. Continuing research could usefully identify the benefits to club members and identify sport-specific adaptations required to make clubs more fully inclusive.

The aim of the present exploratory study was to assess the changes in urinary oxytocin (OT) concentration during the period between five days before, and on the day of match, among rugby and handball players. Nine male rugby players with a mean age of 27.62 years (SD = 4.21) and 18 male handball players with a mean age of 17.03 years (SD = 0.57) participated. Urinary oxytocin level was measured by ELISA immunoassay as a ratio to the concentration of creatinine [mg/ml] measured through colorimetric detection. The relative level of OT to creatinine (OT/CRE) significantly differed between the type of player (rugby or handball) but not between times of measurements. Significant differences were only between OT/CRE level in a day of match in rugby players and in 5 days before match in handball players (p

Movement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint is an essential function of many sports. Because of the high demand on this relatively small joint, it is prone to the development of several notable pathologic derangements that can prevent full and pain-free athletic performance. A complete understanding of the joint anatomy and a careful physical examination and history collection is crucial to identifying an accurate diagnosis. Treatment should be pathology specific and should keep in mind the career expectations of the athlete.

Stress fractures are a common injury that present in athletes because of the high intensity and repetitive nature of many sports. These injuries require a high index of suspicion in the treating clinician to allow for timely management. Though most low-risk fractures heal well with conservative management, high-risk stress fractures as well as any fracture in the elite athlete may warrant surgical intervention as well as an augmented treatment and rehabilitation regimen.

The aim of this article is to provide an up-to-date review of psychological changes in association with postconcussive athletes. In particular, this article focused on the symptomatology, risk factors, and treatment of psychiatric diagnoses in patients who suffered a sports-related concussion (SRC). After an extensive review of prior and current literature, there is significant evidence that demonstrates an association of changes in mood and behavior, including new or worsening symptoms of anxiety, depression, and difficulty with attention and concentration in those who are recovering from a concussion. The goal of care in these patients is to identify and treat these psychological symptoms early to have more favorable long-term outcomes. Primary treatment should focus on psychotherapy; however, other considerations may be warranted in certain cases, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression and tricyclic antidepressants and gabapentin for short-term cognitive symptom improvement.

Quality experiences in sport programming for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can promote physical and psychosocial benefits and long-term quality participation (QP). Unfortunately, children with ASD often experience sport participation barriers and, consequently, participate less in sport compared with children without disabilities. This study investigated QP priorities and strategies that could foster QP for children with ASD. Caregivers (n = 13), volunteers (n = 26), and staff (n = 14) involved in sport programming for children with ASD rated experiential elements of QP using the Measure of Experiential Aspects of Participation. In addition , a two-round Delphi survey with staff (Round 1: n = 11; Round 2: n = 13) generated 22 strategies for promoting QP—each rated highly with regard to importance (5.69–6.85 on a 7-point scale). Strategies were substantiated with published research evidence. Findings informed the development of a QP tool designed to help instructors implement identified strategies in hopes of improving sport experiences for children with ASD.

Bu araştırmada spor ve müzik bölümlerinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin sosyal kaygı durumlarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma grubunu 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim döneminde Kafkas Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı ile Sarıkamış Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu’nda öğrenim gören öğrenciler (n=180) oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma genel tarama ve nedensel karşılaştırma modeli temel alınarak yapılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve “Sosyal Kaygı Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde bağımsız t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda spor ve müzik bölümlerinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin sosyal kaygı düzeylerinde cinsiyet değişkenine göre anlamlı farklılık olduğu, gelir düzeyi, sınıf ve bölüm gibi değişkenlere göre ise anlamlı düzeyde bir farklılık olmadığı saptanmıştır., In this study, it was aimed to examine the social anxiety levels of students studying in sports and music departments. The study group consists of students (n=180) studying at the State Conservatory and Sarıkamış High School of Physical Education and Sports affiliated to Kafkas University in the 2021-2022 academic year. The general screening and causal comparison approach form the basis for the study. “Personal Information Form” and “Social Anxiety Scale” were used as data collection tools. Analysis of the data was performed with the help of Independent t-Test and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). As a result, it has been determined that the social anxiety levels of the students studying in sports and music departments vary according to gender, but there is no significant difference according to variables such as income level, class and department.

It is a general acknowledgment that regular exercise improves physical and mental health. However, there are few studies on the benefits of sports activities for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. This qualitative study used an interpretive descriptive approach. Seven volunteer parents who had children with autism between the ages of 10-23 attending a special education and rehabilitation center on the European Side of Istanbul were included in our study. Data was analyzed thematically. As a result, it was revealed that sports activities generally decrease the hyperactive and aggressive behaviors of individuals with autism, help the development of speech and communication skills, increase eye contact, increase joint flexibility and balance, improve attention and perception, and contribute positively to their socialization. In our study, it was mentioned by the parents that the most frequently preferred sports activity was swimming. Although individuals with autism subject to our study were reported to have benefited from sports activities, they could not continue sports activities regularly. The most important reason for this, was stated as the problem of accessibility to sports facilities. As a result; it can be concluded that sports activities are positively effective in overcoming physical, mental, behavioral and social problems in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder in general. Furthermore, we think that during sports activities, individuals with autism can find a chance to meet different people other than their families, thus improving their communication skills., Düzenli spor yapmanın fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlığı iyileştirdiği genel bir kabuldür. Fakat Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğuna sahip bireyler için spor etkinliklerinin yararlarına ilişkin az sayıda çalışma vardır. Bu nitel çalışmada yorumlayıcı betimsel bir yaklaşım kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamıza İstanbul Avrupa Yakası'nda bir özel eğitim ve rehabilitasyon merkezine devam eden 10-23 yaş arasında otizmli çocuğu olan yedi gönüllü ebeveyn dahil edildi. Veriler tematik olarak analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda; spor etkinliklerinin genel olarak otizmli bireylerin hiperaktif, agresif davranışlarını azalttığı, konuşma ve iletişim becerilerinin gelişmesine yardımcı olduğu, göz temasını arttırdığı, eklem esnekliği ve dengeyi arttırdığı, dikkat ve algı artışında iyileşme sağladığı, otizmli bireylerin sosyalleşmesine olumlu katkılar sağladığı belirtilmiştir. Araştırmamızda en sık tercih edilen spor etkinliğinin ise yüzme sporu olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Araştırmamıza katılan otizmli bireyler spor etkinliklerinden fayda görmelerine rağmen düzenli biçimde spor etkinliklerine devam edememişlerdir; bunun en önemli nedeni ise spor imkanlarının erişilebilirliği problemi olarak belirtilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; spor etkinliklerinin, araştırmamızda yer alan Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğuna sahip bireylerde, genel anlamda fiziksel, ruhsal, davranışsal ve sosyal problemleri aşmalarında olumlu yönde etkili olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca spor etkinlikleri sırasında otizmli bireylerin sosyal ortamlarda ailesi dışında farklı insanlarla karşılaşmalarının da iletişim becerilerinin iyileştirilmesinde önemli olduğunu düşünmekteyiz.

