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Orientador: Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi determinar a microdureza, rugosidade superficial, micromorfologia e alterações de cor de esmalte dental humano submetido a tratamentos clareadores caseiros com peróxidos de hidrogênio a 7,5% (PH) adicionados de cálcio, fosfato de cálcio amorfo (ACP), flúor e/ou hidroxiapatita (HA). Três agentes de tratamento comerciais: (Pola Day 7,5% (PD), Day White ACP 7,5% (DW), White Class Calcium 7,5% (WC)), três agentes clareadores experimentais (PH 7,5% + NaF (PHF), PH 7,5% + HA (PHH) e PH 7,5% + NaF + HA (PHFH)) e os grupos controle positivo (gel de peróxido de hidrogênio a 7,5% - PC) e controle negativo (gel sem peróxido de hidrogênio a 7,5% - NC), foram avaliados (n=10). Os agentes de tratamento comerciais foram aplicados pelo prazo recomendado pelos fabricantes e os agentes experimentais por 1,5 hora por dia. Todas as amostras foram imersas em solução de saliva artificial pelo resto do dia, num total de 21 dias de tratamento. Após, ficaram armazenados em saliva artificial por 14 dias. Ensaios de microdureza, rugosidade superficial, micromorfologia do esmalte e análise de alteração de cor foram realizados nos tempos baseline, 7, 14, 21 dias de tratamento, 7 e 14 dias de pós-tratamento. Para análise estatística, as médias foram comparadas utilizando o teste de Tukey-Kramer com um nível de significância de 5%. Como resultados, no teste de rugosidade superficial (Ra) foi observado aumento em todos os grupos experimentais (PHF, PHH e PHFH) e nos grupos comerciais DW e WC ao longo do tempo. No teste de microdureza (KHN) observou-se um aumento significativo para o grupo PHH e redução significativa do grupo DW, enquanto os outros grupos não apresentaram alteração significativa ao longo do tempo de estudo. Para o teste de análise de alteração de cor, todos os agentes apresentaram efeito clareador, exceto o grupo NC, sendo que o grupo PHH foi o único que apresentou valores similares aos agentes clareadores comerciais em todos os tempos de estudo. Na análise morfológica observou-se alterações como a presença de porosidades na maioria dos grupos, exceto no grupo NC, além de deposição de cristais de hidroxiapatita nos grupos PHH e PHFH. Concluiu-se que o tratamento clareador contendo hidroxiapatita proporcionou alterações de cor similares aos agentes clareadores comerciais, foi capaz de aumentar a microdureza, e que quando este componente é formulado com ou sem flúor, pode levar a um aumento da rugosidade superficial, devido a deposição de cristais de hidroxiapatita na superfície de esmalte, como observado pela análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura Abstract: The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the microhardness, surface roughness, micromorphology and color change analysis of enamel submitted to with home-use bleaching treatment 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP) added with calcium, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), fluoride and/or hydroxyapatite (HA). Three commercial treatment agents: (Pola Day 7.5% (PD), Day White ACP 7.5% (DW), White Class 7.5% Calcium (WC)), three experimental bleaching agents (7.5% HP + NaF (PHF), HP + 7.5% HA (PHH) and PH + 7.5% NaF + HA (PHFH)), a negative control (Gel without 7.5% hydrogen peroxide - NC) and a positive control (Gel with 7.5% hydrogen peroxide - PC) groups were evaluated (n=10). The treatment agents were applied according to the manufacturer's recommendation and experimental agents were applied for 1,5 hour daily. Then all the specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for the rest of the day, in a total of 21 days of treatment. After the treatment phase, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 14 days. Microhardness tests, surface roughness, micromorphology of the enamel and color change analysis were performed at baseline, 7, 14, 21 days of treatment, 7 and 14 days post-treatment. For the statistical analysis, means were compared using the Tukey-Kramer test at a significance level of 5%. As results, the surface roughness test (Ra) presented increase in all experimental groups (PHF, PHH and PHFH) and commercial groups DW and WC in function of time. The microhardness test (KHN) showed a significant increase for the group PHH and a significant reduction on DW group, while the other groups did not show statistical difference in function of timespan study. For the color change analysis test, all the groups presented bleaching effectiveness, except the group NC, and the PHH group was the only one that showed similar values compared to the commercial bleaching agents at all times of study. In the morphological analysis, changes were observed as the presence of porosities in most groups, except on NC group, and deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals on groups PHH and PHFH. It was concluded that the bleaching treatment containing hydroxyapatite provided color changes similar to commercial bleaching agents, was able to increase the microhardness values, and that when this component is formulated with or without fluoride, it can lead to an increase in surface roughness due to deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals over the enamel surface, as observed by analysis of scanning electron microscopy Mestrado Dentística Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Coiled tubing (CT) has been widely used for oil and gas exploitation, however corrosion of CT under high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) environment was often reported, also corrosion induced failures of CT welds were often observed to occur during service. Corrosion related behaviors of CT welds are not clear. Therefore, a study of the corrosion resistance of CT welds under HPHT environment is carried out. In order to efficiently evaluate the corrosion resistance of welds, some test samples were obtained by linear cutting out of a CT110 in service on the site. The water samples from gas field were used as the test reagent to simulate the actual corrosive medium. Based on the results of weight loss test under HPHT corrosive environment and tensile test under room conditions, the corrosion sensitivities of the welding seam and base material under various temperatures and partial pressures of CO2 as well as the mechanical properties of the corroded CT were compared and evaluated quantitatively, the corrosion morphologies and material products of the test samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The test results showed that the corrosion rates of the welding seam in a HPHT caldron were 1.7, 2.0 and 1.2 times of the base metal’s when the total pressure is 4MPa, and the temperature is 30°C, 60°C and 90°C, respectively. The corrosion rates of the welding seam is 2.0, 2.1 and 2.0 times of the base metal’s when the partial pressure of CO2 is 0.1MPa, 0.2MPa and 0.3MPa, respectively. The yield strength of the weld seam after corrosion test was found to be reduced by 4.8% (the yield strength of the base metal was reduced by 4.0%) and its tensile strength was reduced by 8.2% (the base metal was reduced by 7.1%). This indicates that CT weld seam is more susceptible to corrosion than CT base material under service condition.

The morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla of adult diving beetle Cybister japonicus Sharp (Dytiscidae, Coleoptera), have been examined. Five types of sensilla on the antennae were identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Sensilla placodea and elongated s. placodea are the most abundant types of sensilla, distributing only on the flagellum. Both these types of sensilla carry multiple pore systems with a typical function as chemoreceptors. Three types of s. coeloconica (Type I-III) were also identified, with the characterization of the pit-in-pit style, and carrying pegs externally different from each other. Our data indicated that both type I and type II of s. coleconica contain two bipolar neurons, while the type III of s. coleconica contains three dendrites in the peg. Two sensory dendrites in the former two sensilla are tightly embedded inside the dendrite sheath, with no space left for sensilla lymph. There are no specific morphological differences in the antennal sensilla observed between males and females, except that the males have longer antennae and more sensilla than the females.

In this report, ZnO nanoparticles embedded cellulose acetate (CA) fibrous membrane with multifunctional properties have been prepared through electrospinning method. The morphology of the electrospun composite membrane was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the polymer concentration in the solution has a significant effect on the morphology of the fibers. The optical property of the sample was tested using photo luminescence (PL) spectra. There is no significant change in the emission features of cellulose acetate with the addition of ZnO. The anti-bacterial property of the sample was studied using disk diffusion method. The wettability of the pure and composite fibrous membrane was also studied by measuring the contact angle of water on the membrane. It was observed that the embedded ZnO in the CA was responsible for the hydrophobic nature of the surface. � 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We describe low-cost fabrication, size control and characterization of borosilicate glass nanopores for sensing of single biomolecules. Nanopores with pore diameters down to ∼100nm were fabricated in borosilicate glass capillaries using table-top carbon-di-oxide laser assisted glass capillary puller. We further achieve controlled reduction in pore diameter by sculpting of glass capillaries under constant electron beam exposure of a scanning electron microscope. We confirm successful fabrication of sub-10nm pores by SEM imaging. We further show electrical characterization and low-noise behavior of these borosilicate nanopores and compare various geometries of pulled conical glass nanopores. We show, for the first time, a comprehensive characterization of glass nanopore conductance across a wide range (1M-1μM) of salt conditions. We show the conditions for the conical pore conductance model to fit to this extended salt range. We also experimentally show, for the first time, the role of buffer conditions in this wide salt range measurement. Finally, we demonstrate single molecule sensing capabilities of these devices with real-time translocation experiments of individual λ-DNA molecules. We observe distinct current blockage signatures of single and multiply folded DNA molecules as they undergo voltage-driven translocation through the glass nanopores. We find increased signal to noise for single molecule detection for higher trans-nanopore driving voltages.

