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La Unión Europea (UE), que desea convertirse en un actor de la gobernanza internacional de los océanos, está desarrollando relaciones específicas y más estratégicas con los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo (PEID). En efecto, la existencia de regiones ultraperiféricas de la UE y de países y territorios de ultramar situados en el océano Atlántico, incluido el Caribe, el gran océano Índico y en el Pacífico significa también, más allá de la historia y la cultura, una proximidad geográfica entre la UE y la mayoría de los PEID. La estrategia de cooperación de la UE en el Indo-Pacífico reforzará esta tendencia. Para analizar críticamente estas relaciones, esta contribución se centra en las dimensiones geopolíticas, comerciales y de cooperación, ante todo desde una perspectiva geojurídica. Intentamos responder dos preguntas ¿cuál es la importancia de los PEID para la UE? ¿Y qué puede ofrecer la UE para ayudar a los PEID a desarrollar sus capacidades y promover la cooperación regional en el difícil contexto actual? The European Union (EU) intends to become an actor in international ocean governance. With this in mind, it is developing specific and more strategic relations with Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Indeed, the existence of the EU's Outermost Regions and Overseas Countries and Territories also implies, beyond history and culture, a geographical proximity between the EU and most SIDS. The EU strategy for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific would reinforce this trend. In order to critically assess these relationships, this article focuses on their geopolitical, trade, and cooperation dimensions, mainly from a geo-legal perspective. The main questions being asked focus on the importance of the SIDS for the EU, and what the EU can offer to assist SIDS in developing their capacities and promote regional cooperation in the challenging current context.

The governance of ocean and polar regions is among the most relevant challenges in the combat against global environmental degradation and global inequalities. Ocean and polar regions are climate regulators and very much affected by climate change. They are an important source of nutrition for life in and above the sea. At the same time, they are subject to an increasing number of geopolitical and geo-economic conflicts. Due to the lasting virulence of many security issues, economic conflicts, legal disputes, new technological developments, and environmental crises in global marine areas as well as the intricate overlap of sovereign, semi-sovereign, and global commons territories, the relevance of ocean and polar governance is bound to rise. This thematic issue sketches important trends in research on these issues and identifies future avenues of inquiry. In this editorial, we first provide an overview of governance challenges for ocean and polar regions and their relevance for geopolitical and geo-economic conflicts. In a second step, we present the eight contributions that make up the thematic issue by clustering them around three themes: (a) challenges to norm-creation in ocean governance, (b) the impact of territorialisation on governance and the construction of authority, and (c) the effectiveness of regimes of ocean and polar governance.

The current mode of ocean governance in the biogeographically defined space of the Coral Triangle emerged due to the framing of marine degradation as a de-bounded risk with a transboundary nature. This framing justified the rescaling of the issue’s governance from the national to the regional. This article will explore how ocean governance in the form of the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security (CTI-CFF) is an example of a regional multi-level regulatory governance arrangement based on disaggregated, regulatory forms of statehood. These new kinds of regional regulatory governance are defined by the dominance of policy and technical expertise. As such, non-state actors work closely with national and supranational actors in the development, implementation, and regulatory functions of the CTI-CFF. The organizational structure of the CTI-CFF’s governance framework provides an example of how regional regulatory systems are networked into existing national government structures. The CTI-CFF’s Regional Plan of Action and corresponding mechanisms serve as a model for each member country’s National Plan of Action and domestic programs. These plans of action promote the transformation and rescaling of national governance to be consistent with regional standards of marine resource governance. To summarize, CTI-CFF is a multi-level governance structure constructed to strengthen regulatory regionalism.

The prospect of implementing the concept of the Blue Economy is currently still at a relatively early stage of achieving its full potential. The purpose of this paper is to present the idea of the ocean economy and selected aspects of its financing, including initiatives undertaken in this area by the European Union. Part I characterises the Blue Economy, part II discusses selected aspects of financing a sustainable ocean economy, and part III analyses the institutional approach, particularly within the EU, to the financing process of this type of economy. The descriptive method was used to conduct this study, and the available literature on and legal acts related to the subject of the article has been analysed. The undertakings made so far, especially by the EU, are impressive and, moreover, are driving global activity towards the sustainable financing of the Blue Economy. It is becoming a fundamental priority to realise the governments' and international organisations' aspirations to make economies independent from excessive carbon emissions, to counteract water degradation, overfishing, and shrinking drinking water resources. In the long term, it is important to develop coherence between the actions of national entities and the sources and methods of international funding. This is in order to develop a mutual, global good of innovative financing of coastal projects for sustainable development.

Current geoeconomic and geopolitical transformations project on Russian society and its spatial organisation, highlighting the problems of spatial socioeconomic development and its governmental regulation. This article examines the theoretical and applied aspects of the incorporation into the national regional policy of the sea factor, understood as a combination of location and resources, which is determined by a country’s jurisdiction over coasts and waters, its maritime activities and coastalisation potential, including the economic, settlement-­related and psychological elements of the latter. The article describes the key influences of the sea factor on the spatial development of post-­Soviet Russia. The steadily growing impact of maritime activities on the spatial-­economic and settlement dynamics has been given a new impetus by the rising geostrategic, resource and transport-­logistic significance of the World Ocean, as well as its water and water-land substructures, amid increasing military-­strategic confrontation and geoeconomic regionalisation. The article presents a retrospective analysis of the role of the sea factor in Russia’s regional policy and identifies its stages. The authors emphasise the need for a synergy between maritime and spatial policies and proposes ways of achieving it.

In this article, we demonstrate that the ocean is a space of politics and explore the what, who, and how of ocean governance. We first sketch the governance architecture and examine challenges and shortcomings concerning political authority. Starting from a definition of “ocean governance,” we highlight that two fundamentally different regulatory approaches are applied to the ocean: a spatial ordering on the one hand and a sectoral segmentation on the other. States are the central actors regulating the use and protection of marine areas, but state sovereignty is stratified, with diminishing degrees of authority farther from the shoreline. As vast marine spaces are beyond the exclusive control of any given territorial state, political authority beyond areas of national jurisdiction must first be created to enable collective decision-making. Consequently, a multitude of authorities regulate human activities in the ocean, producing overlaps, conflicting policies, and gaps. Based on recent contributions to the fast-growing ocean governance research field, we provide a thematic overview structured along the dimensions of maritime security, protection of the marine environment, and economics to unveil patterns of authority in ocean governance.

Due to the multifactorial etiology of scoliosis, a comprehensive treatment plan is essential for conservative management. Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercise (PSSE) methods have lately gained popularity for the conservative treatment of scoliosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the PSSE methodologies used for conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), as well as their effectiveness. The study was based on an extended literature search conducted in the PubMed, Google Scholar, PEDro, eLABA, and BioMed Central databases. A total of 123 articles were selected for this study (including articles overviewed in systematic reviews and meta-analyses) after applying the inclusion criteria. The study revealed that inappropriate management of AIS could result in serious health problems. Conservative interventions that aid in stabilizing spine curvature and improving esthetics are preferred for scoliosis treatment. Bracing has traditionally been the mainstay of treatment, but growing evidence suggests that PSSE physiotherapy allows effective management of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. Currently, there are the following PSSE physiotherapy schools in Europe: Schroth, SEAS, BSPTS, FED, FITS, Lyon, Side Shift, and DoboMed. The methodologies of these schools are similar, in that they focus on applying corrective exercises in three planes, developing stability and balance, breathing exercises, and posture awareness. Although high-quality research supporting the effectiveness of PSSE physiotherapy in the treatment of AIS is lacking, existing evidence indicates that PSSE physiotherapy helps to stabilize spinal deformity and improve patients’ quality of life. Among the abovementioned methodologies, Schroth is the most widely studied and has been proven to be effective. However, both SEAS and BSPTS effectively stabilize and even reduce the Cobb angle of scoliosis. Data supporting the validity of other methodologies are very limited. Only the Schroth method significantly reduces the angle of trunk rotation, while both SEAS and Schroth methods greatly improve the quality of life indicators. In any case, the available evidence is insufficient to confirm the advantage of one specific physiotherapy technique over others.