Umjetne podloge na sportskim igralištima i terenima imaju sve veću primjenu posljednjih 20 godina. Razvoj modernih tehnologija izrađivanja takvih podloga je u konstantnom porastu te se na tržištu mogu pronaći različiti proizvođači koji plasiraju svoje proizvode u sportskoj industriji. Nogomet kao najrašireniji sport u svijetu je među prvima implementirao terene s umjetnom travom u sustav treninga i odigravanja utakmica. Danas je u upotrebi umjetna trava 4. generacije koja se postavlja na nogometne travnjake diljem svijeta te bi trebala zadovoljavati najveće europske standarde. Pregledom istraživanja na travnatim površinama uočeno je da je umjetna trava prve i druge generacije imala zabilježenu veću incidenciju ozljeda u odnosu na prirodne travnjake. Osobito treba pripaziti na toksičnost granulata koji je bio postavljan na umjetnu travu te su zabilježena kožna i respiratorna oboljenja na travnjacima starijih generacija. Tenis pripada sportovima gdje su se među prvima koristile umjetne podloge različitih karakteristika. Učestale promjene igranja na različitim teniskim podlogama dovele se do ozljeđivanja igrača koji nisu bili adekvatno fizički pripremljeni. Dvoranski sportovi poput rukometa, odbojke, futsala koriste višenamjenske umjetne podloge za svoja natjecanja. Istraživanja na ozljedama u dvoranskim sportovima pokazala su da postoje povećani rizici od ozljede kada se igra na umjetnim podlogama. Cilj ovoga stručnoga rada je potaknuti znanstvenu i sportsku zajednicu na važnost prevencije i dobre fizičke pripreme sportaša za igranje na različitim umjetnim podlogama. Konačan je zaključak da treba konstantno provoditi kontrolu proizvodnje umjetnih podloga te redovito pratiti incidenciju ozljeđivanja za vrijeme treninga i natjecanja, kako se ne bi povećala opasnost ozljeđivanja sportaša., Artificial surfaces on sports fields and terrains have been increasingly used for the last 20 years. The development of modern technologies for making such surfaces has been constantly increasing, and different manufacturers who place their products in the sports industry can be found on the market. Soccer is the most widespread sport in the world and was among the first to implement fields with artificial grass in the system of training and playing matches. Today, artificial grass of the 4th generation is used and placed on football pitches around the world with the highest European standards. The review of research on grass surfaces showed that artificial grass of the first and second generation had a higher incidence of injuries compared to natural lawns. Particular attention should be paid to the toxicity of the granulate that was placed on the artificial grass, because skin and respiratory di-seases have been recorded on the lawns of older generations. Tennis belongs to the sports where artificial surfaces with different characteristics were among the first to be used. Frequent changes of playing on different tennis surfaces led to injuries to players who were not adequately physically prepared. Indoor sports such as handball, volleyball, futsal use multipurpose artificial surfaces for their competitions. Research of injuries in indoor sports has shown that there is an increased risk of injury when playing on artificial surfaces. The goal of this professional work is to warn the scientific and sports community on the importance of prevention and good physical preparation of athletes for playing on different artificial surfaces. Also, it is necessary to constantly control the production of artificial surfaces and regularly monitor the incidence of injuries during training and competition, in order not to increase the risk of injury in athletes.

Resumen Se examina la estructura factorial, las propiedades psicométricas y las normas de interpretación y corrección del perfil y la tipología de la adaptación al español del Cuestionario de Eficacia Colectiva para el Deporte (CEQS) de Martínez, Guillén y Feltz (2011), en una muestra de deportistas colombianos, debido a que en sus validaciones previas no se aplicaron estrategias para minimizar el sesgo de indeterminación factorial, confirmatorio y de capitalización del azar. Se encontró una estructura de dos factores, diferente a la de cinco que originalmente postularon Martínez et al. (2011). La validez convergente muestra que los dos factores predicen la calidad de la relación de los jugadores. Finalmente, no se encontraron diferencias en los puntajes de los dos factores del CEQS asociados a variables sociodemográficas ni sociodeportivas. Se presentan recomendaciones sobre la utilización e interpretación de este instrumento por parte de los expertos en psicología del deporte, entrenadores y administradores deportivos y la contribución de la implementación del CEQS a la mejora de la eficacia en deportes de equipo. Abstract The factorial structure, the psychometric properties and the norms of interpretation and correction of the profile, and the typology of the adaptation to Spanish of the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sport (CEQS) by Martínez, Guillén & Feltz (2011) are examined, in a sample of Colombian athletes, because in their previous validations no strategies were applied to minimize the bias from factorial indeterminacy, confirmatory and by capitalization on the chance. Contrary to the CEQS five-factors structure originally postulated by Martínez et al. (2011), findings in this study show a two-factor structure. Convergent validity shows that the two factors predict the quality of the players’ relationship. Finally, no differences were found in the scores of the two CEQS factors associated with sociodemographic or socio-sports variables. Recommendations are presented on the use and interpretation of this instrument by experts in sport psychology, coaches, and sports administrators, and the contribution of the implementation of the CEQS to the improvement of effectiveness in team sports. Resumo Examinam-se a estrutura fatorial, as propriedades psicométricas e as normas de interpretação e correção do perfil e a tipologia da adaptação espanhola do Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sport (CEQS) de Martínez, Guillén e Feltz (2011), numa amostra de Atletas colombianos, devido ao fato de que em suas validações anteriores não foram aplicadas estratégias para minimizar o viés da indeterminação fatorial, confirmatória e a capitalização do acaso. Foi encontrada uma estrutura de 2 fatores, diferente dos 5 originalmente postulados por Martínez et al. (2011). A validade convergente mostra que os dois fatores predizem a qualidade do relacionamento dos jogadores. Por fim, não foram encontradas diferenças nos escores dos dois fatores do CEQS associados às variáveis sociodemográficas ou socioesportivas. São apresentadas recomendações sobre a utilização e interpretação deste instrumento por especialistas em psicologia do desporto, treinadores e administradores desportivos e a contribuição da implementação do CEQS para a melhoria da eficácia nos desportos coletivos. Résumé La structure factorielle, les propriétés psychométriques et les règles d’interprétation et de correction du profil et de la typologie de l’adaptation espagnole du Cuestionario de Eficacia Colectiva para el Deporte (CEQS) de Martínez, Guillén et Feltz (2011) sont examinées dans un échantillon d’athlètes colombiens, en raison du fait que dans leurs validations précédentes, les stratégies visant à minimiser l’indétermination factorielle, le biais de confirmation et de capitalisation du hasard n’ont pas été appliquées. Une structure à 2 facteurs a été trouvée, différente de la structure à 5 facteurs initialement postulée par Martinez et al. La validité convergente montre que les deux facteurs permettent de prédire la qualité de la relation entre les joueurs. Enfin, aucune différence n’a été constatée dans les scores des deux facteurs du CEQS associés aux variables sociodémographiques ou sociosportives. Des recommandations sur l’utilisation et l’interprétation de cet instrument par les experts en psychologie du sport, les entraîneurs et les administrateurs sportifs et la contribution de la mise en œuvre du CEQS à l’amélioration de l’efficacité des sports d’équipe sont présentées.