The magnetic-poly(divinylbenzene-4-vinylpyridine) [m-poly(DVB-4VP)] microbeads (average diameter: 180–212 μm) were synthesized by copolymerizing of divinylbenzene (DVB) with 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) and by mixing this copolymer with Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. The resultant material was characterized by N 2 adsorption/desorption, ESR, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and swelling studies. After functionalized with sulfonic acid, m-poly(DVB-4VP-SO 3 H) was characterized by FT-IR and TGA analysis. The results showed that both of Fe 3 O 4 and –SO 3 H are bonded to the polymer successfully. N 2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of synthesized samples had the hysteresis behaviour associated with mesoporous materials (pore diameter: 3.73 nm). Sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous m-poly(DVB-4VP-SO 3 H) has been demonstrated to have higher reactivity than commercially available solid acid catalysts for the conversion of propionic acid to methyl ester. The apparent activation energy was found to be 38.5 kJ mol −1 for m-poly(DVB-4VP-20%SO 3 H). The catalyst showed negligible loss of activity after four repetitive cycles.

Polycrystalline MgCuZn ferrites with chemical formula Mg 0.50-x Cu x Zn 0.50 Fe 2 O 4 ( x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30) were prepared by microwave sintering method. These powders were calcined, compacted and sintered at 950 °C for 30 min. Structural, microstructural and elemental analyses were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), respectively. The lattice parameter is found to increase with increasing copper content. A remarkable densification is observed with the addition of Cu ions in the ferrites. The sintered ferrite was characterized for initial permeability, dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent and ac conductivity measurements. The temperature variation of the initial permeability of these samples was carried out from 30 °C to 200 °C. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent and ac conductivity have been measured in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz. Initial permeability and dielectric constant were found to increase and dielectric loss decreased with Cu substitution for Mg, up to x = 0.20. The ferrite powder prepared is suitable for the application in multilayer chip inductor due to its low-temperature sinterability, good magnetic properties and low loss at high frequency.

Poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) [poly(EGDMA-VTAZ)] beads (average diameter = 150–200 μm) were prepared by copolymerizing ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole (VTAZ). Poly(EGDMA-VTAZ) beads were characterized by swelling studies and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The adsorption of Cr(VI) from solutions was carried at different contact times, Cr(VI) concentrations, pH, and temperatures. High adsorption rates were achieved in about 240 min. The amount of Cr(VI) adsorbed increased with increasing concentration and decreasing pH and temperature. The intraparticle diffusion rate constants at various temperatures were calculated. Adsorption isotherms of Cr(VI) onto poly(EGDMA-VTAZ) have been determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm model appeared to fit the isotherm data better than the Freundlich isotherm model. The pseudo first-order kinetic model was used to describe the kinetic data. The study of temperature effect was quantified by calculating various thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes. The dimensionless separation factor (RL) showed that the adsorption of metal ions onto poly(EGDMA-VTAZ) was favorable. It was seen that values of distribution coefficient (KD) decreasing with Cr(VI) concentration in solution at equilibrium (Ce) indicated that the occupation of activate surface sites of adsorbent increased with Cr(VI). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

cited By (since 1996) 5; International audience; The active cooling of the Supersonic Combustion Ramjet engine, for hypersonic flight purpose, is ensured thanks to fuel, n-dodecane for the present study. The endothermic fuel pyrolysis, starting above 800 K, could generate an unwanted coke formation. Experimental tests up to 1125 K and between 1 MPa and 6 MPa have been performed on the hydrocarbon fuel pyrolysis to evaluate the coking activity. 316L stainless steel, low carbon steel and titanium reactors have been considered. A witness of the coke formation, based on its thermal insulation and pressure loss effects, has been found. A correlation between methane production and coke deposit was found. The coke has been studied with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometer and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The porosity, the density and the permeability of the coke have been estimated. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) as one of the major research and industrial equipment for imaging of micro-scale samples and surfaces has gained extensive attention from its emerge. However, the acquired micrographs still remain two-dimensional (2D). In the current work a novel and highly accurate approach is proposed to recover the hidden third-dimension by use of multi-view image acquisition of the microscopic samples combined with pre/post-processing steps including sparse feature-based stereo rectification, nonlocal-based optical flow estimation for dense matching and finally depth estimation. Employing the proposed approach, three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of highly complex microscopic samples were achieved to facilitate the interpretation of topology and geometry of surface/shape attributes of the samples. As a byproduct of the proposed approach, high-definition 3D printed models of the samples can be generated as a tangible means of physical understanding. Extensive comparisons with the state-of-the-art reveal the strength and superiority of the proposed method in uncovering the details of the highly complex microscopic samples.