Background/Aim. Dietary intake of n-3 long-chain polyun-saturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is important in prevention and treatment of different diseases. In general population, the average intake of n-3 LC-PUFA is often significantly lower than recom-mended levels. Fish lipids are rich sources of these fatty acids, of which the most important are eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3, DHA) fatty acids. This study was designed to determine and compare fat, fatty acids and lipid qual-ity indices in 10 commercial fish species available on the Serbian market, as well as relation between their price and nutritional val-ue. Methods. Freshwater fish originated from the Danube River in the Belgrade Region, while seawater fish were mostly from the Adriatic Sea. A gas chromatography method was used to define fatty acids in 40 fish samples after lipid extraction. Cost-minimization analysis was conducted to assess the economic util-ity. Results. Seawater fish had a significantly higher value of flash lipid quality compared to the freshwater fish (p < 0.05). Value of Background/Aim. Dietary intake of n-3 long-chain polyun-saturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is important in prevention and treatment of different diseases. In general population, the average intake of n-3 LC-PUFA is often significantly lower than recom-mended levels. Fish lipids are rich sources of these fatty acids, of which the most important are eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3, DHA) fatty acids. This study was designed to determine and compare fat, fatty acids and lipid qual-ity indices in 10 commercial fish species available on the Serbian market, as well as relation between their price and nutritional val-ue. Methods. Freshwater fish originated from the Danube River in the Belgrade Region, while seawater fish were mostly from the Adriatic Sea. A gas chromatography method was used to define fatty acids in 40 fish samples after lipid extraction. Cost-minimization analysis was conducted to assess the economic util-ity. Results. Seawater fish had a significantly higher value of flash lipid quality compared to the freshwater fish (p < 0.05). Value of Background/Aim. Dietary intake of n-3 long-chain polyun-saturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is important in prevention and treatment of different diseases. In general population, the average intake of n-3 LC-PUFA is often significantly lower than recom-mended levels. Fish lipids are rich sources of these fatty acids, of which the most important are eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3, DHA) fatty acids. This study was designed to determine and compare fat, fatty acids and lipid qual-ity indices in 10 commercial fish species available on the Serbian market, as well as relation between their price and nutritional val-ue. Methods. Freshwater fish originated from the Danube River in the Belgrade Region, while seawater fish were mostly from the Adriatic Sea. A gas chromatography method was used to define fatty acids in 40 fish samples after lipid extraction. Cost-minimization analysis was conducted to assess the economic util-ity. Results. Seawater fish had a significantly higher value of flash lipid quality compared to the freshwater fish (p < 0.05). Value of hypercholesterolaemic fatty acids (OFA) for the freshwater group was 18.70 (17.40‒21.30) while the seawater group had a similar range of values 18.90 (17.55‒22.75). Hypocholesterol-aemic fatty acids (DFA) also showed similar ranges for both groups: 68.80 (66‒70.20) for freshwater and 68.40 (64.85‒73.05) for seawater group. The ratio of DHA/EPA ranged from 1.8 for sardine samples and up to 10 for tuna samples, indicating that the amount of DHA in natural samples exceeds the amount of EPA in many cases. The values of ath-erogenic (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) were lower than 1 for all analysed samples. Conclusion. Sardine and mackerel had the highest content of n-3 LC-PUFA and presented the least expensive sources of EPA and DHA. The low values of AI and TI obtained from studied fish indicate its benefits from a health point of view. Uvod/Cilj. Unos n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (PMK) je od velike važnosti u prevenciji i tretmanu različitih oboljen-ja. Generalno posmatrajući, prosečan unos n-3 PMK je obično značajno niži od utvrđenih preporuka. Lipidi riba sadrže masne kiseline n-3 serije od kojih su najvažnije ei-kozapentaenska (20:5 n-3, EPA) i dokozaheksaenska (20:6 n-3, DHA) masna kiselina. Cilj ove studije bio je odrediti i uporediti lipidni profil i lipidne indekse u 10 različitih vrsta riba dostupnih na tržištu Srbije. Takođe, određen je odnos cene i nutritivne vrednosti odabranih vrsta. Metode. Ispiti-vane su rečne ribe Dunava iz Beogradskog regiona, dok su morske ribe uglavnom vodile poreklo iz Jadranskog mora. Gasna hromatografija sa jonskim detektorom je korišćena za određivanje masnih kiselina u 40 uzoraka nakon lipidne ekstrakcije. Cost-minimization analiza je korišćena za procenu ekonomske koristi. Rezultati. Morske ribe su imale značajno veće vrednosti za parametar flash lipid quality u odnosu na rečne ribe (p < 0,05). Vrednosti hiperholesterolemijskih mas-nih kiselina za grupu rečnih riba [18,70 (17,40‒21,30)] bile su slične vrednostima dobijenim za morske ribe [18,90 (17,55‒22,75)]. Hipoholesterolemijske masne kiseline su takođe pokazale sličan raspon vrednosti za rečne [68.80 (66–70.20)] i morske ribe [68.40 (64.85–73.05)]. Odnos DHA/EPA kretao se od 1,8 za uzorke sardine, do 10 za uzorke tune, što potvrđuje činjenicu da DHA prevazilazi vrednosti za EPA u svim ispitivanim uzorcima. Vrednosti za aterogeni i trombogeni indeks su bile niže od 1 za sve ana-lizirane uzorke. Zaključak. Sardine i skuša su imale najveći sadržaj n-3 PMK i predstavljale su najekonomičniji izvor EPA i DHA. Niske vrednosti za aterogeni i trombogeni in-deks ukazuju na potencijalno povoljan zdravstveni efekat ispitivanih vrsta.

The international system of states displays an inherent drive to territorialize the global commons. But territorialization is not a continuous process - it occurs in episodes. In this article, I use one case from ocean governance, the expansion of territory into near-shore areas of the seas, to advance a twofold argument about the nature of these episodes. First, I argue that the root causes of this drive to territorialize "empty space" are located in global politics, norms, and economics. Second, a territorializing episode occurs when there are impelling economic incentives, and when great powers are unable or unwilling to oppose territorialization. However, this can lead to different outcomes: sovereign territories, functional territories, or internationalized territories. Oceanic space has seen a series of these territorializing episodes since the end of the Second World War and functional territorialization has become more prevalent over time.

Science plays an important role in the emergence, development, and implementation of new environmental regimes. However, there are opposing views regarding the type of knowledge that is considered policy-relevant to address global environmental problems. In intergovernmental negotiations, these tensions are visible in debates about the inclusion of scientific concepts in a negotiated text. This article analyses the case of “ecological connectivity” in the negotiations for an international legally-binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). As a key scientific concept portraying the ocean as one, the term ecological connectivity challenges the status quo and has far-reaching implications for future ocean governance. Our study draws on ethnographic data collected during the BBNJ negotiations and analyses the actors and their different rationales for including the ecological connectivity concept in the treaty text. Our results demonstrate two things. First, state and non-state actors use the ecological connectivity concept to support their interests in the new ILBI, based on different types of rationales: ecologic, socio-economic, juridic, and epistemic. Second, our analysis demonstrates that several actors recognise the limitations of the existing legal order underpinning ocean governance in areas beyond national jurisdiction and are keen to embrace a new legal framework regarding the idea of an interconnected ocean. We conclude that while the ecological connectivity concept runs the risk of losing its meaning in an array of competing political interests, it does have the potential to achieve transformative change in global ocean governance and fundamentally alter the way humans use and protect BBNJ.

The article presents an analysis of Ukrainian strategic documents and the results of expert interviews and expert surveys regarding Ukrainian perceptions and visions of Black Sea security, and current challenges and opportunities for cooperation between Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Ukraine. Despite certain differences in policy priorities, Baku, Tbilisi, and Kyiv could contribute to strengthening security in the wider Black Sea region by enhancing mutual practical cooperation in the defence sector, resistance to hybrid threats, and joint energy projects. An increase in NATO presence in the Black Sea is considered necessary for strengthening regional security, as well as greater cooperation with the UK, the US, Turkey and Romania.

Global deterioration of marine ecosystems, together with increasing pressure to use them, has created a demand for new, more efficient and cost-efficient monitoring tools that enable assessing changes in the status of marine ecosystems. However, demonstrating the cost-efficiency of a monitoring method is not straightforward as there are no generally applicable guidelines. Our study provides a systematic literature mapping of methods and criteria that have been proposed or used since the year 2000 to evaluate the cost-efficiency of marine monitoring methods. We aimed to investigate these methods but discovered that examples of actual cost-efficiency assessments in literature were rare, contradicting the prevalent use of the term “cost-efficiency.” We identified five different ways to compare the cost-efficiency of a marine monitoring method: (1) the cost–benefit ratio, (2) comparative studies based on an experiment, (3) comparative studies based on a literature review, (4) comparisons with other methods based on literature, and (5) subjective comparisons with other methods based on experience or intuition. Because of the observed high frequency of insufficient cost–benefit assessments, we strongly advise that more attention is paid to the coverage of both cost and efficiency parameters when evaluating the actual cost-efficiency of novel methods. Our results emphasize the need to improve the reliability and comparability of cost-efficiency assessments. We provide guidelines for future initiatives to develop a cost-efficiency assessment framework and suggestions for more unified cost-efficiency criteria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10661-021-09159-y.