The aim of this research is to determine whether the in-club communications of elite athletes in different sports can predict their sportsmanship behaviors. The study group of the research consists of 145 athletes (51.7% male, 48.3% female) randomly selected in athlete training centers and TOHM centers. The club media communication levels of the athletes were measured with the 3D (trainer-athlete, athlete-athlete and manager-athlete) Club Environment Communication Questionnaire. Sportsmanship Behaviors, on the other hand, were measured with the Multidimensional Sportsmanship Orientation Scale, which had 4 dimensions (compliance with social norms, respect for rules and management, commitment to responsibilities in sports and respect for the opponent). While analyzing the data, multiple linear regression analysis technique was used. In the results of the research, it is seen that there are positive (linear) relations between the Scores of the Club Environment Communication and Sportsmanship Orientation Subscales. In addition, it was seen that the communication between the coach and the athlete significantly predicted the dimensions of compliance with social norms and respect for the opponent, and the communication between the athlete and the athlete significantly predicted the sub-dimension of commitment to responsibilities. The result of the study reveals that as the scores obtained from each of the sub-dimensions of club environment communication increase, the scores obtained from each of the sub-dimensions of sportsmanship orientation increase reciprocally. © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.

Female athletes and non-athletes alike are affected by a variety of cultural factors and social comparisons that influence how they evaluate their own bodies. For female athletes, the self-evaluative process is distinctly complicated during and after their retirement transition. Grounded in social comparison theory, this study uses a phenomenological approach with semi-structured interviews. The sample consists of 20 post career NCAA female athletes. Questions focused on obtaining a more holistic understanding of their lived experiences, influences on their perceptions of body image, and how they cope and adapt in the post-retirement phase. Data were coded iteratively using thematic analysis. Findings reveal distinct challenges to this population of women from a variety of factors at the individual level (i.e., insecurities, learning through lived experience, performance empowerment, pregnancy and childbirth), institutional/community level (i.e., network outside of athletics, role of coaches, external validation), and socio-cultural level (i.e., marketed body ideals, evolution of marketing, social pressures). The data inform theoretical and practical implications to help proactively assist athletes in healthy transitions, especially in adult life stages. We argue those in positions of power have not only the potential, but also a moral obligation to cultivate supportive structures for athletes during and after their careers.