The objective of this study was to improve the stability and water-solubility of patchouli alcohol by complexing with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The interactions between patchouli alcohol and β-CD were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transformation-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. According to molecular modeling method, the enthalpy formation of host-guest illustrated the predominant configuration and the lowest value ΔbGo was -10.8174±1.9235 kcal/mol, suggesting the complex could reduce the energy of the system. The characterization analysis confirmed the formation of PA-CD inclusion complex, and the results indicated the advantage of the inclusion complex in stability and dissolution rates. These results identified PA-CD inclusion complex an effective way for the storage of PA, and better inclusion method still needed to be studied.

The macro-epibiotic communities of sea turtles have been subject to growing interest in recent years, yet their micro-epibiotic counterparts are almost entirely unknown. Here, we provide the first evidence that diatoms are epibionts for all seven extant species of sea turtle. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, we inspected superficial carapace or skin samples from a single representative of each turtle species. We distinguished 18 diatom taxa from these seven individuals, with each sea turtle species hosting at least two diatom taxa. We recommend that future research is undertaken to confirm whether diatom communities vary between sea turtle species and whether these diatom taxa are facultative or obligate commensals.

Intrinsic stresses in bondpads may lead to early failure of IC's. In order to determine the intrinsic stresses in semiconductor structures, a new procedure is set up. This procedure is a combined experimental/numerical approach which consists of the following steps: First, a conductive gold layer (20 nm thickness) is deposited on the power line surface; subsequently markers (small holes) for Digital Image Correlation (DIC) purposes are added using a focused ion beam (FIB). Next, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to image the original ('before') surface. The FIB is then used to mill a slot into the surface to release the intrinsic stresses, which results in contraction of the surface. Finally, a SEM image is made of the contracted ('after') surface. DIC is used to determine in-plane displacements due to FIB milling. DIC performance was verified by the traditional strain gauge approach. An inverse Finite Element (FE) modelling approach is used to determine the before mentioned stresses. The slot displacements found with DIC are inserted into an FE model of the product. Stresses which now emerge from closing the (virtual) FIB slot correspond to the intrinsic stresses which were originally present in the product. Favorable positions for FIB milling are near the edge of the structure and displacements are determined to be in the nanometer range. This indicates a presence of substantial (50-250 MPa) compressive stresses. Displacements near the center of the structure appear to be smaller than DIC resolution. ©2010 IEEE.

The goals of this thesis are to demonstrate the operation of a near-field scanning microscope (NSOM) inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to collect spatially resolved luminescence and to image transport on nano-scale structures, particularly nanowires. The SEM is used to generate localized charge and the NSOM is used to observe the motion of the excess charge due to diffusion and/or drift via its recombination emission. This will allow direct determination of transport parameters, such as minority carrier mobility and lifetime, that are key to the performance of LEDs, lasers and bipolar devices. For nano-structures such as nanowires, device sizes are commonly less than 100 nm. The resolution in a standard optical microscope is diffraction limited and hence resolution of luminescence from individual devices requires collection of light in the near field limit. An atomic force microscope (AFM/NSOM) has been installed in the SEM to allow for simultaneous near-field optical collection with an electron beam for charge generation. The work in this thesis has observed CL luminescence from ZnO nanowires using normal SEM-OM and anaylzed the spectra. In addition, the work has demonstrated successful AFM/NSOM operation within the SEM. Light is collected from both GaAs heterostructures and single ZnO nanowires and control experiments have been performed. Challenges for transport imaging in SEM have been identified Finally, a suggestion for further work is to specifically image charge motion along a single wire, including electric field mapping in these nanoscale, low dimensional structures. These nanoscale wires are poised to revolutionize solid state devices in the near future and direct measurements of key electronic parameters will be required. http://archive.org/details/transportimaging109453080 Singapore Navy author. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