SUMMARY The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the spine, post-training in corrective exercises with the SEAS method in moderate idiopathic scoliosis. Material and Methods: A contingent in the present study was 42 subjects with mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The methodology of research includes conducting functional studies and tests - an anamnesis (including physical exercise data, motor behavior, etc.), somatoscopy (examination), radiographic and postural assessment, GPS100 system test, and Adams test. Physiotherapy methodology includes training in specific corrective exercises for scoliosis by the SEAS method with a duration of 7 days of 60 minutes. Results: 42 subjects with mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were studied, of which 26 girls and 16 boys with a follow-up time of 12 months. Mean values of height and weight are as follows for girls 156.3±7.26cm and 49.23 ±4.59kg, for boys 158.1±5.27cm and 52.88±4.76kg. The mean Cobb’s angle of scoliosis in girls was 20.08° ±2.47°, for boys 23.06°±3.66°. Changes in Cobb’s angle in girls and boys are reported. The mean Cobb’s angle in pre-treatment girls from 20.08°±2.47° to 15.73°±2.05° at the end of the follow-up (p

The seafloor covers some 70% of the Earth’s surface and has been recognised as a major sink for marine litter. Still, litter on the seafloor is the least investigated fraction of marine litter, which is not surprising as most of it lies in the deep sea, i.e. the least explored ecosystem. Although marine litter is considered a major threat for the oceans, monitoring frameworks are still being set up. This paper reviews current knowledge and methods, identifies existing needs, and points to future developments that are required to address the estimation of seafloor macrolitter. It provides background knowledge and conveys the views and thoughts of scientific experts on seafloor marine litter offering a review of monitoring and ocean modelling techniques. Knowledge gaps that need to be tackled, data needs for modelling, and data comparability and harmonisation are also discussed. In addition, it shows how research on seafloor macrolitter can inform international protection and conservation frameworks to prioritise efforts and measures against marine litter and its deleterious impacts.

Die anhaltende Plastikverschmutzung der Nordsee ist ein alarmierendes Problem. Sie hat verschiedene Ursachen – einige konnten bereits durch die Forschung identifiziert werden, andere sind noch unbekannt. Eine aktuelle explorative Studie zeigt, dass auch Offshore-Windparks, deren Zahl ständig weiter zunimmt, eine der möglichen Eintragsquellen von Plastik darstellen. Unklar war bisher, in welchen Prozessen der Offshore-Windbranche derartige Eintragspotenziale entstehen. In diesem Beitrag werden sowohl die Bereiche, in welchen Plastik eine Rolle spielt, als auch die sich daraus ergebenden Eintragspotenziale entlang der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette der Offshore-Windbranche in der deutschen Nordsee identifiziert. Hierfür wurden semistrukturierte Interviews mit verschiedenen Experten der Branche durchgeführt und mithilfe einer Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Kunststoffe sowohl in der Fertigung – insbesondere bei Rotorblättern – als auch bei den Abläufen auf See, z. B. in Form von Verpackungsmaterialien, vorkommen. Potenzielle Eintragsquellen, sowohl von Makro- als auch von Mikroplastik, liegen vor allem in der Errichtung von Offshore-Windparks und den damit verbundenen Transportprozessen. Eine Einbringung von Mikroplastik findet speziell durch Materialabträge der Bauteile von Windenergieanlagen statt. Zukünftig könnte der Rückbau von Anlagen zu einer weiteren Quelle werden; wie dieser vonstattengehen soll, ist bislang nicht im Detail bekannt. Die vorliegende qualitative Untersuchung zeigt, dass die Offshore-Windbranche Eintragspotenziale sowohl für Makro- als auch für Mikroplastik vorweist. Quantitative Untersuchungen könnten daran anknüpfen, um das Ausmaß der Plastikeinträge abzuschätzen. The continuous plastic pollution of the North Sea is an alarming problem and has various causes – some of them have already been identified by research, others are still unknown. A recent explorative study shows that offshore wind farms, constantly growing in number, are one of the potential sources of plastic pollution. However, so far it was unclear in which processes of the offshore wind industry such potential for input may occur. In this paper, areas in which plastics play a role as well as the resulting input potentials along the whole value chain of the offshore wind industry in the German North Sea are identified. For this purpose, guideline-oriented interviews with various experts in the industry were conducted and evaluated with the help of Qualitative Content Analysis. Results show that plastics, both macro and micro plastics, can be found in production – especially for rotor blades – and in processes at sea, e.g. in the form of packaging materials. Potential sources of input mainly lie in the construction phase of offshore wind farms and associated transport processes. Particularly, microplastics are introduced by the abrasion of material from the wind turbines’ parts. In the future, decommissioning activities may become an additional source of pollution. How these will be carried out is not known in detail yet. The present qualitative study shows that the offshore wind industry has input potentials for both macro- and microplastics. Quantitative studies could pick up at this point to explore the extent of these plastic inputs.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2022-02-09T17:47:29Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2022-02-09T17:47:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient??fico e Tecnol??gico (CNPq) Os filtros UV s??o compostos ativos presentes em formula????es cosm??ticas, que t??m como finalidade proteger dos raios ultravioletas UVA e UVB. Nos ??ltimos anos estes compostos v??m sendo estudados em avalia????es ambientais, devido aos potenciais efeitos ambientais negativos que podem causar, portanto j?? foram quantificados em ??gua do mar de pa??ses como Espanha, Jap??o, Estados Unidos, China, It??lia e Gr??cia. Desta forma este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver, validar a aplicar uma metodologia anal??tica para quantifica????o dos filtros UV benzofenona-3, octinoxato, avobenzona e octocrileno e aplic??la para an??lise de amostras coletadas nas praias de Santos, S??o Vicente e Ubatuba, munic??pios tur??sticos do litoral de S??o Paulo. A metodologia desenvolvida utiliza a t??cnica Micro extra????o l??quido-l??quido dispersiva com solvente demulsificante para o preparo de amostras, e foi otimizada por estudo estat??stico multifatorial, e as quantifica????es foram realizadas por Cromatografia L??quida de Alta Efici??ncia acoplada ?? espectrometria de massas em 5 minutos. A metodologia desenvolvida contempla a faixa de trabalho de 0,1 a 5,0 ng mL-1 para todos os analitos, precis??o com DPR% abaixo de 30% e recupera????o entre 73 e 139%. Foram analisadas amostras coletadas Santos e S??o Vicente em 2018 e em Ubatuba em 2019 e 2020 e foi identificada a presen??a dos filtros UV OMC (0,11 a 0,15 ng mL-1), BMDM (0,16 ng mL-1) e OCT (0,14 a 0,32 ng mL-1) nas praias da Baixada Santista e BP3 (0,10 a 0,99 ng mL-1), OMC (0,12 a 0,26 ng mL-1), BMDM (0,13 ng mL-1) e OCT (0,10 a 0,32 ng mL-1) em Ubatuba. Tamb??m foi realizada uma an??lise explorat??ria complementar, utilizando espectrometria de massas de alta resolu????o, com analisadores Quadrupolo Tempo de Voo, e foi identificada a presen??a de f??rmacos sint??ticos como 17-estradiol, 17aetinilestradiol, ofloxacina bisoprolol e atenolol em pontos de coleta de Santos e Ubatuba, evidenciando a influ??ncia do lan??amento de esgoto sanit??rio na qualidade das ??guas do litoral paulista. Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) IPEN/T Instituto de Pesquisas Energ??ticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP CNPq: 141831/2017-0