Introduction There are slight differences in heart rate variation (HRV) between athletes from different sports, and different exercise loads justify the most important reason for this slight difference in HRV. Objective To study the detection of heart rate and body temperature in adolescents by physical training. Methods Twelve young basketball players were randomly selected. Heart rate variability and body temperature indicators were collected before starting the sports intervention activity, lasting four weeks in a specific protocol. After the intervention period, the participant’s heart rate variability indicators and body temperature indicators were collected again. In an attempt to understand physical function training using comparative analysis and data processing obtained before and after the exercise intervention. Results A high increase in blood circulation velocity after exercise is directly proportional to the increase in body temperature. After four weeks of training, the heart rate of the 12 athletes increased from 92.35±3.65 to 84.77±5.13 beats per minute. Conclusion Body temperature can rise from the average temperature of 36.5°C before training to 36.7°C. The maximum temperature of 37°C can be reached within 5 minutes after stopping activity. The increasing intensity in physical function training can effectively improve the Standard deviation of the average normal RR intervals and root mean square velocity in the domain index in heart rate variability. Evidence level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results. RESUMO Introdução Existem pequenas diferenças na variação de frequência cardíaca (VFC) entre atletas de diferentes esportes, e a razão mais importante para essa pequena diferença de VFC é justificada por diferentes cargas de exercício. Objetivo Estudar a detecção da frequência cardíaca e temperatura corporal em adolescentes pelo treinamento físico. Métodos Doze jovens jogadores de basquete foram selecionados aleatoriamente. Os indicadores de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e os indicadores de temperatura corporal foram coletados antes do início da atividade de intervenção esportiva, com duração de 4 semanas em protocolo específico. Após o período de intervenção, os indicadores de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca dos participantes e indicadores de temperatura corporal foram coletados novamente. Utilizando a análise comparativa e processamento dos dados obtidos antes e após a intervenção do exercício, buscou-se compreender o treinamento de função física. Resultados O elevado aumento da velocidade da circulação sanguínea após o exercício é diretamente proporcional ao aumento da temperatura corporal. Após 4 semanas de treino, a frequência cardíaca dos 12 atletas passou de 92,35±3,65 para 84,77±5,13 batimentos por minuto. Conclusão A temperatura corporal pode elevar-se da temperatura média de 36,5°C antes do treino para 36,7°C. A temperatura máxima de 37°C pode ser alcançada em 5 minutos após a interrupção da atividade. O aumento da intensidade no treinamento de função física pode efetivamente melhorar o desvio padrão nos intervalos RR normais e a raiz da velocidade quadratica média no índice de domínio na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação de resultados. RESUMEN Introducción Existen pequeñas diferencias en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) entre atletas de diferentes deportes, y la razón más importante de esta pequeña diferencia en la VFC se justifica por las diferentes cargas de ejercicio. Objetivo Estudiar la detección de frecuencia cardiaca y temperatura corporal en adolescentes mediante entrenamiento físico. Métodos Doce jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto fueron seleccionados al azar. Se recogieron indicadores de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca e indicadores de temperatura corporal antes del inicio de la actividad de intervención deportiva, con una duración de 4 semanas en un protocolo específico. Después del período de intervención, se recogieron nuevamente los indicadores de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca y los indicadores de temperatura corporal de los participantes. Utilizando el análisis comparativo y el procesamiento de datos obtenidos antes y después de la intervención de ejercicios, se buscó comprender el entrenamiento de la función física. Resultados El elevado aumento de la velocidad de la circulación sanguínea después del ejercicio es directamente proporcional al aumento de la temperatura corporal. Después de 4 semanas de entrenamiento, la frecuencia cardíaca de los 12 atletas pasó de 92,35±3,65 a 84,77±5,13 latidos por minuto. Conclusión La temperatura corporal puede subir desde la temperatura media de 36,5°C antes del entrenamiento hasta los 36,7°C. La temperatura máxima de 37°C se puede alcanzar dentro de los 5 minutos después de detener la actividad. El aumento de la intensidad en el entrenamiento de la función física puede mejorar efectivamente la desviación estándar en los intervalos RR normales y la velocidad cuadrática media en el índice de dominio en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Introduction The increasingly tense and aggressive competition in the competitive sports field has led to a continuous increase in the athletes’ exercise load. Sports injuries resulting from this increased load are also increasing. Research in this area helps prevent jumping sports injuries and guides protocols for treatment. Currently, research on sports injuries in athletics jumping events is relatively rare. Objective This paper examines sports injuries in sport jumping athletes. Methods This article investigates injuries in 16 vault athletes with 5 to 10 years of training. Results Distance jumping is a significant risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injuries. The risk of injury when landing on one foot is more significant than when landing on both feet. Especially when the body is in a state of neuromuscular fatigue, this will significantly increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Conclusion Excessive local exercise load, incorrect technical movements, and physical fatigue are the leading causes of sports injuries. Coaches should organize training and competitions reasonably. Athletes need to reinforce the protection of the knees, ankles, and other frequently injured parts. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result. RESUMO Introdução A competição cada vez mais tensa e feroz no campo esportivo competitivo tem levado a um aumento contínuo da carga de exercícios dos atletas. As lesões esportivas resultantes desse aumento de cargas também estão aumentando. Pesquisas nessa área ajudam a prevenir lesões esportivas de saltos e guiam protocolos de tratamento. Atualmente, as pesquisas sobre lesões esportivas em provas de atletismo em salto esportivo são relativamente raras. Objetivo Este artigo analisa as lesões esportivas dos atletas de salto esportivo. Métodos Este artigo investiga as lesões esportivas em 16 atletas em salto esportivo com 5 a 10 anos de treino. Resultados Salto à distância é um fator de risco significativo para lesões do ligamento cruzado anterior. O risco de lesão ao pousar em um pé é mais significativo do que ao pousar em ambos os pés. Especialmente quando o corpo está num estado de fadiga neuromuscular, isso aumentará significativamente o risco de lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior. Conclusão Excessiva carga de exercício local, movimentos técnicos incorretos e fadiga física são as principais causas de lesões esportivas. Os treinadores devem organizar treinamentos e competições razoavelmente. Os atletas precisam reforçar a proteção dos joelhos, tornozelos e outras partes frequentemente lesionadas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados. RESUMEN Introducción La competición cada vez más tensa y feroz en el ámbito deportivo competitivo ha llevado a un aumento continuo de la carga de ejercicio de los atletas. Las lesiones deportivas derivadas de este aumento de las cargas también están aumentando. Investigaciones en este ámbito ayudan a prevenir las lesiones deportivas por salto y a orientar los protocolos de tratamiento. En la actualidad, investigaciones sobre las lesiones deportivas en las pruebas de salto del atletismo son relativamente escasas. Objetivo Este artículo examina las lesiones deportivas en atletas de salto. Métodos Este artículo investiga las lesiones deportivas en 16 atletas de salto deportivo con 5 a 10 años de entrenamiento. Resultados Los saltos de distancia son un factor de riesgo significativo para las lesiones del ligamento cruzado anterior. El riesgo de lesión al aterrizar sobre un pie es más importante que al aterrizar sobre los dos pies. Especialmente cuando el cuerpo se encuentra en un estado de fatiga neuromuscular, esto aumentará significativamente el riesgo de lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior. Conclusión La excesiva carga de ejercicio local, los movimientos técnicos incorrectos y la fatiga física son las principales causas de las lesiones deportivas. Los entrenadores deben organizar los entrenamientos y las competiciones de forma razonable. Los atletas necesitan reforzar la protección de rodillas, tobillos y otras partes que se lesionan con frecuencia. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

This study addressed whether lifetime stressor exposure was associated with psychophysiological reactivity and habituation to a novel laboratory-based stressor. Eighty-six participants (Mage = 23.31 years, SD = 4.94) reported their exposure to lifetime non-sport and sport-specific stressors before completing two consecutive trials of the Trier Social Stress Test, while cardiovascular (i.e., heart rate) and endocrine (i.e., salivary cortisol) data were recorded. Exposure to a moderate number of lifetime non-sport and sport-specific stressors was associated with adaptive cardiovascular reactivity, whereas very low or very high stressor exposure was related to maladaptive reactivity. Moreover, experiencing a very low number of lifetime non-sport (but not sport-specific) stressors was associated with poorer habituation. In contrast, lifetime stressor severity was unrelated to cardiovascular reactivity. Finally, greater lifetime non-sport and sport-specific stressor counts were associated with blunted cortisol reactivity and poorer habituation. These results suggest that lifetime stressor exposure may influence sport performers’ acute stress responses.

This study identified the trajectories of organized youth sports over 9 years in youths aged 9-18 years and examined whether the trajectories predicted physical activity, sedentary behavior, and obesity in midlife.Self-reported organized youth sports trajectories were identified for participants between 1980 and 1989 (N=3,474). Accelerometer-derived physical activity was quantified for participants (n=1,349) in 2018-2020. Sociodemographic, physical activity, and TV viewing data were collected through questionnaires either at baselines or follow-up. Adult BMI was calculated to clarify obesity. Associations of organized youth sports trajectories with adult physical activity, sedentary behavior, and obesity were evaluated using mixture models, which were stratified by sex and conducted in 2022.Three organized youth sports trajectories were identified for boys and girls (sustained high-sports participation, 12.0%/7.5%; sustained moderate-sports participation, 14.0%/13.3%; and low-sports/nonparticipation, 74.0%/79.2%). Boys sustaining both moderate- and high-sports participation had higher levels of adult self-reported physical activity (β=0.59, p=0.007; β=0.69, p0.001) than low-sports/nonparticipating boys. Girls sustaining both moderate- and high-sports participation accumulated more total physical activity (β=113.4, p=0.009; β=144.3, p=0.002), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (β=7.86, p=0.016; β=14.01, p0.001), step counts (β=1,020, p=0.003; β=1,045, p=0.005), and self-reported physical activity (β=0.79, p0001; β=0.63, p=0.003) in midlife than their low-sports/nonparticipating counterparts. Girls sustaining moderate-sports participation accumulated more light-intensity physical activity (β=19.79, p=0.012) and less sedentary time (β= -27.65, p=0.002), and those sustaining high-sports participation had lower obesity prevalence (OR=0.41, p=0.009) 40 years later than low-sports/nonparticipating girls.Sustained participation in organized youth sports is independently predictive of physical activity patterns, sedentary time, and obesity in midlife, especially in girls, thus contributing to the development of a healthy and active lifestyle across the life course.