A new technique for imaging the 2D transport of free charge in semiconductor structures is used to directly map electric field distributions in operating devices. Direct transport imaging is demonstrated in a scanning electron microscope, using an optical microscope and a high sensitivity charge coupled device. Transport behavior under the combined influence of both diffusion and drift is predicted by modeling the drift and diffusion in 2D following generation at a point source. This is the first demonstration of a technique that allows the mapping of the electric field by determining not only the direction but especially the magnitude of the electric field with high resolution. The measured results show excellent agreement with theoretical predictions simulated with COMSOL software. The transport imaging technique also allows measurement of the contact resistance in a new way that is nondestructive and based on a two-point contact only. The technique illustrates the device's characteristics by determining the exact activation point of the diode and the deviations from an ideal I-V behavior. The method is extremely useful since the complexity and miniaturization of current devices do not allow for multiple wiring that standard four point measurement demands. Finally, a suggestion for further research of the effects of electromigration by using the direct transport imaging technique is offered. The latter is a subject of high importance in electronic device reliability. http://archive.org/details/directelectricfi109452398 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

We have developed a scanning tunneling microscope capable of detecting high frequency (1.8–12.5 MHz) acoustic waves. Acoustic pulses arriving at a conducting surface are detected as a high frequency perturbation of the tunneling current. Near and below the rolloff frequency of the current to voltage amplifier, the instantaneous displacement of the surface can be reconstructed. For higher frequencies, the nonlinear (rectifying) properties of the tunneling behavior allow the detection of the envelope (and hence the time of arrival and total amplitude) of the acoustic burst. The technique’s sensitivity is comparable to that of optical detection schemes but offers much better lateral resolution.

International audience; Nanometric spheres of an azopolymer are obtained by micellization from a solution. We observe photoinduced deformation of the individual nanospheres under white light illumination. The diameter expands up to 35% parallel to the substrate surface. The magnitude of the force that is necessary to produce the same effect is estimated.

Low power transferred arc plasma (TAP) processing is a simple and cost-effective method for large amount of ceramic processing in a very short period of time duration. In the present work, lanthanum zirconate (La2Zr2O7) was synthesized by transferred arc plasma (TAP) melting technique followed by mechanical milling. The mixture of La2O3 and ZrO2 powders with 1:2 mole ratio were ball milled for four hours and melted for three minutes in transferred arc plasma torch at 10 kW input power with 10 lpm of argon flow rate. The phase and microstructure formation of the processed samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images.

This article 'Histological observation of callus morphology in rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.

Probe size, shape, and current are important parameters for the performance of all probe forming systems such as the scanning (transmission) electron microscope, the focused ion beam microscope, and the Gaussian electron beam lithography system. Currently, however, the relation between probe current and probe size is ill defined. The key lies in a lacking definition of “size.” This problem is solved with the introduction of the “practical brightness.” In literature, many different definitions of “brightness” can be found, but for systems in which the whole of the virtual source is imaged onto the target, it is the practical brightness of a source that determines how much current is in the probe. This means that only with the practical brightness the performance of a probe forming system can be calculated quantitatively. The beauty of the practical brightness is that this source property is unaffected by the quality of the column: without interactions between electrons in the beam, the practical brightness is conserved down to the target. This makes it the only relevant brightness for probe forming systems to be used to compare different sources. The practical brightness can be measured, but can also be calculated when the source intensity profile is known. The Gaussian source intensity profile of thermionic, Schottky, and cold field emitters yields a practical brightness of 1.44ej/????, where j is the current density on the emitting surface and ??? is the average tangential electron energy.

International audience; Scanning Electron Microscope is becoming a vital imaging tool in desktop laboratories because of its high imaging capability. Through this work we evaluate the performance of two different SEMs consisting of a tungsten gun and a field effect gun, with respect to time and magnification by estimating their image signalto- noise ratio. SNR is mainly applied to quantify the level of image noise over changes in the acquisition time and magnification rates. Majority of the existing methods to estimate this quantity are based on crosscorrelation technique and requires two images of the same specimen area. In this paper we propose a simple and efficient technique to compute signal-to-noise ratio using median filters. Unlike other techniques the proposed method uses only a single image and can be used in real time applications. The derived results show the effectiveness of the developed algorithm.