A formação da planície costeira brasileira deve-se principalmente à flutuação do nível relativo do oceano no passado. A Armação dos Búzios é um município da Microrregião dos Lagos, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Seu limite oeste se estende à região de terras baixas, 2 m acima do atual nível do mar atual. Faz parte da planície do rio Una, uma região chamada de Pântano da Malhada e vestígio de conchas são encontradas nessa região. Nesse estudo, conchas e sedimentos foram coletados da região do Pântano da Malhada e datados, no caso dos cristais de quartzo extraídos dos sedimentos foram utilizadas as técnicas de Termoluminescência (TL) e Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada (LOE), e para as conchas foram utilizadas as técnicas de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) e datação por C-14. A taxa de dose anual (Dan) obtidas variou de 1,27 até 2,70 mGy/ano, os valores de dose acumulada (Dac) foram determinadas através do método de doses regenerativas para o LOE, utilizando o protocolo SAR \"single-aliquot regenerative dose\" e para TL e RPE as doses acumuladas foram determinadas através do protocolo MAAD \"Multiple Aliquot Additive Dating\". Os resultados das datações mostram idades entre 2480 e 5900 anos. As idades dos cristais de quartzo obtidas por LOE e TL são compatíveis e as idades das conchas obtidas por radiocarbono e RPE não estão compatíveis (foram realizados teste de compatibilidade nas respectivas comparações). Entretanto, alguns fatores podem influenciar na comparação das duas técnicas, como a quantidade de amostra; outro fator que pode afetar as idades obtidas das conchas no caso do método RPE é o teor de água. Como a água é um agente atenuante, a presença de água no local onde estavam as conchas poderiam proteger a concha da irradiação externa dos sedimentos ao redor. Apesar disso, todos os resultados obtidos referem-se às idades do período holocênico. Esse trabalho corrobora com a hipótese da presença natural das conchas, onde no passado houve uma transgressão do mar na região do Pântano da Malhada e com o passar do tempo o mar regrediu deixando na região vestígios de conchas de moluscos. The formation of the Brazilian coastal plateau is mainly due to the fluctuation of the relative level of the ocean in the past. Armação dos Búzios is a municipality in the Microregion of Lagos, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Its western limit extends to the lowland region, 2 m above the current sea level. It is part of the plateau of the Una River, a region called Pântano da Malhada and traces of shells are found in this region. In this study, shells and sediments were collected from the Pântano da Malhada region and dated, in the case of quartz crystals extracted from the sediments, the techniques of Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) were used, and for the shells, the techniques were used Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and C-14 dating. The annual dose rate (Dan) obtained ranged from 1.27 to 2.70 mGy / year, the accumulated dose values (Dac) were determined using the OSL regenerative dose method, using the SAR protocol \"single-aliquot regenerative dose \", And for TL and EPR the accumulated doses were determined using the MAAD protocol\" Multiple Aliquot Additive Dating \". The dating results show ages between 2480 to 5900 years. The ages of the quartz crystals obtained by OSL and TL are compatible and the ages of the shells obtained by radiocarbon and EPR are not compatible (compatibility test was performed in the respective comparisons). However, some factors may influence the comparison of the two techniques, such as the amount of sample; another factor that can affect the ages obtained from the shells in the case of the EPR method is the water content. As water is a mitigating agent, the presence of water in the place where the shells were located could protect the shell from the external irradiation of the surrounding sediments. Despite this, all of the results obtained refer to the ages of the Holocene period. This work corroborates the hypothesis of the natural presence of shells, that in the past there was a transgression of the sea in the region of Pântano da Malhada and over time the sea regressed leaving traces of mollusk shells in the region.

The impact of declining sea ice on Arctic sea-ice primary production is projected to be both large and complex., The Arctic sea-ice decline is among the most emblematic manifestations of climate change and is occurring before we understand its ecological consequences. We investigated future changes in algal productivity combining a biogeochemical model for sympagic algae with sea-ice drivers from an ensemble of 18 CMIP5 climate models. Model projections indicate quasi-linear physical changes along latitudes but markedly nonlinear response of sympagic algae, with distinct latitudinal patterns. While snow cover thinning explains the advancement of algal blooms below 66°N, narrowing of the biological time windows yields small changes in the 66°N to 74°N band, and shifting of the ice seasons toward more favorable photoperiods drives the increase in algal production above 74°N. These diverse latitudinal responses indicate that the impact of declining sea ice on Arctic sympagic production is both large and complex, with consequent trophic and phenological cascades expected in the rest of the food web.

This paper aims to evaluate the implementation of Maritime Security Policy in Indonesia. While the issues of maritime security are varied, this paper focuses only on three issues in maritime security, which include maritime delimitation, Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU Fishing) and Piracy. It is argued that IUU Fishing as well as piracy and any other maritime security threats emerged due to unclear maritime delimitation. Indonesia is the biggest archipelagic state in the world neighboring with ten coastal states, which each of them needs clear maritime delimitation. While Indonesia has done much in fixing its maritime delimitation, yet much remain to be done. Furthermore, while various international legal framework has been established relating to IUU Fishing, unfortunately, national laws concerning IUU Fishing still recall for never ending debates. Similar to this, national laws in piracy is still out of date since such laws still regulated under Criminal Laws Code/ Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), which was adopted from Dutch laws many decades ago. Such conditions leads to insufficient policy implementation. This paper adopts a qualitative research method. Data collected from relevant informant and analysed using policy implementation theory. It is submitted that in ensuring policy implementation, existing policies relating to maritime security, especially IUU Fishing as well as piracy needs to be revisited and revised to be in accordance with international policies and legal framework

Chinas militärische Expansion und sein selbstbewusstes Auftreten im Südchinesischen Meer haben die Sorgen westlicher Regierungen um die Freiheit der Schifffahrt wachsen lassen. Als Gegenmittel haben sich von den USA geführte Marineoperationen etabliert. Umstrittene Auslegungen des Seerechts im Verein mit vielschichtigen maritimen Streitigkeiten und geopolitischen Rivalitäten zeitigen jedoch ungewollte Folgen. Zuletzt haben sich die Spannungen im Zuge diplomatischer Schlagabtausche und groß angelegter Seemanöver noch einmal verschärft. Wiederkehrende Kontroversen um ozeanografische Forschung und militärische Überwachung im Südchinesischen Meer haben den Interessengegensatz zwischen Küstenstaaten und Großmächten zum Vorschein gebracht, der auch das Seerechtsübereinkommen (SRÜ) der Vereinten Nationen prägt. Die USA und China vertreten diametral entgegengesetzte Positionen zu Fragen der militärischen Schifffahrt in Hoheitsgewässern und erlaubten Aktivitäten in Ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszonen. Während China Bestimmungen des SRÜ als sicherheitspolitischen Schild instrumentalisiert, setzen die USA alles daran, die Bewegungsfreiheit ihrer Streitkräfte zu bewahren. Chinas Versuche, große Teile des Südchinesischen Meeres zu kontrollieren, und Bestrebungen der USA, Chinas zunehmenden globalen Einfluss einzudämmen, haben die Freedom of Navigation Operations der US Navy stark politisiert. Nie zur Eindämmung von Souveränitätsansprüchen gedacht, sind sie zu Machtdemonstrationen verkommen. Um der Militarisierung des Südchinesischen Meeres Einhalt zu gebieten, müssten die USA und China ihre geopolitischen Tunnelblicke aufeinander ablegen. Auch sollten alle Anrainer ihre Ansprüche im Hinblick auf eine zukünftige Konfliktbeilegung seevölkerrechtskonform formulieren. Europäische Entscheidungsträger sollten südostasiatische Anrainerstaaten dazu anhalten, ihre konkurrierenden Ansprüche zu reduzieren und untereinander abzugrenzen. Anders als bloße Machtdemonstrationen würde diese Annäherung innerhalb Südostasiens den Druck auf China erhöhen und den Geltungsanspruch des Völkerrechts stärken. Zudem sollte Europa die USA dazu auffordern, das SRÜ zu ratifizieren, um die Glaubwürdigkeit ihrer Außenpolitik in der Region zu stärken.

Many inland waters exhibit complete or partial desiccation, or have vanished due to global change, exposing sediments to the atmosphere. Yet, data on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from these sediments are too scarce to upscale emissions for global estimates or to understand their fundamental drivers. Here, we present the results of a global survey covering 196 dry inland waters across diverse ecosystem types and climate zones. We show that their CO2 emissions share fundamental drivers and constitute a substantial fraction of the carbon cycled by inland waters. CO2 emissions were consistent across ecosystem types and climate zones, with local characteristics explaining much of the variability. Accounting for such emissions increases global estimates of carbon emissions from inland waters by 6% (~0.12 Pg C y−1). Our results indicate that emissions from dry inland waters represent a significant and likely increasing component of the inland waters carbon cycle., Many inland waters seasonally or permanently dry up, thus exposing sediments to the atmosphere. Here the authors show that a substantial amount of CO2 is emitted from these dry sediments, increasing current inland water carbon flux estimates by 6%.