Technological advancement has decreased network latencies while simultaneously increasing local latencies. This may impact exergames-video games that incorporate exercise-the most since exergames tend to have complicated platforms to capture player actions. This article presents a study using a custom desktop-based exergame that controls for local latency and measures player performance and quality of experience (QoE). Analysis of the results from a 37-person user study shows that while player performance and QoE degrade with latency, exergame actions are fairly tolerant of even hundreds of milliseconds of latency. Our data point toward a crucial tipping point at latency values of approximately 400 ms.

Introduction Jumping rope is an aerobic exercise that requires little time, consumes a high energy level, and does not require sizeable physical space or high investments. Although there are extensive studies in the literature on its short- and medium-term benefits, long-term responses are still inconclusive. Objective Explore the long-term effects of jump rope training on the physical health of athletes. Methods A randomized study was conducted before the protocol of regular physical education activities. The experimental group was differentiated by practicing a specific long-term jump rope protocol. Interferences of external factors were controlled during the 12 weeks of the experiment. Data analysis, observation of changes in fitness indicators, and statistical control were discussed. Results The mean time for a 50-meter run was 8.85s versus 9.63s before the experiment. A gain of 0.78s, representing an 8% increase over the speed. The girls’ mean value before the experiment was 9.62s versus 9.18s after the experiment. The gain of 0.44 seconds represented an increase of 4.6%. Well-being perception was improved with injuries reduction over the control group. Conclusion Long-term jump rope training has been shown to improve fitness and reduce injuries in athletes and has the potential to become a viable option for physical education training. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result. RESUMO Introdução O salto de corda é um exercício aeróbico que exige pouco tempo e consome muita energia, não requerendo grande espaço físico ou altos investimentos. Apesar de numerosos estudos na literatura sobre seus benefícios à curto e médio prazo, as respostas à longo prazo ainda são inconclusivas. Objetivo Explorar os efeitos à longo prazo no treino de saltar corda sobre a saúde física dos atletas. Métodos Foi efetuado um estudo duplo cego randomizando prévio ao protocolo de atividades de educação física regulares. O grupo experimental diferenciou-se por praticar um protocolo específico de salto de corda à longo prazo. Interferências de fatores externos foram controladas durante as 12 semanas do experimento. A análise de dados, observação de alterações nos indicadores de aptidão física e controle estatístico foram discutidos. Resultados O tempo médio para corrida de 50 metros foi de 8,85s contra 9,63s antes do experimento. Um ganho de 0,78s, representando um aumento de 8% sobre a velocidade, o valor médio das meninas antes do experimento era de 9,62s contra 9,18s após o experimento. O ganho de 0,44 segundos, representou um aumento de 4,6%. A percepção de bem estar foi aprimorada e houve uma redução no número de lesões sobre o grupo controle. Conclusão O treino de saltar corda a longo prazo mostrou-se benéfico ao melhorar a aptidão física e reduzir as lesões dos atletas, e tem o potencial de tornar-se uma opção viável para os treinos de educação física. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados. RESUMEN Introducción Saltar la cuerda es un ejercicio aeróbico que requiere poco tiempo y consume mucha energía, no necesita un gran espacio físico ni altas inversiones. Aunque existen amplios estudios en la literatura sobre sus beneficios a corto y medio plazo, las respuestas a largo plazo aún no son concluyentes. Objetivo Explorar los efectos a largo plazo del entrenamiento de saltar la cuerda en la salud física de los atletas. Métodos Se realizó un estudio aleatorio previo al protocolo de actividades regulares de educación física. El grupo experimental se diferenció por la práctica de un protocolo específico de equilibrio de cuerda a largo plazo. Las interferencias de los factores externos se controlaron durante las 12 semanas del experimento. Se analizaron los datos, la observación de los cambios en los indicadores de aptitud y el control estadístico. Resultados El tiempo medio para la carrera de 50 metros fue de 8,85s en comparación con los 9,63s antes del experimento. Una ganancia de 0,78s, que representa un aumento del 8% sobre la velocidad, el valor medio de las jóvenes antes del experimento era de 9,62s frente a 9,18s después del experimento. La ganancia de 0,44 segundos, representó un aumento del 4,6%. La percepción de bienestar mejoró y se redujo el número de lesiones con respecto al grupo de control. Conclusión El entrenamiento de salto de cuerda a largo plazo ha demostrado ser beneficioso para mejorar la forma física y reducir las lesiones en los atletas, y tiene el potencial de convertirse en una opción viable para el entrenamiento de la educación física. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Introduction Cervicalgia generally refers to the pain syndrome caused by the cervical spine, joints, muscles, ligaments, fascia, soft tissues around the shoulder joint, and visceral diseases. Evidence suggests that resistance exercises are beneficial in solving this dysfunction in various groups, but there is no consensus in athletes. Objective This paper examines functional exercises’ effect on athletes’ cervicalgia. Methods Using mathematical statistics, the article randomizes equally the intensity of cervicalgia in the control and experimental groups, involving 60 individuals aged 18 to 20 years (31 males). While the control group received conventional rehabilitation treatment, the experimental group had a functional exercise training protocol three times a week, of 10 weeks. The pain was assessed by visual analog scale and self-assessment of functional limitation. Results Differences in shoulder and neck pain were found between the two groups of volunteers before and after the training rehabilitation. A complete improvement was seen in 15 subjects in the experimental group versus 8 in the control group (P

Purpose: To determine whether the most important physical qualities in elite Australian male and female cricket pace bowlers change with age and phase of the cricket season. Methods: An existing longitudinal database (7 cricket seasons) of selected and routinely collected physical testing data from 103 male and 58 female elite Australian pace bowlers age 18–30 years was retrospectively analyzed. Male and female physical testing data from the isometric midthigh pull, 1-repetition-maximum bench pull, run-of-3, and countermovement jump (male only) were analyzed separately by performing linear mixed models on each of the physical qualities. Type III analysis-of-variance tests were conducted to determine if a significant effect existed within the fixed effects of age, season phase, and the age × season phase interaction. Appropriate pairwise comparisons were conducted. Results: Absolute and relative measures of force in the isometric midthigh pull and strength in the 1-repetition-maximum bench pull tests were significantly greater in older male and female pace bowlers. Older male pace bowlers demonstrated significantly faster absolute and relative best run-of-3 times. Conclusions: Most physical qualities across both male and female pace bowlers demonstrated an improvement with age. This is likely due to a training effect and would be anticipated to lead to a gradual enhancement of ball release speed, in accordance with previous research. Future research should look to investigate the relationship between the development of physical qualities and ball release speed among elite male and female pace bowlers.