This research departs from Indonesia’s policy and practice on the submarine tailings disposal system, in which there is a legal vacuum in Indonesia legal system. However, Indonesia is part of UNCLOS 1982, which obliged to conform their rules with the regulation in the convention, especially on the protection of the marine environment. This research aims are to examine the current Indonesia’s policy and compare it with American and Canadian policies. To visualize the above objective, this research applies normative-empiric legal research, which emphasizes its analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. All collected legal materials are classified, categorized, analyzed and constructed as well as developed through analytical prescriptive elaboration. The utilization of the marine area as a medium of submarine tailing disposal system could be categorized as a land-based source of marine pollution. As one of the biggest archipelago states in the world, Indonesia should have a strict regulation on submarine tailings disposal to prevent the past failure of the system in Buyat Bay, North Sulawesi.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2021-03-18T13:18:37Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-18T13:18:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior (CAPES) A Ant??rtica ?? considerada um ambiente que sofre baixo impacto antr??pico, por??m nas suas regi??es costeiras, com uma maior atividade antr??pica, observa-se o aumento de alguns elementos qu??micos. Dentre esses elementos existem aqueles que s??o essenciais para a manuten????o das vias metab??licas dos organismos, essenciais ou n??o, quando acumulados no organismo, podem trazer preju??zos a qualquer indiv??duo. As aves marinhas s??o bastante sens??veis a mudan??as que ocorrem no ambiente e, como ocupam diferentes n??veis na teia tr??fica, s??o utilizadas como biomonitores. O Petrel-gigante-do-sul (Macronectes giganteus) ?? uma ave marinha migrat??ria pertencente ?? ordem Procellariiformes, est?? no topo da teia tr??fica, se alimentando de peixes, cefal??podes e carca??as de outros animais. Apesar de n??o ser uma esp??cie amea??ada de extin????o, suas popula????es sofreram decl??nio nas ??ltimas d??cadas. Existem poucos estudos sobre a concentra????o de elementos t??xicos nessa esp??cie, devido ?? dificuldade de coleta das amostras e da quantifica????o de alguns elementos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi quantificar, Hg, MeHg, As, Cd, Cu, Pb e Se em penas de Petr??is-gigantes- do-sul, por meio das t??cnicas de AAS e INAA, com o intuito de avaliar a ocorr??ncia desses elementos nessa esp??cie, na regi??o do Arquip??lago das Shetland do Sul, Ant??rtica. Por meio da compara????o entre as duas t??cnicas, para a quantifica????o de Hg, foi poss??vel concluir as melhores condi????es para cada uma e em quais casos devem ser utilizadas. Os resultados mostraram que as concentra????es de Hg nas penas dos Petr??is-gigantes-do-sul s??o altas, entre 1,3 e 21,2 mg kg-1, por??m, essas concentra????es podem refletir o fato dessa ave ocupar o topo da teia tr??fica. O MeHg, que ?? extremamente t??xico, comp??e a maior parte do Hg total quantificado, como era esperado, variando entre 69,5% e 99,9% da concentra????o de Hg total. Esses resultados corroboram com o fato de as penas serem um mecanismo de detoxifica????o para aves marinhas, uma vez que o Hg se liga ?? queratina e fica inerte na pena, evitando efeitos delet??rios nas aves. Os resultados encontrados para todos os elementos quantificados (Hg, MeHg, Cd, Cu, Pb e Se) foram semelhantes aos de alguns estudos j?? realizados com aves marinhas, mostrando que n??o h?? evid??ncias de que os Petr??is-gigantes-do-sul apresentem contamina????o por esses elementos. Tamb??m, n??o foram encontradas diferen??as significativas entre os elementos estudados e os tr??s tipos de penas analisadas. Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) IPEN/T Instituto de Pesquisas Energ??ticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP CAPES: 88882.333452/2019-01

China's expanding military presence and assertive conduct provoked strong concerns among Western nations about the freedom of navigation in the South China Sea. United States-led naval operations in contested areas have emerged as the preferred countermeasure thereto. However, diverging legal positions, complex territorial and maritime disputes, and growing aspirations to enlarged national spheres of influence have resulted in unintended outcomes. Recently, a flurry of diplomatic statements and several large-scale naval exercises have further elevated tensions. A series of controversies over oceanographic surveying and military-surveillance activities in the South China Sea have brought to the fore the long-standing struggle between coastal states and naval powers as it shaped the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The US and China hold diametrically opposed views on the rights and freedoms of warships to navigate through territorial seas and operate in exclusive economic zones (EEZs). While China has been instrumentalising UNCLOS provisions and claims to historic rights as a security-political shield, the US has been striving to safeguard its armed forces' freedom to manoeuver in East Asian seas. China's attempt to control almost the entire South China Sea and US-led efforts to push back against the former's generally rising global influence have politicised the US Navy's Freedom of Navigation Operations and obscured their objectives. Never designed to counter territorial claims, these have come to re­present "shows of force." To put a halt to the accelerating militarisation of the South China Sea, the US and China need to overcome geopolitical tunnel visions regarding one another. Also, all coastal states have to recast their claims in conformity with UNCLOS and seek cooperative arrangements as the basis for future settlements. European diplomats and defence officials should encourage Southeast Asian governments to reduce, delimit, and regulate their overlapping territorial sovereignty, EEZ, and continental shelf claims. Unlike extra-regional powers' blunt shows of force, such an alignment would put pressure on China and further the rule of international law. Europe should also encourage the US to ratify UNCLOS so as to increase the credibility of its position.

In this article, I consider marine spatial planning (MSP) as a complex of analyses, calculations, and evaluations aimed to prove feasibility of economic activities and contribute to their development in a certain part of a sea or an ocean. A most likely comprehensive MSP object is an integrated segment of coastal/marine area. Consisting of a marine part and a coastal area, such segments are a product of zoning. In this article, I explore the key MSP stages — from identifying the panning object to evaluating the natural resource potential and performing calculations for relevant aquaterritorial structures. The basic principles of the geographical division of marine geosystems are the following ones: identifying relatively integrated marine sectors and relatively integrated coastal sectors and connecting them into a single whole. A hierarchical approach is key to transboundary marine basins. I propose the following techniques: geographical zoning, identification of an area and basin-specific combinations of natural resources, geoinformation modelling, and forecast analysis for different activities and relevant spatial elements of aquaterritorial structures.

The fractal dimensions d_f of the shore lines of the Mediterranean, the Aegean, the Black Sea, the Bosphorus Straits (on both the Asian and European sides), the Van Lake, and the lake formed by the Ataturk Dam have been calculated. Important distinctions have been found and explained., Comment: Published version, 3 pages, 2 figures, 1 table

Male harbor seals gather around breeding sites for competitive mating displays. Here, they produce underwater vocalizations possibly to attract females and/or scare off other males. These calls offer prospects for passive acoustic monitoring. Acoustic monitoring requires a good understanding of natural variation in calling behavior both temporally and among geographically separate sites. Such variation in call structure and calling patterns were studied in harbor seal vocalizations recorded at three locations in Danish and Swedish waters. There was a strong seasonality in the calls from end of June to early August. Vocalizations at two locations followed a diel pattern, with an activity peak at night. Recordings from one location also showed a peak in call rate at high tide. Large geographic variations were obvious in the total duration of the so-called roar call, the duration of the most prominent part of the call (the roar burst), and of percentage of energy in roar burst. A similarly large variation was also found when comparing the recordings from two consecutive years at the same site. Thus, great care must be taken to separate variation attributable to recording conditions from genuine biological differences when comparing harbor seal roars among recording sites and between years. (C) 2017 Acoustical Society of America.

On the occasion of the 70th founding anniversary of China’s national navy, a big naval parade with more than 30 Chinese ships sailed off the coast of Qingdao. A few days later, on 29 April 2019, the "Joint Sea 2019" Russian-Chinese bilateral naval exercise began. In numbers, China’s navy now has the world’s biggest fleet - also thanks to decades of Russian naval armament. From Beijing's point of view, however, the Chi­nese armed forces have a serious shortcoming: a lack of operational experience. Here, too, Moscow fills some gaps. Since the first joint manoeuvre in 2005, cooperation has increased at many levels. Sino-Russian sea manoeuvres now also serve as a menacing signal of support for China’s claims in the South China Sea or in the Sino-Japanese disputes in the East China Sea. Moscow and Beijing use the joint naval exercises to set geopolitical signals. Despite all historic mistrust, Sino-Russian cooperation seems to rest on a relatively stable foundation of partnership. But maritime cooperation and coordinated partnership must not lead to an alliance. (Autorenreferat)

The so-called freedom of navigation through the Malacca straits and the South China Sea, some of the world's busiest trade routes, has long been of concern to scholars and practitioners of international politics in the region. Increasing tensions around territorial disputes recently propelled the issue to the forefront of global foreign and security policy making. Yet, despite the frequent invocation of threats to the 'freedom of navigation' for the justification of military measures to protect the 'liberal rules-based order', the substance of this rule or norm remains ambiguous and the nature of the threatened order unclear. Located at the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, Australian discourses represent a suitable case for clarifying both. Starting from the original provisions on navigational regimes in international law, this study analyses the meanings that officials, think tank analysts and academics have been attributing to the freedom of navigation and contextualize them in the evolving debate about order. Focusing on political rather than legal discourses, it finds that concerns with the freedom of navigation are largely unrelated to the safety of maritime transport. Instead, they serve as proxy for an increasingly static imagination of international order - written backward in time - to be secured.

Dieses Arbeitspapier beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob Geopolitik als Perspektive auf internationale Beziehungen, Prozesse und Konflikte sowohl von Seiten politischer Akteure als auch innerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Debatte wieder dominanter wird. Geopolitik beschreibt dabei die Rolle von Geographie, meist verstanden im Sinne von Territorialität, Ausweitung von Einflusssphären und Zugang zu Ressourcen, als Motor von politischen Handlungen in der internationalen Politik. Basierend auf aktuellen Debatten über die „Rückkehr der Geopolitik“, welche in den vergangenen Jahren besonders von den USA ausgingen, erörtern wir traditionelle und kritische Zugänge zur Geopolitik und evaluieren ihren Erkenntnisgewinn. Anhand dreier Fallstudien (Krise in der Ukraine, Konflikt im Südchinesischen Meer, Grenzpolitik) untersuchen wir die Möglichkeiten, aber auch die Limitationen geopolitischen Denkens und legen dar, welche anderen Perspektiven in die Analyse integriert werden müssen, um aktuelle Transformationen im internationalen System umfassend verstehen und erklären zu können.

China's expanding presence in the South China Sea has prompted European governments to join the United States and its East Asian allies in their mission to secure the "liberal rules-based order" across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Yet without understanding the historical and regional contexts, efforts at strengthening the rule of international law may well produce the opposite of the desired outcome. In 2016, the Chinese government refused to participate in and accept the outcome of the Philippines-induced arbitration proceedings concerning the interpretation of "historical rights" and the designation of "islands" according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in the South China Sea. Against the background of President Xi Jinping's rolling out of the Belt and Road Initiative, this reinforced the view - especially in Washington, Tokyo, and Canberra - that China is seeking to overturn the United States-led liberal rules-based order. Yet, the narrow focus on Chinese actions distracts from the broader political context. Policymakers' preoccupation with nationally conceived "sea lanes of communication" and conflation of the freedom of navigation for warships with the economic reality of transnationally interconnected maritime transport routes has exacerbated long-standing maritime disputes. Predictions about China's coming global dominance and concomitant efforts to defend the "West" are reminiscent of the Australian, European, and United States reactions to the rise of Japan in the 1980s. This must alert policymakers to the fallacies of tunnel vision on non-Western rising powers. European decision-makers must resist the temptation to supersize China as a common threat for the purpose of fixing transatlantic relations and overcoming discord within the European Union. The further militarisation of Indo-Pacific seas can only be avoided if all militarily present actors ratify the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and related agreements. They must also acknowledge that the Convention is the result of a grand political bargain, take others' security concerns into account, and focus on the preservation of the marine environment.

An ocean swell refers to a train of periodic or nearly periodic waves. The wave train can propagate on the free surface of a body of water over very long distances. A great deal of the current study in the dynamics of water waves is focused on ocean swells. These swells are typically created initially in the neighborhood of an ocean storm, and then the swell propagates away from the storm in all directions. We consider a different kind of wave, called seas, which are created by and driven entirely by wind. These waves typically have no periodicity, and can rise and fall with changes in the wind. Specifically, this is a two-fluid problem, with air above a moveable interface, and water below it. We focus on the local dynamics at the air-water interface. Various properties at this locality have implications on the waves as a whole, such as pressure differentials and velocity profiles. The following analysis provides insight into the dynamics of seas, and some of the features of these intriguing waves, including a process known as white-capping.

Testing the hearing abilities of marine mammals under water is a challenging task. Sample sizes are usually low, thus limiting the ability to generalize findings of susceptibility towards noise influences. A method to measure harbor porpoise hearing thresholds in situ in outdoor conditions using auditory steady state responses of the brainstem was developed and tested. The method was used on 15 live-stranded animals from the North Sea during rehabilitation, shortly before release into the wild, and on 12 wild animals incidentally caught in pound nets in Denmark (inner Danish waters). Results indicated that although the variability between individuals is wide, the shape of the hearing curve is generally similar to previously published results from behavioral trials. Using 10-kHz frequency intervals between 10 and 160 kHz, best hearing was found between 120 and 130 kHz. Additional testing using one-third octave frequency intervals (from 16 to 160 kHz) allowed for a much faster hearing assessment, but eliminated the fine scale threshold characteristics. For further investigations, the method will be used to better understand the factors influencing sensitivity differences across individuals and to establish population-level parameters describing hearing abilities of harbor porpoises.

Given the relentless growing number of mobile devices, researchers have pointed out that distributed computing environments, such as clusters or even computational Grids, could increase the available resources by scavenging devices’ capabilities. However, this negatively impacts on their batteries. We study centralized job schedulers that aim at exploiting clusters of mobile resources with rather stable devices in terms of connection time. These schedulers outperform a previous centralized scheduler, finishing up to 30% more jobs with the same amount of energy. We also show that the schedulers perform competitively compared to schedulers based on job stealing, which are more difficult to implement and consume more network resources and hence energy. Fil: Hirsch Jofré, Matías Eberardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Instituto Superior de Ingeniería del Software. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto Superior de Ingeniería del Software; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Instituto Superior de Ingeniería del Software. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto Superior de Ingeniería del Software; Argentina Fil: Zunino Suarez, Alejandro Octavio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Instituto Superior de Ingeniería del Software. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto Superior de Ingeniería del Software; Argentina Fil: Mateos Diaz, Cristian Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Instituto Superior de Ingeniería del Software. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto Superior de Ingeniería del Software; Argentina

China has a modest nuclear deterrent in terms of cost and scale, compared to the United States and Russia. Beijing does not strive for the ability to conduct nuclear wars, but rather seeks to deter aggression at a low level with a secure second strike capability. In contrast to its rapid conventional armament, China has in the past modernized its nuclear weapons systems only slowly and in small numbers. It appar­ently does not strive for equality with the nuclear weapons capability of the US or Russia and wants to avoid a symmetrical arms race. Recently, however, the Chinese leadership has been pursuing an increasingly ambitious policy of asymmetric nuclear armament. Land-based, long-range ballistic missiles are being deployed in a mobile mode and equipped with manoeuvrable multiple warheads; hypersonic weapon sys­tems are being developed, and submarines are now also being equipped with strategic nuclear weapons. New missiles can reach the US, even if launched from the South China Sea. Deploying nuclear weapons on submarines requires a great deal of effort, poses complex challenges and involves high costs. Why did China choose this solution and may it represent a turning point in the development of its nuclear strategy? (author's abstract)

Os radionuclídeos naturais das séries radioativas do 238U e do 232Th têm sido aplicados com sucesso como traçadores de processos ambientais atuais e mudanças climáticas. O 210Pb (meia-vida de 22,2 anos) é empregado na técnica de datação geocronológica de testemunhos sedimentares dos últimos 100-150 anos e na determinação de taxa de sedimentação. As concentrações dos isótopos 226Ra e 228Ra (meia-vida de 1.600 anos e 5,75 anos, respectivamente) auxiliam no cálculo das atividades de 210Pb em excesso no sedimento e auxiliam na identificação de processos marinhos importantes, como, por exemplo, a intrusão de água subterrânea. Neste trabalho foram quantificadas as concentrações de atividade de 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb em quatro testemunhos marinhos curtos coletados desde a plataforma continental até o talude superior do Atlântico Sudoeste. A partir dos resultados obtidos, as taxas de sedimentação em cada local e as idades de cada fatia de sedimento foram determinadas pelo método de datação geocronológica com 210Pb. As amostras sedimentares sofreram digestão total ácida em microondas. A separação radioquímica sequencial de 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb foi realizada com a obtenção dos precipitados de Ba(Ra)SO4 e PbCrO4. As medidas α total do 226Ra e β total do 228Ra e do 210Pb a partir dos precipitados foram feitas em um detector proporcional de fluxo gasoso de baixa radiação de fundo. Com relação aos testemunhos analisados, as concentrações de atividade dos radionuclídeos variaram de 14 Bq.kg-1 a 154 Bq.kg-1 para o 226Ra; de 17 Bq.kg-1 a 45 Bq.kg-1 para o 228Ra; de 20 Bq.kg-1 a 2.073 Bq.kg-1 para o 210Pb. Valores altos de 210Pb foram encontrados no topo de todos os perfis sedimentares, proveniente principalmente da deposição atmosférica. Os dados coletados neste trabalho estão na mesma faixa de grandeza de outros relacionados a medições de 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb em áreas não contaminadas do Oceano Atlântico Sudoeste. As taxas de sedimentação diminuíram com o aumento da profundidade de coluna dágua, cujos valores variaram de 0,049 cm.ano-1 a 0,40 cm.ano-1. Natural radionuclides from 238U and 232Th series have been successfully applied as tracers of environmental process and climate changes. The 210Pb (half-life of 22.2 years) is used in the geochronological dating technique of sediment cores of the last 100-150 years, and its respective sedimentation rate determination. The study of 226Ra and 228Ra concentrations (half-lives of 1,600 years and 5.75 years, respectively) helps calculate the activity of 210Pb in excess in the environment, besides being important tracers of marine processes, as ground water discharge. In this work it was determined the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb in four short marine cores collected since the continental platform to upper slope of Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Taking into account the results obtained, sedimentation rates and the ages of each sediment layer were determined using the geochronological dating method with 210Pb. All sediment samples were total acid digested in microwave. The sequential radiochemical separation of 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb were performed, obtaining in the end the precipitation of Ba(Ra)SO4 and PbCrO4. The gross α measurements of 226Ra and gross β measurements of 228Ra and 210Pb from the precipitates were carried out in a gas-flow low background proportional counter. Concerning all cores analyzed, the activities concentrations of 226Ra ranged from 14 Bq.kg-1 to 154 Bq.kg-1; the concentrations of 228Ra ranged from 17 Bq.kg-1 to 45 Bq.kg-1; and the concentrations of 210Pb ranged from 20 Bq.kg-1 to 2,073 Bq.kg-1. High values of 210Pb were observed on the top of all the cores studied, mainly related to atmospheric deposition. The results obtained in this work were of the same order of magnitude of those reported in the literature available on non contaminated areas of Southeast Brazilian Coast. Sedimentation rates fall with the increase of water column depth and ranged from 0,049 cm.ano-1 to 0.40 cm.y-1.