© The Author(s) 2022 The sports statistics community is rapidly evolving. R is an open-source software in constant development that has gained a lot of popularity within statistical communities and sports analytics. This work presents a systematic review of the available R CRAN sport packages following PRISMA guidelines. We consider all packages active as of 18 February 2021. A total of 81 sport R packages created since 2006 were detected. Of these, 35.9% were authored by an American national, 69.1% include a dataset, 43.2% provide vignettes, and 65.4% have been updated at least once. The sport with the highest representation is basketball (n¿=¿14, 17.3%), followed by soccer (n¿=¿12, 14.8%) and packages related to physical activity (n¿=¿11, 13.6%). There are no sports packages directed solely for the female gender, while 59.3% of packages are focused on professional athletes. Fifty packages (61.7%) are related to the sports performance analysis category, and web scraping (n¿=¿43, 53.1%) was the main functionality in the collected packages. The creation of new R packages in the area of sports could help solve questions and tasks that still remain a challenge in this field, while continuing to help to improve the level of statistical education and computational thinking skills. The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) (PID2019-104830RB-I00) and the Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (Spain) (2017 SGR 622 (GRBIO)).

Identify the effects of multi-directional, high intensity exercise on VOMS symptom scores in male and female recreational, college-aged athletes.Cross-sectional study.Athletic Therapy facility.A convenience sample of 29 (15 females, 14 males; 21.48 ± 1.40 years old) healthy recreational athletes.VOMS symptom scores pre, immediately post-, and 10 min post a multidirectional, high intensity intermittent exercise protocol (HIIP). Friedman tests and Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests identified significant differences at the time points. A Mann-Whitney U Test investigated the effect of sex.The majority of component and overall VOMS symptom scores increased post-HIIP (p 0.001-0.007, effect sizes 0.39-0.50) and 10 min post-HIIP (p = 0.003-0.015, effect sizes 0.32-0.39). Near point convergence distance increased immediately post-HIIP (p 0.001, effect size 0.52). Females had higher smooth pursuits (z = -2.340, p = 0.019, r = 0.31), vertical vestibular ocular reflex (z = -2.81, p = 0.04, r = 0.39) visual motion sensitivity (z = -2.312, p = 0.021 r = 0.30) and overall VOMS symptom scores (z = -2.84, p = 0.04, r = 0.27) 10 min post-HIIP.Multidirectional, high intensity exercise can induce concussive-like changes in VOMS symptom scores in healthy, recreational athletes, particularly in females. These results may assist in SRC assessment and management of athletes involved in multidirectional, high intensity sports.

Background: We examined recent global secular trends in 5 indicators of child and adolescent physical activity and sedentary behavior (Overall Physical Activity, Organized Sport and Physical Activity, Active Play, Active Transportation, and Sedentary Behavior) and 4 influences on these (Family and Peers, School, Community and Environment, and Government). Methods: Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance letter grades (A+ to F) were assigned numbers from 15 to 2, with 0 assigned for missing/incomplete grades. Trends from Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrices 1.0 (2014) to 4.0 (2022) were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with level of economic development and gender inequity considered as potential moderators. Results: Report card grades were generally relatively stable. Trends generally did not differ significantly by level of economic development (except for Active Transportation and Active Play), but gender inequality did significantly moderate trends for most of the indicators, with higher gender inequality associated with more adverse changes in grades. The number of “incomplete” grades decreased over time, but this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: While trends varied within and between countries, physical activity and sedentary behaviors, and the influences on these behaviors globally, were relatively stable over the past decade or so, albeit at undesirable levels.

Isthmic spondylolysis is a common cause of back pain in young athletes. The condition presents to numerous medical providers who employ a variety of different practices in diagnosis and management. The purpose of this study was twofold: to review the literature of diagnosis and management of the young athlete with isthmic spondylolysis and to survey Pediatric Research in Sports Medicine (PRiSM) members during the 2021 PRiSM Annual Meeting on practice patterns of diagnosis and management of the young athlete with isthmic spondylolysis. The response rate was 27%. Per respondents: 24% obtain oblique radiographs; 90% use magnetic resonance imaging as the advanced imaging modality; 60% treat with bracing; 57% recommend rest prior to physical therapy (PT); 53% prescribe return to sport activity restrictions. Although there are similarities in the diagnosis of isthmic spondylolysis in young athletes, this survey confirmed variability in management, especially bracing, timing of PT and return to sport activity restrictions.

To assess the reliability and the validity of a modified version of the Athletic Shoulder Test (M-AST), using a handheld dynamometer instead of a force plate.Test-retest reliability and concordance between tools.University Motion Lab.Twenty healthy volunteers who practiced an upper limb sport for at least 5 h per week were recruited for the study.The concordance between the Athletic Shoulder Test (AST) and the Modified-Athletic Shoulder Test (M-AST) was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), paired T-Test and Bland-Altman plots. The inter-session reliability was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), SEM, MDC and paired T-Test.A strong concordance was found between AST and M-AST values (ICC = 0.86-0.97; p 0.05) in all the positions considered and for both sessions. Bland-Altman plots confirmed these results. However, the inter-session reliability was more variable for both AST and M-AST (ICC = 0.643-0.923; p 0.05).The M-AST seems to be a reliable, cheaper and easier to implement alternative to the AST to measure recovery status following matches or training sessions in upper limb athletes. As for the AST, familiarization trials will have to be performed before the assessment to have accurate measurements.NCT05112380.

Clinical Scenario: Injuries cause individuals varying amounts of time loss from participation, which may depend on injury and sport-specific factors such as level of participation. Athletes who never return to sport either choose or are forced to retire due to numerous factors. At elite levels of play, when an athlete chooses retirement, they have the opportunity to create and execute a retirement plan; however, if unexpected (eg, due to career-ending injury), athletes may struggle to transition out of sport effectively, impacting physical, mental, and social health. The biopsychosocial model looks at the relationship between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to better understand the biopsychosocial experiences elite athletes face after a career-ending injury so that sport stakeholders can develop and implement strategies to support a healthy transition. Clinical Question: How does suffering a career-ending injury affect elite athletes’ biopsychosocial experiences during retirement from sport? Summary of Key Findings: All studies found that a career-ending injury negatively impacted athlete’s biopsychosocial health during the transition period. In addition, social support was identified as a positive coping mechanism and research highlighted the role of education in promoting successful transitions. Sport stakeholders should educate athletes regarding the importance of creating secondary plans. By creating a culture of athletic and nonathletic identity, athletes can feel empowered to navigate different phases of their life despite transition being forced upon them due to injury. Clinical Bottom Line: Career-ending injuries negatively impact the biopsychosocial experiences of elite athletes as they transition out of sport. Athletes may face many transitional challenges including a loss of identity, a lack of external support, and/or mental health decline; those more closely identifying with their role as an athlete tend to have a harder transition. Therefore, it is important for all athletes to be adequately prepared for sport retirement, especially given the uncertainty about when and how retirement may occur. Strength of Recommendation: Collectively, the body of evidence included to answer the clinical question aligns with the strength of recommendation of C.