Maritime Spatial Planning (hereinafter mentioned as MSP) is developing and growing rapidly and constantly worldwide. It is acknowledged as a key instrument to balance sectoral interests and achieve sustainable use of marine resources with the ecosystem-based approach as the underpinning principle (EC, 2010). Nevertheless, there are different planning approaches and different levels of implementation of maritime/marine spatial planning (MSP) processes in the world. Among the plans implemented in Europe, and based on the planning processes developed, different aims for MSP can be noted which translate into either strategic, fully integrated, forward-looking and participative planning or "spatial optimization" elements. On the other hand there are areas where MSP is in an immature phase and where mutual learning, improved governance or capacity building is needed, or areas where a strategic approach to facilitate coordination of MSP arrangements would be necessary. This paper addresses current MSP attitudes, challenges and future trends and discusses the MSP planning and management conceptual approaches, options and styles, mainly as defined through the European regulatory framework.

[ESP] La propuesta de un Centro de Interpretación del Mar Menor está orientada a la puesta en valor del litoral, tanto terrestre como sumergido, para contribuir al logro de tres objetivos fundamentales: El primer objetivo tendría una vertiente cultural y educacional, ya que el centro podría contribuir a la mejora del conocimiento del público sobre los diversos ecosistemas de este espacio natural y sus especies emblemáticas y protegidas, además de su legado histórico y etnográfico. Un segundo objetivo, con una vertiente de conservación medioambiental, estaría en relación con sensibilizar al público en la protección de este espacio natural y las diferentes amenazas que la actividad humana le ocasiona. En tercer lugar y relacionado con los dos objetivos anteriores, estaría el fomento de un turismo sostenible en este paisaje protegido de los “Espacios Abiertos e Islas del Mar Menor”. Tratando de responder a estos objetivos, se propone un centro de interpretación con posible ubicación en el municipio de San Javier, que se estructuraría, entre otras, con una zona de recepción, un área de venta de recuerdos, una sala de audiovisuales, un aula didáctica y una zona de exposición temática para el programa ambiental y cultural. Se presenta también un plan de difusión del mismo así como un estudio de los distintos segmentos turísticos y poblacionales que potencialmente podrían visitarlo. [ENG] The proposal of an Interpretation Centre is aimed to put a value on the Mar Menor coast, both terrestrial and submerged, to contribute to the achievement of three main objectives. The first objective would have a cultural and educationalaspect, since the centre could contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of the visitors on the diverse ecosystems of this natural space and its emblematic and protected species, as well as its historic and ethnographic heritage. A second aim, with an environmental conservation point of view, would be in a relationship with sensitizing the visitors to the preservation of this natural space and the different threats that human activity causes it. Thirdly, and in consonance with the two previous objectives, would be the promotion of a sustainable tourism in this protected landscape called “Espacios Abiertos e Islas del Mar Menor”. Trying to respond to these objectives, the proposal of an interpretation centre is made with a possible location in the municipality of San Javier. It would be structured, among others, with a reception zone, a souvenirs shop, an audiovisuals room, a didactic room and an exhibition thematic room for the environmental and cultural program. A plan for the dissemination of the centre as well as a study of the various segments of tourism and population which potentially could visit it arealso presented. Facultad de Ciencias de la Empresa Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

Treballs Finals de Grau de Belles Arts. Facultat de Belles Arts. Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2017, Tutor: Mireia Feliu Fabra [cat] “Sàrsia” és el títol que rep la instal·lació que presento com a treball de final de Grau de Belles Arts. Aquesta instal·lació, realitzada dins l’àmbit de gravat, és una crítica al desastre natural que els éssers humans estem provocant al medi marí: la minva de peix, concretament de peix blau al Mediterrani. A través de la sobreexplotació, la pesca abusiva i, fins i tot, de la contaminació, estem fent que la quantitat de peix que hi ha al nostre mar cada cop sigui menor. Les sàrsies que, anteriorment varen ser tan útils pels nostres avis, ara resulten ser eines agressives, que destrueixen els sòls marins i que capturen i arrasen amb tot el que es troben per davant. D’aquesta manera, inicio una recerca plàstica que em permeti parlar d’aquest tema seguint el meu procés de treball fins a dia d’avui. [eng] “Sarsia” is the title given to the installation I exhibit as my Final Paper for the Fine Arts Degree. This installation, made on the field of engraving, is a criticism to the natural disaster that we, as humans, are causing to the sea environment: the decline of fish, especially of Mediterranean blue fish. Because of the overexploitation, the abusive fishing and even the pollution, we are causing that the amount of fish in our seas is being less and less. The fishing nets that previously were so helpful to our grandparents are now being aggressive tools that destroy the marine soils, catch and kill everything they find ahead. Thus, on this way, I start a plastic research that allows me to speak up about an issue that has been crucial to my my work process up to this day.

Die Territorialkonflikte im Süd- und Ostchinesischen Meer sind zu Problemen der internationalen Politik geworden. Japan und die USA verlangen von ihren westlichen Partnern mittlerweile nachdrücklich Solidarität in ihrer Auseinandersetzung mit der Volksrepublik China. Beijing wiederum nutzt immer häufiger sein Gewicht, um nicht genehme Positionierungen zum Beispiel der EU-Staaten zu verhindern. Alle Parteien, die an den Konflikten beteiligt sind, betreiben militärische Symbolpolitik mit erheblichem Eskalationspotential. Es wird noch dadurch erhöht, dass die Kontrahenten die Territorialstreitigkeiten entweder zum Lackmustest für die liberale Weltordnung erklärt haben oder (wie China) zur nationalen Schicksalsfrage. Wenn deutsche Außenpolitik die Streitgegenstände nüchtern bewertet und nicht einseitig Partei ergreift, kann sie dabei helfen, die Auseinandersetzungen zu entschärfen. Deutschland könnte sich für eine regionale Friedenskonferenz stark machen, auf der die beiden Konflikte umfassend behandelt werden. (Autorenreferat)

The physical mechanisms and potential predictability of North American drought on decadal timescales are reviewed in a simple and straightforward manner amenable to a wide audience. During decadal droughts, the tropical oceans, most notably cold states of the Pacific but also warm states of the Atlantic, provide forcing that continually nudges the atmosphere toward circulation anomalies that favor high pressure over southern North America and dry conditions. However, even in these regions, and even more so in the northwest and northeast, the oceans exert less than dominant control and actual drought onset, evolution and termination can deviate due, presumably, to potent internal atmosphere variability. The ocean influence, however, justifies efforts to determine if the driving sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic are predictable beyond the seasonal to interannual timescale. Evidence to date, based on initialized predictions with coupled models, is tantalizingly suggestive that useful predictability on these timescales may exist within the atmosphere-ocean system although relevance to North American decadal drought has not yet been demonstrated. These recent advances in drought science and prediction warrant continued research aimed at developing useful long term predictions of drought that can guide adaptation and minimize the associated widespread social and economic disruptions.

Karakteristik dinamika seas dan swell di sepanjang perairan Laut China Selatan-Teluk Jakarta pada waktu terjadi Badai Hagibis (18–27 November 2007) dikaji dengan menggunakan metode pemodelan spektrum gelombang untuk mengetahui kontribusi gelombang yang dibangkitkan angin (gelombang angin) terhadap kejadian rob tanggal 25 November 2007 di pantai utara Jakarta. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pula uji coba simulasi model spektrum gelombang yang mengacu pada kedalaman tetap (batimetri) dan pada kedalaman total (jumlah batimetri dan pasang surut astronomis) untuk mengetahui pengaruh pasang surut astronomis terhadap hasil simulasi model gelombang yang dibangkitkan angin. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa gelombang angin di Teluk Jakarta pada tanggal 25 November 2007 didominasi oleh swell dengan tinggi gelombang ~11 cm yang diduga berasal dari Laut China Selatan sebagai daerah pembangkitan badai. Characteristics of seas and swell dynamics along South China Sea-Jakarta Bay waters during Cyclone Hagibis passage (18–27 November 2007) have been studied using a spectral wave model to understand the magnitude of wind wave contribution to flooding event on November 25, 2007 along the northern coast of Jakarta. In this study, the model simulation was conducted using two kinds of water depth input, namely fixed water depth and timevarying water depths resulting from tides in order to obtain a better understanding of tidal influence on wind wave simulations. The simulated result shows that wind wave in the Jakarta Bay was dominated by swell with significant wave height of ~11 cm. It was expected that the swell propagated from the South China Sea as a storm generating area.

Bu çalışmada Türkiye denizlerinden dil balığı (Solea solea L., 1758) türünün kas ve karaciğer dokularında ağır metal düzeyleri (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn) incelenmiştir. Analiz edilen balıklarda ağır metal düzeyleri mg kg-1 olarak kas dokuda; Cd: 0,02-0,38, Co, In this study examined that heavy metal levels (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn) in liver and muscle tissues of Solea solea caught from two Turkish seas. Analysis of heavy metal levels in fish muscle tissue were determined as mg kg-1; 0,02-0,38 for Cd

International audience; Sea-level rise related to climate change will tend to increase the risk of marine inundation. The sustainability of beaches, which are a natural strategic asset for coastal zones given the recreational and storm protection services that they provide, may be threatened. This article addresses the local governance conditions for adaptation policies through the case of relocation which is one of the recommended measures for adaptation to sea level rise. In addition to the funding issue, the local governance conditions for these policies are addressed through a review of arrangements that would support the implementation of relocation. The article focuses in particular on the contribution of the recent concept of libertarian paternalism which orients towards agents towards well-being promoting public interventions.; La montée du niveau de la mer liée au changement climatique engendre un renforcement des risques de submersion marine. L'objectif de cet article est de s'interroger sur les conditions de gouvernance des politiques d'adaptation en développant le cas des relocalisations qui constituent une des modalités préconisées dans le cadre de l'adaptation à la montée du niveau de la mer. Nous étudierons en particulier l'apport de la doctrine récente du paternalisme libertaire qui propose une intervention publique se limitant à orienter les individus vers des choix qui soient favorables à leur bien-être.

China has set new records in the ways, means and speed with which it has expanded its outposts in the South China Sea. Neighbouring states such as Vietnam have also extended their bases on small islands and reefs, but they have done so over many years and not within a few months. The total surface area created by China has been ironically dubbed "The Great Wall of Sand" by the commander of the US Pacific Fleet. Despite Beijing’s claims to the contrary, the expansions signal an emerging militarisation of the South China Sea, whose plentiful resources and energy deposits have long been viewed as potential causes of conflicts. The South China Sea is currently one of the world's most contentious zones. But the situation risks becoming even worse, despite the fact that all of the region's states depend on stable and secure sea lines of communication. At its core, this is a regional conflict about sea routes, territorial claims and resources that primarily involves ASEAN states and China. Nevertheless, it also has global repercussions. First, it concerns a "superhighway of the sea", on which almost a third of the world’s sea trade is transported. Any impediment to the shipping traffic would have a direct impact on world trade in general but also particularly on Japan and South Korea. Second, the South China Sea is closely connected to the rivalry between Bejing and Washington because important allies and partners of the US are involved in the dispute about China's territorial claims. Third, it is a conflict about international norms and laws that calls into question a fundamental principle of the liberal world order: "freedom of the seas" versus exclusive maritime zones. This study addresses the main reasons, the development and the implications of the island dispute as well as ways of containing it both regionally and internationally. (Autorenreferat)

"Maritime and territorial disputes in Asia could trigger a military conflict between China and the United States. China has been quarreling with Japan and the Philippines over islands and islets in the East and South China Seas. Tokyo and Manila have alliance ties with Washington and the United States could be entangled in their allies’ conflict. The author describes the alliance agreements that could apply and assesses what the treaties say and how the involved actors interpret them. He discusses how the disputants and the United States understand the alliances and their applicability to the disputes." (author's abstract)

Orientador: Tiago Zenker Gireli Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Resumo: A maré astronômica é associada a movimentos astronômicos periódicos e, portanto, previsíveis. Se a análise harmônica de maré for realizada em séries anuais, os resultados serão afetados pelo ciclo nodal da Lua (de período 18,61 anos). Assim, se utilizadas séries de maior extensão, as correções devido à influência desse ciclo podem ser evitadas, fazendo com que as análises harmônicas de maré gerem resultados mais precisos. A tendência de modificação das componentes também deve ser levada em consideração para a previsão de maré, visando resultados mais confiáveis para a aplicação em cenários futuros. O objetivo desse trabalho é estabelecer um método de previsão de maré utilizando séries de 18,69 anos para verificar a evolução temporal das componentes harmônicas de maré. A eficácia do método foi avaliada pela sua aplicação em estudo de caso, utilizando os dados de altura de maré do marégrafo de Cananeia (SP). A utilização de séries de 18,69 anos de extensão para a extração de componentes harmônicas permitiu que fosse visualizada com mais facilidade a tendência das componentes e a modificação da mesma, nas componentes mais energéticas de maré, causada pela construção da barragem no Canal do Valo Grande. Utilizando as componentes de maré extrapoladas para o ano de 2014, associadas com componentes de águas rasas e de longo período, foi realizada previsão de alturas de maré para o ano de 2014, uma década após o final da série de dados. Foi possível obter ótima precisão de previsão de maré astronômica, comparável à precisão obtida pela retrovisão dos dados medidos pelo novo marégrafo instalado no local. É recomendada a aplicação do método, associado a projeções de subida do nível médio do mar, para simular com maior confiabilidade os ciclos de maré em projetos de infraestrutura e proteção costeira Abstract: The tide is associated to periodic astronomical movements, therefore predictable. If the tidal harmonic analysis is made with annual series, the results will be affected by the lunar nodal cycle (which has a period of 18.61 years). Thus, if greater length series are used, the corrections due to the influence of this cycle can be avoided, what makes the tidal harmonic analysis generate more accurate results. The tidal constituents tendencies should also be taken into consideration for predicting the tide, seeking more reliable results for usage in future scenarios. The aim of this study is to establish a tidal prediction method using sets of 18.69 years to verify the evolution of tidal harmonic constituents. The effectiveness of the method was evaluated by its application in a case study using the tidal height data from the tide gauge of Cananeia (SP). The use of 18.69 years extended series for extraction of harmonic constituents allowed to view more easily the constituents' tendency and the modification of itself in the most energetic tidal constituents, caused by the construction of the dam in Valo Grande Channel. Using the tidal constituents extrapolated to the year 2014, associated with shallow water and long period constituents, a tidal height prediction was conducted for the year 2014, a decade after the end of the data series. It was possible to obtain great precision of astronomical tide forecast, comparable to the accuracy obtained by the rear view of the data measured by the new tide gauge installed on the local. It is recommended the application of the method, associated with projections of the sea level rise (SLR), to simulate more reliably the tidal cycles in projects of coastal infrastructure and protection Mestrado Recursos Hídricos, Energéticos e Ambientais Mestre em Engenharia Civil CAPES

Der Konflikt im Südchinesischen Meer wird derzeit hauptsächlich als Territorialkonflikt wahrgenommen, der zwischen China auf der einen sowie den Philippinen, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei und Taiwan auf der anderen Seite besteht. Daher stieß der Ausgang des von den Philippinen gegen China eröffneten Verfahrens um Riffe und Meeresgebiete vor dem Ständigen Schiedshof in Den Haag auf großes internationales Interesse. Weitestgehend unbeachtet blieb hingegen, dass gleichzeitig ein Zusammenstoß zwischen chinesischer Küstenwache und vietnamesischen Fischern zu verzeichnen war. Laut Hanoi hatten zwei chinesische Schnellboote nahe den umstrittenen Paracel-Inseln ein Fischerboot gerammt und versenkt. Dies offenbart, dass die Fischerei derzeit allenfalls als Nebenschauplatz der Territorialstreitigkeiten gilt. Dabei wird jedoch die hochsensible Gemengelage ausgeblendet, die aus überlappenden territorialen Ansprüchen der Anrainer, der Geltendmachung ausschließlicher Wirtschaftszonen und der großen wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung der Fischerei entstanden ist. Der Fischereisektor bietet jedoch Möglichkeiten verstärkter Kooperation in der Region. Damit ließe sich auch der Streit um territoriale Ansprüche in einen neuen Kontext stellen und abmildern. (Autorenreferat)

"China's reinforcements of its claims to most of the South China Sea (SCS) cause significant tensions in the region. As one of the top trading nations in Southeast Asia and as a security alliance partner of the US, Japan has become involved in the conflict. This report takes a closer look at Japan's various interests in the SCS region and its multilateral and bilateral policies to pursue these interests. The author considers whether Japan's proclaimed 'proactive peace diplomacy' may contribute to a reduction of tensions or whether it will exacerbate the situation as the Chinese government is asserting." (author's abstract)