Background: The aim of this study was to explore the associations between the 10 key indicators of the Global Matrix 4.0 project and human development index (HDI) at a national level according to sex, age, area of residence, and ability levels. Methods: Information from the 57 countries/localities included in the Global Matrix 4.0 project was compiled and presented according to the HDI of each country/locality for each of the 10 key indicators. Grades were assigned based on the benchmarks of the Global Matrix 4.0 project ranged between “A+” (best performance) and “F” (worst performance). Results: The population subgroups of females, children, rural residents, with/without disabilities from countries/localities with higher HDI performed better in the organized sport and physical activity indicator than their peers from countries/localities with lower HDI. Children and adolescents living in rural areas of countries/localities with higher HDI showed better performance for active play, and children and adolescents living in urban areas of countries/localities with lower HDI showed better performance for the active transportation. Countries/localities with higher HDI showed better grades for sources of influence than the countries/localities with lower HDI. Conclusions: Physical activity patterns in some population subgroups of children and adolescents differed according to the development level of countries/localities.

This study examined the association between hearing status (i.e., adolescents with and without hearing loss) and physical activity and sports participation. Secondarily, we explored the association between physical activity and sports participation and psychosocial outcomes among adolescents with hearing loss.Analyses included 29,034 adolescents (52.1% male, 13.8 ± 2.3 (M ± SD) years) from the combined 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health. Adolescents were grouped by hearing status. Adjusted logistic regression models assessed physical activity level (i.e., 0, 1-3, 4-6, and 7 days/week) and sports participation (i.e., participation in sports within the past 12 months) by hearing status. Secondary analyses examined associations between physical activity and sports participation with psychosocial outcomes among adolescents with hearing loss adjusting for relevant confounders.Relative to their hearing peers, adolescents with hearing loss (n = 359) were 40% [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.44, 0.81], 43% [AOR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.41, 0.80], and 33% [AOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47, 0.95] less likely to engage in 1-3 days/week of physical activity, 4-6 days/week of physical activity, and meet physical activity guidelines, respectively. Further, adolescents with hearing loss were 31% [AOR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.55, 0.85] less likely to participate in sports. Sports participation, but not physical activity, was associated with a significant reduction in the likelihood of experiencing adverse psychosocial outcomes among adolescents with hearing loss (p's.05).Sports participation, but not physical activity, was associated with attenuated likelihood of experiencing adverse psychosocial outcomes in adolescents with hearing loss, suggesting unique characteristics of sports participation confer protection of psychosocial health. Increasing access to and reducing barriers to engagement in sports should be prioritized to improve psychosocial health in adolescents with hearing loss.

There is growing evidence that subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise speeds recovery from sport-related concussion (SRC). It is not known whether there is a direct relationship between adherence to a personalized exercise prescription and recovery or if initial symptom burden affects adherence to the prescription.This study was a planned secondary analysis of one arm of a randomized controlled trial. Male and female adolescent athletes (age 13-18 yr) presenting within 10 d of SRC were given aerobic exercise prescriptions based on their heart rate threshold at the point of exercise intolerance on a graded treadmill test. Adherence was determined objectively with HR monitors and compared against time to recovery. Participants who completed at least two-thirds of their aerobic exercise prescription were considered to be adherent.Sixty-one percent of adolescents met the adherence criterion. Those who were adherent were more symptomatic and were more exercise intolerant at their initial visit, yet they recovered faster than those who were not adherent (median recovery time, 12 (interquartile range, 9-22) d vs 21.5 (interquartile range, 13-29.8) d; P = 0.016). On linear regression, adherence during week 1 was inversely related to recovery time ( β = -0.002 (-0.003, 0.0), P = 0.046) and to initial exercise tolerance ( β = -0.886 (-1.385, -0.387), P0.001), but not to initial symptom severity ( β = 0.545 (-0.232, 1.323), P = 0.146). No adverse events or near misses were reported.Adherence to individualized subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise within the first week of evaluation is associated with faster recovery from SRC. The data suggest that initial degree of exercise intolerance, but not initial symptom severity, affects adherence to aerobic exercise prescribed to adolescents within 10 d of SRC.

Individualized patient care is ideal for treating and rehabilitating patients with athletic illnesses and injuries. Exertional heat stroke (EHS) treatment best-practice recommendations state that all patients should undergo identical cold-water immersion (CWI) treatment for ideal outcomes. It is unknown, however, whether CWI can be optimized with individualized treatment plans, encouraging personalized medicine. To accomplish this task, clinicians and researchers need to better understand the factors affecting CWI effectiveness. In this short report, we will provide an update to the American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable on Exertional Heat Stroke, review research regarding EHS treatment, and identify knowledge gaps in EHS treatment.

Studies investigating the associations between personality and sports-related concussion are limited. The current study aimed to address this gap by examining whether specific personality dimensions predicted self-reported sports-related concussion outcomes.This study included 1141 undergraduate students ( Mage = 19.47, SD = 2.14, female = 64.5%) who completed a battery of online personality measures and self-reported sports-related concussion items. The self-reported sports-related concussion outcomes included a single diagnosed sports-related concussion incident (i.e., "diagnosed sports-related concussion incidence") and incidents of multiple diagnosed sports-related concussions (i.e., "multiple diagnosed sports-related concussion incidents"). Analyses included splitting data randomly into training and validation data sets. Multivariate logistic regression models were then fit to each data set to determine predictors of sports-related concussion.In both training and validation data sets, extraversion and experience seeking were found to be positively and most strongly associated with both sports-related concussion outcomes, whereas motor inhibition was found to be negatively associated with both outcomes. Additional personality dimensions showed differential relations with each sports-related concussion outcome.The current study highlights the importance of considering personality dimensions in the context of self-reported sports-related concussion outcomes, as there are differential relations between personality dimensions and these outcomes. Thus, prevention efforts for sports-related concussion may benefit from evaluating additional athlete factors, like personality traits.

The purpose of this article is to describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of a Simulation Interprofessional Education (Sim-IPE) activity for healthcare students from different disciplines (athletic training [AT] and nursing). The objective for the Sim-IPE activity was to engage AT and prelicensure nursing students in a realistic healthcare scenario to enhance knowledge about one another's profession, develop interprofessional skills, collaborate with one another, and communicate effectively as a team as they performed care.This mixed methods study employed a one-time posttest design for a convenience sample of AT and prelicensure nursing students following a simulation intervention. Students completed the Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised (SPICE-R) survey and answered open-ended response questions.Thirteen students (N = 13) from Cohort 1 and 12 students (N = 12) from Cohort 2 completed the SPICE-R survey. Most students strongly agreed/agreed for each of the SPICE-R survey questions. Qualitative findings indicated the students positively perceived the Sim-IPE activity as it helped them discover the value of interprofessional patient care.The quantitative findings indicated that the students found the Sim-IPE an effective learning methodology to achieve the objectives while the qualitative findings gave further insight into the students' perceptions of interprofessional teamwork and the value of the prebrief session conducted before the simulation. The findings will inform future Sim-IPE activities involving additional groups of healthcare students.

Sports and activity programs play a significant role in children's overall physical activity levels to allow them to benefit from participating in physical activity during the pandemic. The researcher seeks to provide guidelines that will benefit all students who participate in physical education. This study aimed to determine the interest in athletics and engagement in home-based physical fitness activities of pre-service physical education teachers at Batangas State University JPLPC-Malvar, to determine its implications for teaching physical education. It specifically addressed the respondents' level of interest in athletics, their engagement in home-based physical fitness activities, the significant relationship between the two variables, and suggested activities to increase respondents' interest in athletics through participation in home-based physical fitness activities. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to assess 62 students enrolled in the Bachelor of Physical Education program at the Batangas State University JPLPC-Malvar campus. Using a self-madequestionnaire and appropriate statistical measures, the obtained results revealed that the majority of respondents engage in home-based physical fitness activities; however, bodyweight training is more engaging than anaerobic exercise. The data also showed a significant relationship between athletic interest levels and home-based physical fitness activities. The majority of responders are pre-service physical education instructors. The recommended activities to increase respondents' interest in athletics can be accomplished through participation in home-based physical fitness activities., Program olahraga dan aktivitas memainkan peran penting dalam tingkat aktivitas fisik anak-anak secara keseluruhan untuk memungkinkan mereka mendapatkan manfaat dari berpartisipasi dalam aktivitas fisik selama pandemi. Peneliti berusaha untuk memberikan pedoman yang akan bermanfaat bagi semua siswa yang berpartisipasi dalam pendidikan jasmani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui minat atletik dan keterlibatan dalam kegiatan kebugaran jasmani berbasis rumah guru pendidikan jasmani pra-layanan di Universitas Negeri Batangas JPLPC-Malvar, untuk mengetahui implikasinya terhadap pengajaran pendidikan jasmani. Ini secara khusus membahas tingkat minat responden dalam atletik, keterlibatan mereka dalam kegiatan kebugaran fisik berbasis rumah, hubungan yang signifikan antara kedua variabel, dan kegiatan yang disarankan untuk meningkatkan minat responden pada atletik melalui partisipasi dalam kegiatan kebugaran fisik berbasis rumah. Studi deskriptif-korelasional ini dilakukan untuk menilai 62 mahasiswa yang terdaftar dalam program Sarjana Pendidikan Jasmani di kampus JPLPC-Malvar Universitas Negeri Batangas. Menggunakan kuesioner buatan sendiri dan langkah-langkah statistik yang tepat, hasil yang diperoleh mengungkapkan bahwa mayoritas responden terlibat dalam kegiatan kebugaran fisik berbasis rumah; Namun, latihan berat badan lebih menarik daripada latihan anaerob. Data juga menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat minat atletik dan aktivitas kebugaran fisik berbasis rumah. Mayoritas responden adalah instruktur pendidikan jasmani pra-layanan. Kegiatan yang direkomendasikan untuk meningkatkan minat responden pada atletik dapat dicapai melalui partisipasi dalam kegiatan kebugaran fisik berbasis rumah.

Health care utilization can vary by age group, geographic location, and socioeconomic status (SES). A paucity of information exists regarding the availability and utilization of medical care by injured scholastic athletes. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare injuries and health care service utilization by school SES over an academic year.Injury and health care service data was collected from 1 large school district. Percentage of free and reduced lunch (FRPL) for each school was calculated to stratify schools into high (50% FRPL) and low (≥50.1% FRPL) SES groups. Incidence proportion and relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated.About 1756 injuries were reported among over 7000 participating athletes from 14 high schools. Similar injury incidence proportions were reported between high and low SES schools (RR = 1.10 [1.00-1.20]). Athletes from low SES schools were twice (RR = 2.01 [1.21-3.35]) and over three (RR = 3.42 [1.84-6.55]) times more likely to receive emergency and physical therapy care. SES was not associated with the use of physician, imaging, or surgery services.School medical providers and administrators should have ready and provide a list of trusted outside primary care and specialty providers that have experience in sports medicine. They should also enquire and follow up on which outside provider the high school athlete will seek care when referring out to outside providers.Injury incidence was similar between high and low SES schools. However, athletes from low SES high schools were over 2-fold more likely to use emergency department services. Understanding factors influencing health care services choice and usage by student athletes from different socioeconomic backgrounds may assist sport medicine clinicians in identifying barriers and potential solutions in improving time to health restoration, athlete outcomes, and health care monetary burden.

The doping control analyses at the XXXII Olympic Games (July 23 to August 8, 2021) and the XVI Paralympic Games (August 24 to September 5, 2021) held in Tokyo, Japan, after a year of delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic are summarized in this paper. A new satellite facility at the existing World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-accredited Tokyo laboratory was established and fully operated by 278 staff, including 33 Tokyo laboratory staff, 49 international experts, and 196 Japanese temporary staff. The numbers of urine samples were 5081 (Olympics) and 1519 (Paralympics), and the numbers of blood samples were 1103 (Olympics) and 500 (Paralympics). The laboratory could prepare for analysis in advance using a paperless chain-of-custody system, allowing for faster turnaround time reporting. For the first time, a new polymerase chain reaction method for detecting erythropoietin (EPO) gene doping was used. The laboratory also analyzed blood samples for detecting steroid esters following the spotting of collected venous EDTA blood onto dried blood spot cards. Moreover, full-scan data acquisition using high-resolution mass spectrometers was performed for all urine samples, allowing for detecting traces of doping substances, which are not currently analyzed in the subsequent data processing. The presence of some prohibited substances was confirmed, resulting in 8 atypical findings (ATFs) and 11 adverse analytical findings (AAFs), including homologous blood transfusion (2 cases) and recombinant EPO in the blood (1 case), at the Olympics, whereas 2 ATFs and 10 AAFs were reported at the Paralympics.

Head impact measurement devices enable opportunities to collect impact data directly from humans to study topics like concussion biomechanics, head impact exposure and its effects, and concussion risk reduction techniques in sports when paired with other relevant data. With recent advances in head impact measurement devices and cost-effective price points, more and more investigators are using them to study brain health questions. However, as the field's literature grows, the variance in study quality is apparent. This brief paper aims to provide a high-level set of key considerations for the design and analysis of head impact measurement studies that can help avoid flaws introduced by sampling biases, false data, missing data, and confounding factors. We discuss key points through four overarching themes: study design, operational management, data quality, and data analysis.